The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Internal organs of 486 camels were examined, 77 males and 409 females, 2 months - 10 years old, slaughtered at Al-Diwania abattoir from June 2000 till July 2001, for detection the prevelance of hydatid infection. The total rate of infection was 42.18 %, 18.18 % in males and 46.70% in females. Distribution of cysts among organs varied from 13.66 % in livers, 66.34 % in lungs and 20 % in both of them. For the first time in Iraq, Hydatid cyst was recorded in spleen, together with the infection of liver, in one camel. The results of the study showed a higher prevalence of infection among aged camels in comparison with younger animls.

Detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium in water of Al-Dehab AL-Abyad village was carried, from January to December 2001, through examination of 240 different water samples, using millipore cartridge filter and an alternative Iraqi filters. The oocysts were revealed in 73 samples in rate of 30.41%, all water samples collected from ponds revealed oocysts, in 29.16 % of water tanks and 22.91% of sewage samples. Oocysts were not found in the water samples from municipal water supply. Statistical differences (P<0.05) in the presence of oocysts in the different samples were revealed. The alternative tissue filter was efficient for isolation of oocysts in comparison with the imported filters. Differences were found in the measurement and shape of isolated Cryptosporidium oocysts, and they were ranged from round (4.3 * 3.9 - 5 x 4.2 Mm) to oval (7.4 *5.5-8 x 6 mm) and they were also varied in the number according to the samples.

The aim of study was to investigate the prevalence of macroscopic and microscopic sarcocystosis of 312 camels slaughtered in Al-Qadisiyah province abattoirs. The developmental stages were studied in experimentally infected dogs with Sarcocystis cameli. For macroscopic sarcocystis naked eye examination was done while for microscopic type, the methods were employed (peptic muscular digestion, trichinoscopy, squeezing and histological examination) for the detection of infection in esophagus, heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscles. The percentage prevalence of macroscopic cysts were first recorded (0.64%) among the different organs examined. The rate of microscopic infection was (83.3%) in peptic digestion method followed by squeezing and trichinoscopy were 78.47 % and 58% respectively The highest rate of infection was recorded in the esophagus and the lowest in the heart. Histological examination revealed two different morphological cysts, the first one with thin wall and the other thick striated wall. The pre patent periods were 8-9 and 10-12day respectively, each infected dog-shed total about 32 * 10* sporocysts per gram of faeces. The peak of shedding reached 326*10* sarocystis per gram of faeces day12 post infection histological development stages of the parasite were detected in the small intestine mucosa of dog in days 6 and 12 post infection.

This study included two stages, the first one was as epidemiological study of malaria in the local chickens of variuos areas in Salahuddin province the infection rate was 3.16 % out of 433 samples taken. There was different blood stages of the parasite which are represented by trophzoites, schizonts and to less extent gametocytes. The second stage was the experimental study,which showed the ability of induction of infection (subinoculation technique). Prepatent period was represented by the presence of trophozoites m schizonts and gametocytes. The most important clinical signs was partial paralysis , dullness and emaciation. The pathological changes showed congestion and enlargement of liver and spleen. congestion of brain with absence of exo-erythrocytic mild lymphocytosis in the infected group. it was concluded the ability of diagnosis of avian malaria using human malaria antigen by the indirect fluorescence antibody technique.

This study was described for the nature of the pathpgenesis of bacteria Pasteurella multocida which was isolated from infected man made comparison between these bacteria and those from infected farm animals. The percentage of Pasteurella multcida diagnosed bacteria from animals and human was 29.4% and 16.9% respectively. Comparing to other culture media Pasteurella multocida selective agar medium was characterized by its selectivity and sensitivity and then was attempt for biotyping species and subspecies of isolated Pasteurella from animals and human samples were successfully achieved. Pathogenicity test was performed on mice, only nine human isolatetes and twenty-one animal isolates from Pasteurella multocida were virulent. Todistinguish between the pathogenesis of human and animal isolates, one isolated from human and animal were chosed, in addition to the standared strain. The mice had been experimentally infected by three different ways, I/P, I/T, I/Eye. The results were showed that Pasteurella multocida can produce lesions as fibrinous suppurative pneumonia in lungs, liver and spleen which were detected histopatho logically. However the animal isolates were more virulent than human or standared strain.

