Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

France was ruled by Louis XV (1710–1774) from 1715 until his passing in 1774. He was also referred to as "Louis the Beloved," and he governed France at a time of significant political and economic upheaval.
On February 15, 1710, Louis XV was born in the Palace of Versailles. He was the grandson of King Louis XIV, sometimes referred to as the "Sun King," and the heir apparent was his father, the Duke of Burgundy. He was the only successor to the kingdom after his parents and siblings passed away while he was still a little child. After his great-grandfather Louis XIV passed away in 1715, Charles ascended to the throne at the age of five. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, was Louis XV's protector throughout his formative years and served as regent until Louis reached adulthood. The Duke of Orléans and the National Assembly had real authority during this time, and Louis XV received a first-rate education worthy of a future monarch. A cadre of academics and instructors who specialized in history, languages, science, and religion taught him. But in his early years, Louis XV was more interested in hunting and other recreational activities than in politics or the military.

Following the conclusion of the Korean War in 1953 and the establishment of the demilitarized zone, the ongoing conflict between the two Koreas has garnered significant international focus, particularly due to the deployment of American forces in the region, which aimed to support South Vietnam with South Korean troops in its struggle against North Vietnam. Consequently, North Korea's strategy was aimed at inciting provocations. Within the demilitarized zone, efforts were made to divert the attention of American and South Korean forces from the Vietnam War. This was coupled with North Korean leader Kim Il Sung's intent to hinder the economic advancements made by South Korea, which were bolstered by American assistance and the influx of foreign investment, as well as the restoration of diplomatic ties with Japan. Consequently, he endeavored to instigate disorder and intimidation within that area to provoke apprehension among foreign enterprises, prompting their withdrawal from South Korea and destabilizing its economy. This was also driven by his intention to distract his populace with external matters, thereby diverting their attention from the economic turmoil afflicting North Korea, which could potentially incite dissent against him, reminiscent of the events of 1956, as he harbored an additional objective. This endeavor seeks to bring together the two Koreas once more. The attainment of these objectives was pursued through the instigation of provocations within the demilitarized zone, notably exemplified by the ax murder incident, which stands as the most brutal occurrence in the annals of the Joint Security Zone in Panmunjom, dated August 18, 1976. The situation resulted in a considerable intensification of hostilities between the two Koreas, nearly precipitating the onset of war. Alternative Korean. In this study, we endeavored to examine the underlying causes of the incident, the repercussions it inflicted on both parties, the American response, and the resolution facilitated by the intervention of the United Nations, all while avoiding the onset of another Korean conflict.

The discourse surrounding the history of American political parties is inextricably linked to the broader narrative of American history. The inception of these parties closely coincides with the founding of the United States, emerging shortly after the nation gained independence from Britain following the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1783. Subsequently, the promulgation of its constitution, which embraced the federal republican framework. The constitution resulted in a schism among the political elite, creating a divide between proponents and adversaries of federalism. This discord subsequently evolved into a dual-party system, with the Democratic Party emerging as one of its most significant catalysts. Simultaneously, it is regarded as one of the most ancient political parties in the United States that has played a significant role. The political landscape in this nation from 1800 to 1828 was unparalleled. The significance of this matter within the historical context of the party is underscored by its engagement in a global examination of national leadership and the implementation of the prevailing theories and philosophies guiding the administration. This is juxtaposed with the myriad events of the era and the party's interactions with them. During this phase, the leaders of the party, alongside figures such as Thomas, have demonstrated their capabilities and resilience.

Morocco has experienced numerous reform dynamics following two historical defeats, leading to various transformations across political, economic, social, and cultural spheres. The persistent inquiry throughout this period has been: "What is the pathway to achieving reform?" Nonetheless, the inquiry into reform was marked by its extensive scope, particularly its receptiveness to many concerns, with the paramount concern being human rights, which has seen significant momentum and prominence. In this context, reformist movements have significantly contributed to advancements in human rights. Considering the contributions of intellectual elites in establishing, critiquing, and evaluating the reform discourse in Morocco, alongside the participation of civil society organizations in shaping reform visions and influencing their trajectories, it can be asserted that there exists a cohesive foundation in the perspectives of intellectual elites and civil organizations. This study aimed to elucidate the key intellectual circumstances and civic practices that influenced the reform movement in modern Morocco by meticulously recording and examining these concerns.

