Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

The work of the right to vocational training has developed through the historical stages of antiquity and the Middle Ages and within a limited scope through many practical applications that embodied the recognition of the aforementioned right in a non-contractual organizational form as a human behavior stemming from the tendency of individuals to develop their theoretical and practical professional skills under several titles: (Training: Individual personal, inherited training, craft training), but they all revolve around a unified old title: (the industry of skilled workers) but modern times have recognized the right to vocational training on a large scale in a contractual form under many modern titles and various names revolving around :
(Apprenticeship, training, professional apprenticeship, apprenticeship, training, vocational training) which led to an agreement to work with that right and under a unified concept: (Vocational Training Contract. (

International relations, which are in the form of international agreements and protocols, play a major role in preserving the rights of states as well as in good neighborliness, international cooperation, goodwill and the development of human relations in a way that leads to achieving the well-being of states, in addition to the development in the uses and the increasing needs of various resources that Countries enter into agreements with each other in order to achieve the interests of each of them, as in collective agreements such as the Geneva Convention of 1815 and the Convention on the Use of Watercourses for Non-Navigational Purposes of 1997, and bilateral agreements concluded between countries to regulate special cases, as international agreements have a role in determining ownership of water resources. Through the principles they stipulate that regulate the equitable and reasonable sharing of shared water resources.

In light of the multiplicity of procedural laws and the formal controls and rules that have settled on them, they are consistent in terms of the procedural effect represented in activating the substantive law and controlling the paths of the criminal case in its various stages in order to reach the final judgment in it and the stability of the legal positions of its parties, we find that (Criminal Procedure Code of the Internal Security Forces No. 17 of 2008) was singled out with procedural controls and rules commensurate with his goals, the nature of the crimes he deals with, and the personal characteristics of the perpetrators or the accused. Or in order to complete a specific procedure, how it was taken was referred to (Criminal Procedure Code No. 23 of 1971) in accordance with the rules of referral contained in Article 117 thereof, acquiring the affiliative and complementary character of the General Procedure Code in everything that was not mentioned in a text, and the stage of preliminary investigation in the Procedure Code The Criminal Court of the Internal Security Forces is an essential stage for building the legal entity for the trial stage and a basis for the structure of the penal ruling. Therefore, we dealt with it by analysis, rooting, and extrapolating the vocabulary of its texts in order to diagnose the organizational and legislative errors that it encountered in order to address it

¬The stock exchange is a market in the form of a specific legal entity, whether it is linked to the government of a country and takes the form of a public institution in it, or it is separate from it and takes the form of a joint-stock company, and in this market, only commodities consisting of like-minded things such as oil, gas, cotton, dates, grains or other crops may be sold, or financial instruments in the broadest sense issued by their issuers and consisting of: (1) Shares of joint stock companies listed in the market (2) Convertible indebtedness bonds or other indebtedness documents belonging to the issuer (3) Notes and bonds issued by Iraqi or foreign official institutions according to the conditions and restrictions set by the securities commission (4) Units issued by investment funds (5) recognized financial derivatives such as purchase or sale option contracts or incoming transactions on futures contracts (6) Any other paper that the securities regulator may deal with in one of the Iraqi markets. Capital markets are generally subject to the control of government regulatory authorities, and commodities and financial instruments traded therein, whether national or foreign, are subject to the control of the same regulatory authority, which is the body known to us in Iraq as (Iraqi Securities Commission). Therefore, the producers of these commodities in the aforementioned sense do not sell their commodities except in the stock exchange that they trust, and they are not satisfied with the listing of their companies or commercial entities in others, or in other than the stock exchanges elected by them, just as the stock exchange itself pleads with its economic capabilities and legal tools to attract producers of commodities or issuers of papers wishing to deal in their mentioned commodities. Therefore, the stock exchange must have a legal form that deals with it and through it with those you wish to deal with. For this reason, the stock exchange is either a public law person taking the form of a public corporation or a public company, or it is a private law person such as private joint stock companies or non-profit associations, or it is a circuit between them in the form of a mixed joint stock company. The stock exchange can also take the form of a holding company in some cases that we will stop at in this research. However, the stock exchange cannot take the form of a subsidiary company. This is because, in the implementation of its policies, it is subject to the policies of the holding company, which may lead it to gamble with the money of the companies and commercial entities listed therein.

