Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

Undoubtedly, in the event that the elements of civil liability are available and that the most recent damage is required to repair that damage, this statement, as applicable to any form of damage, is also fully applicable to the forms of environmental damage. Once proven, the most recent damage to the environment Shall be entitled to repair such damage as may have been caused by it, regardless of the type of liability in force at the time of the injury. Compensation for damage to the environment shall be private and shall be different from that of other types of damage, Of the Environmental damage may not be assessed in any way by money. It should be noted that environmental reparation faces many difficulties, including the difficulty of restoring the situation to what it was prior to the occurrence of environmental damage in any way, in addition to the difficulty of repairing these damages often with money As we have already mentioned so and so the researcher tries to divide the study in this research to show the extent of the state's commitment to compensation for environmental damage and to identify the advanced means of compensation from insurance and compensation funds.

The importance of our research is manifested in touching on the importance of legislative texts which manifested the matter of witness and testimony as well as the extent of its capability from restricting the witness about declaring his information before the general authority , Because of the increase of crime and its spread in our society, it has become necessary to search for the extent of the legislative texts to fight crime. Legislation may take part itself in increasing rottenness in the society if shortage or complexity in procedures has happened.
The study aims at a suggestion from the private rules to protect the witness as a recompense; this is from one side. From the other side is a suggestion to simplify the private procedures concerning witness and the activation of private texts by spending the expenses which the witness has endured to move to the court to give his private testimony when his presence is required more than one time .

The idea of this research revolves around the obligation of the state authorities to promote scientific research by studying the importance of scientific research and the great role it plays in progress and prosperity, which is the mainstay of development in all aspects of life. In this context, the commitment of the state authorities to provide scientific research through constitutional texts, international conventions and internal laws is clarified.
After the presentation and analysis of this research, it was found that the state authorities have a role in promoting scientific research. However, these authorities are required to go into the best details to obtain the highest rankings in the world and to promote scientific research. It was then found that there is a lack of legislations that belong to scientific research both at the level of the constitutional texts or the internal legislation in terms of supporting scientific research from the financial side, which in turn provides the appropriate climate for the production of real scientific research applied to the joints of life to remedy the problems that they have.

That the need for the State to amend its oil contracts was not supported in the traditional rules governing relations between foreign countries and companies and in the domestic legal systems of the producing countries, but it was the concession agreements that govern the subject, which in turn gave the right of the Contracting State the right to modify its oil contracts, That after the emergence of the trends of independence in developing countries and the desire to control their natural resources arose the need to amend these contracts, which confirms the sovereignty of the state on its oil resources and this in turn led to the emergence of a new branch of international economic law called the law of permanent sovereignty On the natural wealth based on the principles of justice and the principles of comparative law and the decisions of international conventions agreed unanimously by the international, and re-economic balance in oil contracts is necessary to achieve the greatest equality in the decades of long-standing relations of inequality and the control of major companies to The proponents of this law see that the realization of this equality can be achieved through the application of the rule of changing conditions and the basis of the economic balance of the contract, as they are established rules of international law and domestic law without having to delve into theories and labyrinths. And this rule is defined as an exception to the principle known as \"sacredness of the contract\" and is based on the fact that each contract is subject to an implicit condition under which the contract remains binding as long as the conditions of its conclusion are the same and if there is a fundamental change in the circumstances, The basis of this theory is the intentions of the parties at the time of the contract and there is no substantive rule of law. Therefore, it was referred to as a condition implicit in the contract that the obligation of the parties is to be binding on the parties. Negotiate on To deal with the exceptional circumstances affecting the economic balance of the contract with a view to adjusting the contractual obligations to the extent appropriate to remove the serious harm from the Party affected by those circumstances.

The Importance of foreign investment are increased day after day , it plays a main role in the economic life as an important base for the development and promotion of economic and social reality of the country, by a condition the availability of the environment or a suitable climate legislative frame , those countries denotes investments a lot of advantages and guarantees in order to attract capital, and this It is sought by Iraq through the issuance of a number of laws and regulations in all areas and focused investment in the Iraqi legislature on the protection of industrial property patent, industrial designs, undisclosed information, integrated circuits and varieties of plant Law No. (65) of 1970 amended, and Iraqi legislator dedicated also to protect the investor or merchant trademarks, according to signs and data Law No. (21) for the year in 1957 amendment. Therefore been shed light on the legal protection for the of foreign investor in Iraqi legislation and international conventions ownership, this study came to examine the ability of these legislations and agreements to attract foreign investment, including contained in the investor rights and define its obligations, Foreign investor depends on his decision to invest in what achieve equilibrium standard between the expected profit and the risks that might be exposed to, and this balance is depend on to what is offered to him from the guarantees and benefits , and the extent of that enjoyed by the host country for investment security and political and social stability , and the existence of clear legislation provides him these guarantees , benefits and these things called investment climate .