Personal memoirs are considered important sources in historical writings, especially in modern and contemporary history, as they constitute one of the sources that researchers use in their research and academic studies, given that they give the author of the memoirs a clear vision of a certain issue or historical event or a series of information according to the type and nature of the author of the memoirs, regardless of the tendencies of some of the owners of personal memoirs that may appear clear in their memoirs, but the historical importance of the memoirs cannot be overlooked by the specialized academic or the ordinary reader.It is noted that most of the owners of personal memoirs resort to writing their memoirs after they are retired or in the late stages of their lives, so their memoirs are a record full of the experience of years past full of useful information. This is what we noticed in the memoirs of Dr. Hashem Al-Malah, which despite the number of pages that reached (892) pages, it attracts the reader to read them all, as they were presented in a style characterized by clarity and smoothness mixed with a suspenseful style that is closest to the story and novel, following the scientific historical methodology.The memoirs were not limited to mentioning local and Iraqi events only, but also included Arab and international events, which is what made them distinct from other memoirs, in addition to the distinction that Dr. Hashim Al-Mallah enjoyed as a professor specialized in the academic field in the specializations of law and history, which he combined together in many of his writings, especially in Islamic history, his precise specialization. In addition to his addressing contemporary events in the memoirs, whether local, Arab or international, and since I am interested in the Palestinian issue, I chose what he wrote about it and what he witnessed and witnessed of the reactions of the people of Mosul towards this issue and his clear and effective role towards this issue at different stages of his life..

A multitude of researchers and scholars have focused on the history of Asia as a whole and examined the historical trajectories of several significant Asian nations that experienced pivotal political events. Numerous researchers overlooked small and obscure nations such as Sri Lanka; however, this did not preclude the existence of scholars who authored works on Sri Lanka without examining its political circumstances. Sri Lanka is notable for its strategic position in South Asia, adjacent to southern India in the Indian Ocean, as well as its significant location along maritime routes and its distinctive topography, which differentiates it from other nations and facilitates political, economic, and social relations with both neighboring and distant countries. Sri Lanka was the Asian nation most susceptible to conquest, whether by adjacent kingdoms or faraway nations, the latter occurring in the sixteenth century amid rivalry among European powers. In 1505 AD, Sri Lanka was occupied by the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch occupation, and ultimately the British occupation in 1796 AD. The history of Sri Lanka from 1656 is replete with political, economic, and social events, influenced by its geographical location and societal structure. As a British colony, it remained under colonial rule until 1948 AD. The acquisition of independence by mostly peaceful means, in contrast to nations conquered by Britain, stemmed from the evolution of political consciousness, particularly the tensions experienced by Sri Lankan society with other nations during the First and Second World Wars.

General literature and personal poetry unequivocally reflect the realities of life, serving as authentic representations of the joys and sorrows of countries, hence necessitating a thorough and insightful engagement with literary works. Poetry collections from a specific era effectively illustrate the societal landscape and its individuals, reflecting the intrinsic connection between literature and societal dynamics. An elite cadre of writers and poets has adeptly captured this essence, offering a vivid portrayal and valuable insights. Precision, accurate record, of their cultures and the circumstances of persons within them, using the literary resources available to them. Arabic poetry has gained significant importance for historians in documenting historical narratives, events, and biographies, as well as in understanding countries and the various linguistic interpretations of words and vocabulary encountered in their work, which may yield varying degrees of success.

The Soviet Union was an enthusiastic advocate of the idea of implementing socialism in one country, and its opinion was to strengthen socialism that would lead to strengthening the global socialist system. There were strategic goals that the Soviet leaders worked to achieve, including: Their quest to extend the influence of the Soviet Union to the East to end dependence on the Turkish Straits, and the other goal was to establish revolutionary regimes hostile to the West and loyal to the Soviets that would nationalize Western interests, increase their trade with the Soviet Union, buy their weapons, and integrate into their defense system. The goals also included reducing the Western political, economic, and military presence and influence, and eroding or ending it. The Jewish minority in Egypt is one of the important sects in the structure of Egyptian society, as the Jews were not far from the communist party formations, as they were involved as activists and founders in the first Egyptian communist party, and Joseph Rosenthal is considered the first Jew to practice communist party work in Egypt, as the Jews played the largest role in reviving the movement from its slumber. In light of this, this research, which dealt with communist activity in Egypt and its impact on the Jews during the period 1946-1947, came to shed light on the role of the Jews in the spread of the communist movement in Egypt.