In order to study some aspects of pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi, 60 white Swiss mice were used. They were randomly divided into 2 groups. The 1s' group (40 animals) was inoculated subcutaneously with a dose of 4x10° CFU .of R.equi while the 2nd group was kept as a control. Four animals from the 1st group and 2 animals from the 2nd group were sacrified at day, 1,2,4,8,12,16,20,24,28 and 30 postinoculation (P.I) Six animals of 1stgroup were died during the first and second days P.I. Microscopical examination showed acute to subacute suppurative inflammation in the liver, lung and spleen at I to 4 days PI. While pyogranulomatous lesions and epithelioid granuloma were seen in liver, lungs and spleen at 4 to 24 days PI R.equi was isolated liver, lungs, spleen, kidney and brain in the first day PI. The bacteria persisted in the spleen from and brain up to 20th day, in the liver up to 24" day while in the lungs, and kidney bacterial isolation continuous till 28th day PI.

Rota viruses were isolated in vero continuous cell line from infant babies and newly borne calves affected by diarrhea after treatment in every passage with 10 mg/ml of trypsin and adding 0.5 mg/ml of trypsin in the maintenance media. The isolated viruses induced distinctive and progressive type of cytopatheic effect in infected cells and highest titer was 2x10 6. TCID,50/0.1 for bovine viral isolate. The isolated 50/0.1 for human viral isolate and 2x10 » viruses were identified by indirect fluorescent antibody technique by using reference calf rotavirus antisera. Comparative study were conducted on both human and bovine viral isolate including growth in different cell culture, vero cell line was very sensitive to support growth of both viruses than secondary embryonic calf kidney cell culture, lamb testes and primary embryonic chicken fibroblast cell culture. Both viruses induced morphologically similar kind or plaques in vero cell line but plaqes formed by human isolate were larger in size about 1.5 - 2.5 mm in diameter than those of bovine isolate 1.5 - 2 mm. Cross reactive viral antigens were detected between the isolated viruses in indirect fluorescent antibody technique but not in serum neutralization test by using reference bovine rotavirus antisera

Forty five cases, 7-14 day-old chicks were studied, they showed respiratory and nervous signs with yellowish granulomatous necrotic foci on the air sacs, liver, kidneys, cerebellum and cerebrum. Swabs were taken 7 days post inoculation, culture was made on Sabouraud's dextros agar,. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated. Diagnosis was confirmed by experimentally exposed one day-old chicks to aerosols of A. fumigatus conidia and also by microscopic demonstration of typical fruiting bodies and spores of the fungus in fresh preparations made from Sabouraud's agar. tissues from fungal-infected Examination of histological sections of cerebrum and cerebellum chicks stained with hematoxylin and eosin and PAS stains revealed granulomas lesion with a central area of necrosis containing heterophils surrounded by macrophages, gaint cells, lymphocytes and layer of fibrous tissue. It was concluded that the cases deal within this study had been infected with A. fumigataus.

In this study fowl poxvirus has been isolated from naturally infected birds. This virus induced respiratory distress, 2, 3 and 4 days post inoculation, in intratracheally inoculated 8 week old chickens, these respiratory distress include congestion of tracheal mucosa, increased tracheal secreation and whitish-yellowish pastules appeared at ninth day post inoculation in the upper part of the trachea forming diphtheritic or pseudodiphtheritic membrane. Using scanning electron microscopy to study the changes that occurs in the epithelial surface of trachea. It was found that the virus causes proliferation of epithelial cells forming cluster like papilloma, deciliation and activation of goblet cells.

This report was designed to study to affection of joints of the Iraqi Arabian horses limbs in vet. college clinic .The symmetrical in the size of joints and hooves in case of standing position . The clinical examination was done by palpation of fore and hind limbs from the sale of the hoof till the shoulder or hip joints. The results marked 68.35% of fetlock J.15.15% of coffin J.9.9%of hock J. and 6.6% of pastern joint. So it is means that the fetlock joint is more important than the other joints specially in fore limb e.i. one of the fore fetlock joints may lift the whole body weight .