That the Constitution not be worthy of the name, but if they adapt and people, who have governed and mixed in his spirit, and this depends on the first two factors of legal idea that believes in giving basic regulations in the state of form and content, the second spirit that applied in the light of these legal idea, and the willingness of people to accept those idea, and she accepted and respected by her These two factors are what determine the results.
And that the rules for the analysis of the provisions of the Federal figure in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 will focus on the extent to which these factors? Is it took to prepare the Constitution Committee at the age of these provisions form and content together? Um regulation came, in part, limited to the form without substance? Causing great damage to the federal structure of the state. Is mixed martial spirit of those people came expressive ambitions and aspirations? Or imposed by reality and decided by the political consensus? It came not organized as authorities do not correct the verdict.

The Climate has an essential importance in our daily life and our Future. The Climate effects are not limited to the present time but they continue for a long time affecting humans, animals and plants anywhere. Thus, it is significant to study the Gaseous Cover and The Climate el elements, as well as, the changes that may intervene from time to time, to save our life and our new generation life, as we Know, our country, Iraq, has recently witnessed a great Climate changes which affected human beings and other living creatures, and the environment, in general.

The Federal Supreme Court is an independent judicial body, financially and administratively, consisting of a number of judges and experts in Islamic jurisprudence and legal scholars Determines the number and manner of selection, and the work of the court, law passed by a two-thirds majority of the members of the House of Representatives .
The Federal Supreme Court Responsible a number of disciplines, set by the constitutional legislator in constitutional censorship interpretation in Settling competency disputes and accusations against the executive authority and approval of the results of the parliamentary elections, while the decisions issued by the Federal Court, it is final and binding for all authorities
That's what touched him the constitutional legislator, and referred the regulation other matters relating to the Federal Court to the law, Although passage of more than eleven years of Constitution But the Federal Supreme Court Act not issued so far and therefore the study will be on the project of the Federal Supreme Court Act, which has its first reading in the 03/10/2015 and the second on 16/04/2015 with touched on the constitutional basis for this court according to the research plan the following:-
Section One, and it was under the title (the Federal Supreme Court as a body), has been divided into four demands, we discussed the first demand composition of the Federal Supreme Court In the second terms of reference of the Federal Court either third demand was allocated to study the financial and administrative independence of the Federal Court and the fourth statement judgment about them
The second section, we discussed was (as members of the Federal Supreme Court) has been divided into two demands, singled the first to study the duties of a member of the Federal Supreme Court, the second demand, have we discussed the rights of a member of the Federal Supreme Court
Finally we finished the research conclusion included a summary of the most important results of the study

Childhood is a key stage in human life and the events raised in a clear rest of his life whether in behavior or behavior or character traits, The Reported Definitions Several The child But Mostly Including Admitted Ban Childhood Begin From Stage Birth Even Age Eighth Ten , The Disputes Armed Non International Seriousness Great On Children What Featuring By From Knowledge Fighters Some of them And hatred Which Holds All Party Another And reliance On War Gangs And streets Add To Participation Military And civilians In which Than Makes Fronts Fighting Mysterious Sights , And proceed These Disputes To Sect Severe Diversity , Kaltzepehrt , And acts Disobedience Armed , Unrest The unrest Interior , Business Riot , Wars Civil , The From Shan This Plurality The Steady Law International Year On Guarantee Saucepan From Organization International To state War Civil In Meaning Technical Flour , When Analysis Arena Iraqi Ago Invasion US 2003 to determine Rules Legal Which Ensure Protection Children Iraq Find The These Arena May I took Trails Multiple Mingled In which Terrorism And sedition Sectarianism The conflict Armed International And occupation The Claimed Lives Many From Children Iraqis Innocent On Although From Existence Many From Texts Protection Legal And guarantees Of Texts Constitutional And legal Charters International Own Rights Human More Public And children More Special Add To What Determined Law International Humanitarian From Texts Protection For children More Special For civilians More Public During Disputes Armed Non International , To achieve End Envisaged From Search Lost Been Divided To Three Investigation We had In Section First Definition Child And disputes Armed Non International In Second Customize Search In Protection Legal For children Iraq In Light Legislation National The law International Rights Human And international Humanitarian Allocated Section Third Guarantees Implementation Texts Protection National And international The statement Violations Which Exposed Her Children Iraq In Conclusion Search Been Reach To Some Recommendations :
First - Necessity Issue Legislation Iraqi Regards Children Consistent With Constitution In 2005, charters International Which Join Her Iraq Recently.
Secondly - Necessity Taking Actions Criminal Rightly Perpetrators Violations Rightly Children Iraq .
Thirdly - Induce Government Iraqi On Join To All Charters International Own Children As well as Join To Order Primary The Court Criminal International 1998 and ratification On Protocol Optional First Supplement Covenant International Rights Civil And political 1966.

Al-Shabak constitutes a distinct demographic phenomenon in Iraq because of their ethnic and linguistic distinctiveness in addition to the various ethnic characteristics different from the other components of the Iraqi people .. Considering crimes that Iraqi minorities in general and Al-Shabak specially have subjected to at the hands of terrorist groups, this study seeks to show the most important rights of minority, Al-Shabak in the light of the domestic and international law, with a focus on the legal protection of this component depending on the Iraqi constitution on the one hand and international conventions on the other hand ..
The study also attempts to answer the two legal problems, the first regarding the extent of applicability of the description of Al-Shabak as a minority in the legal sense and the second regarding their most important rights and freedoms they have in Iraq and the extent of the effectiveness of the legal system for the protection of these rights.