The Mediterranean basin witnessed a state of conflict between the major countries in an attempt to control it by all means, especially France, which took the Mediterranean basin of great importance after its occupation of Algeria and expansion towards Tunisia overlooking it, which made it clash with Britain, which controlled it and refused the entry of any colonial country to extend its control over it as it was of great importance to it, and the entry of any colonial power or the extension of its influence over it or part of it meant a threat to it and its interests as it was the main passage for its commercial and military ships that were heading to the regions of the East and its colonies in India, which it called the jewel of the British crown. The Mediterranean basin took on greater importance for British policy after the opening of the Suez Canal to international navigation in 1869, and the diversion of the global trade route from the Cape of Good Hope to the Mediterranean basin and passage through the Suez Canal, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf towards the East, so Britain was striving to keep the Mediterranean basin a British lake, and continued to carefully monitor France’s movements, especially after its occupation of Tunisia on May 12, 1881. Despite the success of the occupation and France's dominance over all regions of Tunisia, Britain remained a stumbling block to its projects in Tunisia until the settlement of the differences between them after signing the Entente Cordiale in 1904, which ended the state of conflict between them for many centuries.

The importance of the present study arises from its emphasis on socially relevant subjects that provide a substantial resource of knowledge for many scholars. The significance is evident since no student or researcher in history, Arabic studies, or religious sciences may neglect reading its sources.
The present study utilizes a descriptive approach in its formulation. The primary issues encountered by the researcher included the paucity of sources and the obstacles in obtaining them. The research has an introduction, three major parts, and a conclusion. It concludes that Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar exemplifies an ideal genealogical scholar, particularly due to his lineage from a prestigious family renowned for wisdom and scholarship. The research suggestions underscored the significance of genealogy as an academic discipline, advocating for a comprehensive approach, since morals, inclinations, and conflicts might be inherited similarly to diseases—an understanding attainable just via genealogical inquiry.

The importance of this topic springs from its relationship to the present bitter reality and the extent of correspondence between what Andalusia went through during that stage and what Islamic nation is going through today. In terms of methodology, the study relied on the descriptive approach in narrating historical events. The difficulties of the study spring from the lack of Arabic sources that talked about the personality of the leader Musa bin Abi Ghassan, as well as the dissimilarity of information that talked about that historical era from one reference to another, and most of the Arab references relied in covering the events of that stage on what was quoted by foreign or translated references.

The continent of Africa was the heart of the old world and the center of geographical exploration and colonial competition between the major powers Britain, France and Germany. The Berlin Conference of 1884 was the first colonial conference to divide West Africa between European countries, especially Britain, France and Germany. It facilitated Britain's occupation of Gambia and it became a colony of the British crown. It played an important commercial role for Europe, especially the trade in slaves, peanuts, gum and oils. British colonialism was driven by political, economic and social factors that aimed to impose its presence on this country through Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Thus, the stations of British control and colonialism of Gambia began until 1973.

Grants and gifts represent a significant cultural manifestation observed among the councils of the Companions in the Levant. They contributed significantly to enhancing social relations between those in authority and influential figures within the general public, aiming to secure their backing in solidifying their governance, addressing challenges, and fostering connections of affection and familiarity among themselves, particularly within their ranks. Muawiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan generously provided gifts to the family of the Prophet, offering a variety of valuable items including money, gold, silver, jewellery, and musk. His intention was to support their needs and assist them in their daily lives.

The research endeavors to elucidate the significant endowments of the Al-Ashraf Syndicate within the state of Baghdad, particularly focusing on the esteemed endowments associated with the Honorable Qadiriya. It examines the meticulous care and efforts of the nobility in nurturing and enhancing these endowments, alongside their strategic investments in various projects, including the restoration of Al-Hadra's structures and the expansion of its other components. The establishment of a prudent administrative framework tasked with overseeing these endowments in a manner that promotes their service and development is essential.
The research was meticulously organized into sections and terminology, elucidated comprehensively within its pages, highlighting the significance of the endowments of the supervision union in Baghdad during the Ottoman period.