Four hundred, one day old chicks, of four hybrids, were divided into four groups, reared on the floor for ten weeks. The hybrids were vaccinated with live IBD vaccine at 14, 35, 56 days. Maternal antibody titers, antibody titer after each vaccination and bursa index were measured. Results revealed that the Barred local hybrid showed a highest maternal antibody titer and antibody titer after each vaccination, more bursa index lowest mortality. Highly significant correlation (P<0.01) & more linear regression between antibody titer & maternal antibody titers were observed in the barred hybrids

The structural – functional changes in the adrenal glands associated with experimental infection with Trypanosoma evansi and the reversed changes after the treatment of rabbits with anti-trypanosomal drugs (Naganol, Bayer, 205) were studied. Thirty adult New Zealand male rabbits were divided into two groups: control group which include 12 rabbits while the infected group include 13 rabbits. Rabbits of infected group were injected I. V with 10 trypanosoma on 0.2 ml mice blood diluted with AL -sever's solution while rabbits of control group were injected with trypansoma free diluted mice blood. Forty-two days after infection the infected group were treated with neganol 10% sol. (20mg/ kg B.W, i.v) than all the rabbits were killed after 42 days of treatment. Microscopic examination of the hematoxylin-eosin stained adrenal gland revealed occurrence of degenerative changes of the zona fosciculata-reticulaties infltration of mononuclear cells, red blood cells and focal coagulative necrosis in both zone when compared with those of the control group, while treated group showed focal regeneration of secretort cells of both zone. It is concluded there were revers of structural-functional changes after treatment to the normal state.

The classical method of aquaculture in Iraq employed Cyprinus carpio L. (Common carp) as monoculture or as predominat species togather with grass carp and silver carp. In the present study monoculture of grass carp was performed. Three - hundreds fingerlings of grass carp of 1.5 g weight were cultured in about 600 m2 eartheen pond from 20th of June till 9th of November, 1997. For the first two months of the experiment, no additional feed was added to what had been available in the pond. For the rest of the culture period, 1773 kg of five species of plants were utilized. They were included 91 kg of Phargmites australis, 972 kg of Paspalim sp., 423 kg of Medicago sativa, 171 kg of Ceratophyllum demersum and 116 kg of Paspalum Paspaloides. In addition to that a total of 150 kg of manure was used as a fertilizer in three occasions. At the end of the experiment the average weight of the fishes was 498 gm ranged from 370 gm to 980 gm. Further study was commence where 300 fingerlings of grass carp weighting 34 gm as an average were cultured together with 50 fingerlings of silver carp (average weight 92 gm). The experiment January 1998. For the first two months of experiment the fishes didn't consume began in additional food probably due to the low temperature of water during this period.

One hundred & six blood smears from buffaloes, slaughtered at Al- Futhaliya slaughter house in Baghdad, were examined. Ages of buffaloes ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Numbers of positive blood smears were 48 (45.28%), of them only one showed clinical signs. Single, double, and triple protozoal infections with Anaplasma centrali , Anaplasma marginale, and Theileria annulata, were found. The most common type of infection was the Anaplasma marginale (22.64%), while Anaplasma centrali and Anaplasma centrali + Theileria annulata (0.94%) each. This investigation confirmed the presence of Anaplasma centrali infection in buffaloes for the first time.

The present study was carried on to compare several methods for identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts sp. which conclude modified acid fast stain, Sheather's flotation solutions, Ritchi formal-ether sedimentation solutions, noval stain and iodine technique. The modified acid-fast stain and its combination with formal – ether technique gave the best demonstration 100%. The most reliable technique for identification of oocysts was formal-ether concentration combination with modified acid fast stain (100%), followed by using modified acid fast stain only (97%), sucrose flotation technique (90%) novel staining technique (85%), formal ether concentration (84%), and iodine technique (69%) respectively.