The administrative Judiciary in Jordan play an extraordinary role in protecting individual freedoms and rights. This Judiciary regulates the Jordanian administrative Judiciary law No. (27) 2014. The importance of this law is demonstrated as a guarantee to defend and protect these rights and freedoms. Therefore, it is very important to study the deficiencies contained in this law, not only to show such insufficiencies, but also to avoid them in the future, and to elevate the law that protect the rights and freedoms of individuals in a more effective manner. This is done through extrapolating the texts of this new law and analyzing it with a view to revealing its basic flaws and faults. To this end, it was necessary to domesticate the position of the French and Egyptian legislators in this regard and compare it to the position of the Jordanian legislator.
The study reached a number of conclusions and other recommendations, the most important of which are that achieving the advantage of litigation at two levels in the Jordanian Administrative Judicial Law does not actually produce its effect in achieving social justice and protecting the rights of individuals unless it is combined with the privilege of judges in the administrative field. The study also recommended that intervention Jordanian legislator to reorganize the administrative judiciary in Jordan in form and content, which contributes to advancing its role from the traditional role to the creative and structural role.

Il ne fait aucun doute que le mineur bénéficie d'une grande protection juridique, qui découle du fait que le mineur est encore au début de son parcours de vie. Par conséquent, il est difficile pour un mineur de gérer ses propres affaires, surtout une fille qui n'est pas autorisée par la loi.
En effet, le législateur a considéré l'intérêt de la famille « de son point de vue » les considérations sociales, coutumes et traditions qui rejettent la femme violée sans égard aux intérêts du mineur. Ainsi, cette étude vise à ouvrir la porte à une discussion de recherche sur cette problématique en présentant le sujet et en le comparant avec les lois française et égyptienne, qui ne tombaient pas dans la même problématique, mais ces deux systèmes ont été choisis pour leur proximité avec la Système judiciaire irakien.
Où il était nécessaire de présenter la position des conventions internationales et de certaines lois comparées concernant la criminalisation du viol (le premier chapitre), ainsi que l'énoncé de la crise de la politique pénale pour protéger le mineur contre le crime de viol (le deuxième shapitre).

It is not sercet that the reality of school building in iraq from negiect chaos confusion and the cessationof reiated progects in additition to the frying of school building or overcrowding in the number of students wich negative impact on education in iraq and this iswhat we studeied in this research in terms of clarifying the legal organization of this contract how it is organized inside iraq and the applicability of the instrution for impiementing government contracts in hraq

Popular pressure forces play an important role in political decision-making and public policy drawing, directly and indirectly. The effectiveness of these forces appears in all political systems of developed and developing countries. However, this effectiveness varies according to the type of those systems and their support for these forces, the freedom of action and movement of those forces and their legal capacity. It gained it from the political system and its methods of work to achieve its interests and goals that it aims for. It uses many means to achieve those interests and goals, some of which are legitimate and others are illegal,and we noticed that the forces of popular pressure, case with political parties, but rather to make the decisions of this authority coincide with their ideas and interests, which sometimes makes them push the authority to these forces on The executive power, especially (the government), and the extent of the impact of those powers to achieve the self-resignation of the government?
In this context, we have sensed that the forces of popular pressure have an impact their mandate,Therefore, the theoretical and practical necessities led to the study of this subject in order to define and review the legal nature and provisions related to resignation.

What is meant by the witnessing of the divorce for the purpose of documentation is to impose it in the presence of witnesses of justice who testify to hearing the establishment of the divorce formula and the dissolution of the marital bond in their presence, either as a guarantee of the fulfillment of the declarations of the divorce or a guarantee of fulfilling the legal pillars of divorce and the text of the testimony of divorce was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, and the jurisprudence regarding its interpretation was divided into There are two parts, one section believes that it is a duty and one of the pillars of legal divorce and is not valid in contrast to it, and another section does not consider it obligatory in the divorce, but rather explains the necessity of testimony for the return, it does not go beyond being evidence of proof in the divorce, and the witnesses of divorce are required to have legal conditions that must be met by the two witnesses, which are male and justice, and the meeting in the divorce council.

Members of the Internal Security Forces practice several tasks and functions, including maintaining order, as the police prevent any manifestation of disruption to public order or public laws, such as internal strife events and disturbances that threaten public security, preserving public and private property, protecting state public facilities, and working to prevent the occurrence of Crimes.
The performance of the internal security forces ’employees to carry out the duties they are entrusted with may result in an abuse of the authority granted to them by virtue of their laws, whether it is deliberately arising from the exploitation of their job duties or from negligence and whether the harmful act that arose from that represents a negative error or a positive error. This leads to their civil liability and the responsibility of the authority they follow for the material and moral damages caused to the injured, which makes them subject to accountability, prosecution and compensation, which we will deliberately study in this research

The solidarity of the officials is one of the most important guarantees granted by the Iraqi legislature to the aggrieved creditor, through which the creditor can refer to the multiple officials, individually or collectively, whether within the scope of contractual liability or within the scope of tort liability, as the solidarity of the multiple officials is a complete solidarity that Like other types of solidarity; Since there is only one type of solidarity, which is complete solidarity, and if there is a difference between the forms of solidarity, then this expresses the intrinsic characteristics of each of those forms without the consequence of that difference being a decrease in that form of solidarity compared to other forms of solidarity. Whether in contractual or tort