Following the German assault on Port Harbour in 1941, the US State Department expressed the Governing Council of the League of American States its intention to convene a meeting on January 1, 1942, aimed at severing ties between the American republics and the Axis powers. The meeting saw participation from 26 members of the United Nations in Washington, with the delegation being spearheaded by US Deputy Secretary of State Sumner Welles. Brazil's stance at the conference was notably unclear, as it expressed support for the concept of maintaining unity among the Americas, yet refrained from committing to any concrete assurances to the Washington administration. In return, the latter had extended promises of military and economic assistance to Brazil, along with the opportunity for its forces to engage in World War II at American expense, given Brazil's status as a demilitarised nation. In exchange, Brazil would grant permission to establish military bases in its northeastern Natal region, facilitating military operations in North Africa and enabling the launch of aircraft to combat the Axis powers. This arrangement is particularly strategic, as the region represents the easternmost point in Latin America, while also serving as a conduit for the importation of essential resources. The initial phases of their collaboration marked the commencement of their relations. The document indicates that Brazil successfully secured the approval of the American administration to equip its forces with weaponry. Subsequently, on February 28, 1942, Brazil was granted the authority to oversee the air base in Natal, thereby establishing a complex intertwining of military relations between the two entities.

The research examines the historical relations of Turkey from 1990 to 1995, a period marked by significant international and regional events as well as political and economic transformations. Notably, this era included the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact, which facilitated a shift towards unilateralism by the United States and contributed to a global imbalance. Concurrently, the Arab Gulf region became a focal point of conflict, particularly in the aftermath of Iraq's withdrawal from the first Gulf War, which had left the nation in a state of exhaustion. These dynamics compelled Turkey to formulate new policies and strategies that aligned with the prevailing conditions on both the international and regional stages, especially following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the subsequent of second Gulf War.

The motivations behind Franco's coup against the Second Spanish Republic can be traced to the overarching policies implemented by the Republic's administration, both domestically and within the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. The military assumed control over the northern Moroccan protection following the declaration of a state of emergency, resulting in the arrest of individuals who were either supportive of or collaborated with the Spanish Republic. The Spanish Civil War commenced in 1936 from Moroccan territory, as General Franco strengthened his authority in northern Morocco, transforming the region into a strategic base for his coup and the ensuing conflict against the Republicans. He sought assistance from the local Moroccan population, enlisting them into his forces to bolster his campaign against the Republicans, who were formidable adversaries in their own right.

The esteemed companion Muadh bin Jabal (may Allah be pleased with him) stands out among the companions of the noble Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, due to his significant cultural contributions. His influence is particularly noted in various domains of life, notably within the realms of knowledge and scholarship. He made a profound impact on the intellectual landscape during the formative years of Islam, as acknowledged by numerous sources and references that highlight his status among the scholars and jurists of the companions, may God be pleased with them. His close relationship with the noble Prophet is well-documented, reflecting a deep affection. While he is renowned for his dedication to jihad alongside the noble Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, it is also essential to recognize his role in the judiciary which is a crucial aspect of governance.

Following the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, the Great Powers resolved to reinstate the buffer state utilising Belgian territory. However, rather than addressing the Dutch garrisons situated in the southern region, these nations implemented an effective strategy to unify Belgium and the Netherlands, thereby resolving the diplomatic challenges that had previously plagued European agreements concerning Belgium. On March 15, 1815, William I ascended to the throne as King of the Netherlands, ushering in an era characterized by constitutional monarchy, during which the Council of the Estates-General emerged as the preeminent legislative authority in the nation. In response to the resistance exhibited by Belgium, the High Council of Notables was instituted, predominantly comprising individuals designated by the King. The constitution imposed certain constraints on the authority of King William I, a development that the liberals found agreeable; however, its inherently authoritarian nature resonated well with the conservatives. The policy of King William I was contentious, resulting in significant discontent among the Belgian populace, particularly following the influx of numerous thinkers and legal professionals from France who propagated revolutionary concepts. Encouraging the Belgian people to revolt to get rid of Dutch control, all these factors led to the union of Catholics and liberals in opposition in the House of Representatives and the Senate in 1828, and with the support of their northern allies they were able to abolish the tax measures, and basically they embodied the alliance between the anti-liberal church and the anti-church liberals against the liberal orientation of King William I. Revolutionary action groups emerged, fostering robust opposition movements that adeptly utilized their data through newspapers to enhance dissemination and awareness. In each city, they oversaw resistance committees that orchestrated opposition actions. Their political acumen was evident in their ability to galvanise public sentiment during the upheaval of August 1830, effectively igniting the revolutionary fervour. Furthermore, they managed to assert dominance over local volunteers, and as governmental institutions began to falter, this class adeptly seized control of them.‏