Thirty-three fecal samples from cats were examined for the presence of Toxoplasma oocysts, and another 33 serum samples from these cats were subjected for Latex agglutination test & indirect immunofluorecent antibody test. Also 80 serum samples from ewes were subjected to the same serological tests. The study indicated that the prevalence of Toxoplasma oocysts in cats was 27.3%. Higher rates of antibody titer (68%) were observed in cats tested with latex test. Infection in young cats was higher than in adults. Sixty percentage of ewes were sero-positive with Latex test, but only 35% were sero-positive with IFAT, higher prevalence of antibody titers was observed in sheep from the three locations of Iraq. Ewes that had recurrent abortion showed higher prevalence in both tests than non aborted ewes.

Twenty isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were examined, fourteen from them showed staphylococcin activity while six isolates were not producers. The staphylococcin activity of potential producer isolates was increased if CaCl2 was incorporated in the medium and if the cultures were induced with ultra violet radiation.

Thirty-five isolates of Staphylococcus were isolated out of 100 clinical specimens were collected from different infections of human and animals. These isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 15 of them isolated from human, 15 from cows and only 5 isolates from poultry. Twenty-five (71.4%) isolates of different sources revealed positive results for the detection of protein A, capsule formation and enzyme production of phosphatase, DNase and haemolysin. Seven (20 %) isolates showed negative results for both protein A and capsule as well as for the production of enzymes while only three (8.5%) isolates were not capsulated but able to produce protein A and the enzymes. During the detection of protein A, capsule structure and production of some enzymes, we found that the best value of pH used was the range of 7-7.5. The present study indicated that the presence of protein A and capsule structure is highly associated with the virulence of isolates, and loss of protein A doesn't necessary mean loss of capsule as well. The ability of the isolates to produce their essential enzymes to induct the infection is highly correlated with the ability to produce protein A, without considering the source of the isolates.

In an experimental study to evaluate the immunopathological effect of transfer factor on the reticuloendothelial organs of white mice and their protection against their challenge infection with Salmonella typhi. The results of this study were showed the followings: 1. Transfer factor recipient group: it was showed an early granulomatous lesions in the liver. Reactive hyperplasia in the T cell regions of the spleen and mediastinal lymph node. The early granulomas were persisted during 7th day and slightly regressed on 14th day postinoculation. 2. Infected group with S. typhi: It was showed a multifocal microabscesses consisted of aggregates of neutrophils in the focal area of necrosis, which was evident during 7th day and gradually transform into granulomas on 14th day postinoculation. 3. Transfer factor recipient and challenge infection group: It was showed well developed granulomatous reactions, which indicate an emergence of cellular immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity reaction). These granulomas were more evident on 7th day and slightly regressed on 14th day postinoculation; providing a transfer factor role in tissue reaction and termination of infection.

Effect of penicillin- ciprofloxacin combinations on some semen characteristics and bacterial contaminants of diluted bull semen was determined and compared with those of penicillin- streptomycin combinations. Sperm motility, percentage of dead and abnormal spermatozoa and survival index did not differ significantly for penicillin (1000 IU) and ciprofloxacin (125, 250, 500, 1000 ug) combinations per milliliter of diluted bull semen from those of penicillin (1000 I.U) and streptomycin (500 ug) combination / ml. Each penicillin ciprofloxacin combination effectively controlled bacterial growth. However penicillin streptomycin combination did not effectively control the growth. Accordingly, the combination of penicillin- ciprofloxacin seems to be a satisfactory substituent for penicillin- streptomycin combination for controlling bacterial contaminants in diluted bull semen without impairing semen characteristics.

Changes in the exterior purebred Arab horses during the last 12 years have been analyzed. Measurements with regard to the exterior were made on the presently living 238 horses from Baghdad, Nenava and Dialla. The exterior of purebred Arab horses has not been found principally changed: only the length of trunk has become a little longer in stallion and the girths circumference width of chest increased while in mares the length of trunk has become a little shorter and the girths circumference width of chest decreased. Nowadays, the living Iraqi purebred Arab horses present leveled type of horses with harmonious conformation. It seems that a stable.