The stock market is an effective tool in revitalizing the economy and increasing its growth rates and represents the appropriate environment to attract and encourage local and foreign investment, and the main engine for trading securities in the market are the intermediaries identified by the legislator with certain persons. Institutions designated by the temporary law on stock exchanges to play this important role with a license from the Market Authority in accordance with a set of conditions and duties. The legislator’s goal is to protect the rights of clients who often lack experience and know-how in trading securities and to contribute to increasing investment awareness and transparency and reliability of information related to securities Finance. Therefore, the research focuses on clarifying the nature of the intermediary bank in the stock market by introducing it and the conditions that must be met in it, distinguishing its work from what is suspected, and clarifying its duties, and the important role it occupies in the trading of securities, as well as a statement by the competent authorities to monitor it and the consequences For violating the provisions of the law, then we end the research with a conclusion that includes our findings and suggestions

The idea of research stems from a fundamental legal problem related to the interpretation of the "intention to destroy" contained in Article II of the Genocide Convention and the consequences of this interpretation on the level of criminal conviction and the Chamber of Responsibility for the crime of genocide, Collective care requires more attention than other international crimes, because the task of memorizing it is one of the easy tasks of attaching it to the manifestation of an intent that lies in the universality of the human soul that can not be reached,t is necessary to state the position of international criminal jurisprudence in clarifying the exact meaning of the criminal intent required in the crimes of genocide by analyzing the most prominent doctrinal approaches that tried to determine the significance of the criminal intent in this crime in order to To examine its precise meaning, as well as to examine the position of the international criminal court on the determination of the intent required in the moral element of the crime of genocide as a pillar of criminal responsibility for the crime
In the first, we will deal with the concept of criminality in criminal law and include two requirements. In the first we will examine the definition of criminal intent and the definition of its elements. The second is to distinguish the specific criminal intent of the suspect. The second topic is devoted to the study of jurisprudential attempts to determine the purpose of the crime of genocide. In the third section, we shall examine the position of the international judiciary on the criminal intent of the crime of genocide. This will be followed by a conclusion that will include our findings and recommendations.

The research presented the extent of the administration’s authority within the scope of administrative decisions between choice and restriction, and the necessities of drawing the boundaries between them, and the problems raised in this regard, and it was recommended through the research to the need to develop a clear concept of the administration’s authority in freedom of action due to the confusion in its designation of discretionary authority, and the need to extend oversight the administrative judiciary refers to the areas of choice for the authority of the administration beyond the existing oversight, and the intervention of the legislature and the judiciary to control and determine the authority of the administration whenever it is called for to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals.

In recent history, the Judicial system and courtrooms have almost always been the sole resolution mechanism for all disputes and it has developed to be central to the life of every citizen and almost all parts of life. The role of domestic courts in arbitration is very important in how each state is viewed and how its legislation has developed to be aligned with that of the international community it forms part of. If parties in a dispute have envisioned a larger and a bigger role for the court in their dispute, then they should be better off with a regular litigation process inside court rooms. Recent developments in commerce have shown that resorting to arbitration is the most effective and best way for resolving disputes between traders and this mechanism is essential to their businesses where they have everything resolved on their own terms and requirements and through selecting the arbitrators themselves. Nonetheless, courts remain central to a well-functioning arbitration process as they are part of many aspects of arbitration and, in certain situations; it is a must to let the court play a certain role. This research paper intends to have a discussion on the overall role of courts and how important it is sometimes to have such a powerful neutral outsider to ensure the smooth progression and development of business nationally and internationally. This research paper attempts to explore certain areas in the Iraqi arbitration provisions and where we see a role for the court and I will try to identify any issues in that role so we can look into what Iraq’s domestic arbitration legislation has to offer in terms of supervision and guarantees for the disputed parties and how it can be improved.

It is recognized that the decision to transfer a public employee is based on several spatial and other qualitative considerations , and it must be under the umbrella of the principle of legality and achieving the public interest and what is required by logic. From this point view, we find that the majority of the administrative authorities abuse the transfer the public employee from his place of work to another or other than his specialization and the purpose of this to harm him and achieve personal interests on the part of the administration, must be subject to the principle of legality, so the administration is not allowed to transfer the employee spatially or qualitatively outside the legal context and not to evade its legally stipulated obligations by claiming that the public interest above respecting and implementing the laws in the text. the presence of the judiciary over the work of the administration so that it doesn't go further in its actions without accountability or supervision. The judiciary plays an important role in limiting this phenomenon. Whereas, the transfer of the employee here is disguised punishment that contradicts considerations of justice and a waste of the rights and guarantees of the public employee the law's. warranty, next the fate of decision is undoing judicially.