The study of the Prophetic Biography (Seerah) is a discipline rooted in well-defined principles and regulations. It is essential that only those well-versed in its foundational knowledge engage in its study. Scholars have established specific guidelines for understanding Seerah, which encompasses the Prophet's (peace be upon him) sayings, actions, and approvals. The Seerah serves as a living embodiment of Islamic teachings and a radiant example of the Prophet's (peace be upon him) character and behavior.
Given the contemporary need to return to the Quran, the Sunnah, and the Prophet's (peace be upon him) noble life, studying the Seerah is as essential as other Islamic sciences. During the Prophetic era, Islamic beliefs were developed, intertwined with all aspects of life, and cannot be fully understood without examining the Seerah.
Key principles for studying the Seerah include verifying the authenticity of transmitted reports, applying reason to accept or reject texts, mastering the Arabic language and its stylistic nuances, maintaining objectivity when documenting the Seerah, analyzing and commenting on events, comparing them, and identifying aspects for emulation.
The study of the Prophetic Biography, based on the principles and guidelines established by scholars, purifies it from inauthentic narratives introduced by extremists or those with ulterior motives. These fabricated reports, if left unexamined, could undermine the authenticity and sanctity of the Seerah

Raqqa stands as a significant ancient city frequently referenced by historians and Muslim's narratives. It holds a prominent position in the Levant, situated along the banks of the Euphrates River, and has been acknowledged since the pre-Islamic era. Nonetheless, its significance grew during the Abbasid era, particularly after it was designated as the capital of the Abbasid state at a specific juncture in their governance, establishing it as a crucial connection between Iraq and the Levant, while also serving as a strategic outpost for Muslims in opposition to the Byzantine Romans. The city of Rafiqa was founded adjacent to it and was segmented into three distinct Raqqas: White, Brown, and Central.

Considering the prominent role that women have historically occupied within Arab Islamic civilization, their engagement in various facets of life, particularly in charitable works and private endowments, emerges as a significant cultural phenomenon that has garnered attention from historians. This study reflects on the contributions of notable figures, such as the Mothers of the Believers (Um al Moa'mineen), including Mrs. Hafsa (may God be pleased with her), who was entrusted by Caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab with the oversight of his endowments posthumously. The endowments established by women in Andalusia can be seen as a continuation of similar initiatives across other Muslim regions, highlighting their constructive influence on Islamic civilisation. The active participation of Andalusian women in fostering the scientific and social spheres of their time, particularly through their patronage of mosques, the Qur'an, and various philanthropic activities, underscores their vital contributions to the cultural landscape.

The internal dynamics encountered by the Marxist leftist movements in Tunisia, including the Tunisian Worker Organization, which follows the Perspective Tunisia movement, have led to a political climate characterized by conceptual manipulation, fragmentation, and division. This environment has simultaneously facilitated the dominance of the conservative faction within the Constitutional Socialist Party over the liberal faction, alongside the rise of a burgeoning Islamic trend within the Tunisian political arena. The confluence of these issues has collectively served to undermine the Tunisian Worker Organization. Furthermore, the arrest and liquidation campaigns executed by the Tunisian authorities against the Worker Organization and other leftist groups played a significant role in catalyzing the emergence of a new leftist entity within the Tunisian political landscape. This organization, characterized by its radical leftist ideology, is known as the Tunisian Torch Organization, which was established in 1975, rising from the remnants of the aforementioned leftist organizations.

Shams El Din Ali Abdullah Badran stands as a significant figure in the annals of Egyptian history; although his reign was brief, he played a pivotal role in the political landscape of Egypt. He held the position of Minister of War during the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser. He faced prosecution for allegations of inflicting torture upon individuals associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. Shams El Din Badran entered the world on April 19, 1929, born to a father engaged in the civil service within the Ministry of Agriculture. His father passed away on March 25, 1967. Shams El Din Badran had a sibling duo: a brother, Shafiq Badran, who served as an officer, and a sister married to Lieutenant Colonel Hassanein Abdel Raouf. They hailed from the village of Sahel El Gawaber, located in the Al Shohada Centre of Menoufia Governorate. Shams El Din Badran completed his studies at the Military College in August 1948 and subsequently took part in the 1948 Palestine War, serving in one of the infantry battalions during that pivotal year. He oversaw administrative matters, which facilitated his acquaintance with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Subsequently, he became a member of the Free Officers Organisation in 1952, attaining the rank of Yuzbashi (Captain) within the Sixth Infantry Brigade. Following the triumph of the officers' movement, Gamal Abdel Nasser appointed him to the Secretariat of the Revolutionary Command Council, subsequently designating him as secretary to Abdel Hakim Amer, who ascended to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, thereby positioning him as Abdel Nasser's observant representative within the military hierarchy. Gamal Abdel Nasser maintained a continuous correspondence with him. Following the defeat in June 1967, he was brought to trial alongside a cohort of military leaders and subsequently received a prison sentence. He was incarcerated until 1974, at which point President Mohamed Anwar Sadat granted him release. Subsequently, he journeyed to London, the capital of Britain, where he established his residence until his demise.

Al-Suyuti mentioned in his book Hassan Al-Muhadhara fi Akhbar Misr wa Al-Qahira many scholars who had an impact in fighting the social epidemics that occurred in Egypt, and emphasized the principle of ethics as part of the duties of religion. Not being held accountable before the law does not mean that a person is not responsible before God for his religious and moral duty. Ethics in Islam are not a literature that beautifies its owner, but rather a religious commitment and duty. Therefore, it is rare for ethical thinking to be launched in isolation from religious beliefs. Therefore, calling for ethics and rejecting all immoral practices is one of the most important duties that fall on scholars. The research dealt with the most important epidemics that were spreading in Egypt and shed light on them through what was covered by historical sources, and mentioned the position of scholars on these epidemics, and this position was represented by writing books that combat these epidemics, including alcohol and hashish, and the authority in Egypt, especially in the Maliki era, had a major role in combating these epidemics through a set of deterrent executive measures that had a major impact in eliminating or limiting them, with a statement of the role of religious scholars' functions by stating the types of these functions in historical sources and emphasizing the functions most closely related to treating social problems and pests, such as the judiciary, hisbah, and teaching, and stating the impact of scholars on them, and this impact was evident in awareness, advice, and guidance. The research also shed light on the procedures of the ruling authority in Egypt against manifestations of corruption, which were characterized by strictness to prevent or limit these manifestations, and it cooperated in this matter with scholars because of their religious and social status among the people, and this cooperation had a fruitful impact in combating social epidemics.

Prince Abdul Qadir's contributions are numerous and diverse, and his writings continued to resonate both during his lifetime and after his death. Extensively documented various aspects of his qualities and life, certain sources are primarily influenced by political perspectives, while others are predominantly shaped by the principles of Sufism. This paper seeks to explore the humanistic perspectives of Prince that defined his existence, particularly through his interactions with both friends and adversaries. This research is divided into two chapters. The first focusses on the significant rebellion that happened in Lebanon and Syria in 1860, involving Christians, Muslims, and Druze. It examines the underlying causes and events, as well as the role of the prince during that period, who defended his position with a conviction deeply rooted in the principles of the Islamic faith. The subsequent chapters presented a fresh interpretation of several significant messages from the Prince, particularly those pertaining to sedition.

The midwifery and nursing profession in Turkey witnessed a great development during the period (1923-1938), which coincided with the establishment of the Turkish Republic under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The new government focused on modernizing the health system and enhancing the role of women in society, which was directly reflected in the midwifery and nursing profession, which gave women the opportunity to engage in education and work in these professions. The government launched several campaigns to raise the level of health care, including building model hospitals, health schools, and training cadres. The state established midwifery and nursing schools to qualify health workers according to modern standards. Laws were also issued to regulate the midwifery and nursing profession, which helped enhance the status of the profession and control the work of practitioners. These laws played an important role in defining the duties and responsibilities of workers in the field, and ensuring the provision of more efficient health care. Despite the efforts made, the development of the midwifery and nursing profession during this period faced challenges such as the lack of qualified cadres, weak capabilities in rural areas, and the difficulty of changing social concepts about the role of women in health care. These developments contributed in the long run to laying the foundations for a modern health system in Turkey, and this stage witnessed the establishment of a specialized educational system in the profession of midwifery and nursing, which led to the graduation of generations of qualified midwives and nurses who contributed to improving public health© 2024 JTUH, College of Education for Human Sciences, Tikrit University