AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This study aims to investigate the Iraqi EFL Arab and Kurdish University students’ ability to recognize the stressed (full or strong) forms and the unstressed (reduced or weak) forms within connected speech of English.
The material chosen includes six auxiliary verbs. The sample of the study is twenty Iraqi EFL Arab and Kurdish fourth year university students of both genders (males and females). The participants are from the University of Baghdad and the University of Duhok.

Language is the fundamental element of communication and understanding in society. It relates immediately to human thoughts and is embodied in written or spoken signs or signals. The field that scientifically studies language (its forms and structures) is called Linguistics. Among the linguistic studies of language is Rhetoric which studies the importance of speech or texts for the audience. Rhetoric is the art of persuasion; it comprises different arguments raised by the speaker/writer depending on social, religious, moral or even traditional evidence in order to prove that the raised arguments are real. In this way, the writer/speaker associates the language to similar or related realities in order to reach the purpose of her/his language. However, presenting arguments and evidence it not always accurate because there are arguments that rely on weak evidence. The purpose of argumentative techniques is still to persuade the audience about a personal view or a societal concept. From this perspective, the feminist linguists suggest that rhetoric is actually masculine; that is, rhetoric is anti-feminist. Therefore, linguists presented a great deal of evidence to prove this theory and bring the feminist ideology into rhetoric. This study aims at providing a feminist rhetorical analysis of the anti-feminist poetry to study the status of women in rhetoric and whether the arguments that demean women are true or not. For this purpose, the current study utilizes Fiorenza’s (1995) model of analysis; a feminist rhetorical tool to analyze anti-feminist poems written by male poets in English and Arabic in order to study the arguments as well as the evidence the poets present against women.

Publication is only one of the tools used by public relations, like advertising is one-way communication. Advertising , as a tool, has a great importance and influence in various business processes. It is a means of communication that based on the influence of one or more individuals; by the use of one of the means of promotion available to build communication between consumers and products; advertising is the method used by the trader to effect the buyer.
A range of non-personal communication means and methods ; to convey ideas and promote products and services. The Declaration is an important means of media used by different enterprises to communicate with the public and the target customers of their business; so that , to advertise great importance in the work environment.
Advertising or publicity is an indispensable information activity for economic activities such as industry, trade, services and other economic activities, as well as for charitable and non-profit organizations and organizations, without announcing their efforts, they will not receive the social and financial support necessary to continue their work and performance of their mission.
The aims of this paper are to examine and identify the aspects of advertisements and to clarify the linguistic features by explaining all issues which are related to it with examples and giving a detailed account about the grammatical issue of ‘A linguistic study of advertisement in English and Arabic’ hoping to would be more interesting for English students and those who are specialized in English linguistics.

The aim of our current research is to analyze the socio – linguistic aspects such as (age, gender, place, time, race, proper names, food names, moral and educational values) in the translation of Dominiga's novel by the Spanish writer Gonthaloa Torrenta Payster (1999). The translator's way of conveying those values to readers of young ages and youth. In this analysis, we have relied on the classification of the humanities and English translation, Andrew Chesterman. This classification includes sixteen variables, and each of these variables has a default value that has been classified into 4 groups which are (balance variables, language variables, translator variables and finally structural frame variables for the translated text). We raise several questions, including:
- What are the considerations that the translator should take into account when translating for children and youth?
- What knowledge and sciences must a translator possess in order to convey the main idea of the original text to readers of young ages and youth?
- Is it possible for anyone with sufficient linguistic knowledge to translate a work directed at children and youth, or does he need to be familiar with the psychological, mental and social aspects of this category of readers?
Each society has its own customs, traditions, ideas and beliefs that distinguish it from other societies. Here , the translating must take into account these aspects when translating any literary work from one language to another , especially if this work is intended for children , adolescents and youth , due to the importance and danger of these age stages and their impact on the formation of the personality of the child and young person , and directing it towards the right direction and avoiding all stories and novels that carry ideas that contradict the concepts and beliefs of the society in which the young reader lives . Therefore, the researcher wants to present through this research information, observations, analysis and strategies that the translator used when translating these aspects, and whether he used the correct method in translation or not.

Rhythm is essential pillar in organization of a poem. So, poets seek to exploit the phonetic elements of letters and vocabulary, in order to achieve rhythmic harmony within the poetic context. Therefore, the rhythmic sequence was not limited to meter and rhyme. Nevertheless, there is a supportive rhythm that contributes to giving the poetic context a kind of tonal flow through various types of innovated art of repetition, alliteration, response issued to deficit, division and others.
Together, all these elements constitute the changing rhythm within the poetic pattern, in other words, the auxiliary rhythm constitutes rhythmic harmony and unification of ups and downs. As well as the distribution of vocal beams and their degrees of undulation and their relationship to the fixed rhythm and semantic values involved in the poetic systems. The rhythmic and semantic combination produces a rhythm commensurate with the psychological emotion and the emotional state that emerged from the attraction of the vocabulary of the poetic context with each other. This combination constitutes a rhythmic melody that delights the ear and frays souls.
According to the foregoing, the researcher decided to present the research divided into four sections, as follows:
First; the concept of rhythm.
Second: the aesthetics of rhythm.
Third one is introducing the poet and her poetic experience.
Fourth: The aesthetics of supporting rhythm and its patterns (repetition, alliteration, division, and miraculous response to the breasts).
With a conclusion that included the most important search results.

Narrative semiotics (the Paris school of semiotics), represented by its pioneer and founder, Algirdas Julian Grimas, has been interested in the theme of isotopi with its semiotic and semantic divisions, and explored its role and importance in the process of harmonizing or dissonanting the narrative text, and remove the Ambiguous from it, and how is the Isotopi represents a theory for analyzing the text in all its aspects. This research will study the semiotic Isotopi and semantic Isotopi homogeneity in the novels of the Iraqi writer Bint Al Huda

The Iberian Peninsula was certainly distinguished and was known for its long coasts on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and from its three sides to the east, south and west, and this unique location made it in constant danger and naval attacks at different times. These threats were not ignored by both the Iberian Peninsula rule, both before and after the Islamic conquest. This is evidenced by the spread of many naval bases in Tartousa, Dania, Seville, Tarkouna, the island of Green and Bjana, and other coastal cities. Therefore, after their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula These rules and the role of ancient industry.
And as long as faith in the mind - the fact that the driving force for building and upgrading the science - a way for it is necessary to activate all the material and legal requirements, and to activate, to achieve this goal through the guidance of the events experienced by the city of Bijana, and the prospect of political events, , And from this philosophical justification for the events of Bjana, we seek to articulate the quality of the policy pursued by the princes in the dissolution of the history of Bjana politically by muzzling the community which was originally called for autonomy and independence from Cordoba.

After occupying Iraq in the First World War, Britain tried to preserve its interests and position, as it mobilized British officials who held positions of advisors and experts to manage the affairs of Iraq during the Mandate era, in order to turn Iraq into a British colony, and laid the foundations of the administrative, financial and judicial systems in the country, without seeking the assistance of With his sons, as these employees legislated for themselves wide privileges and powers, but King Faisal I made a great effort to get rid of them, through legislation that stipulates reducing their powers and putting an end to the privileges they enjoyed, and this study attempts to shed light on British employees and what they were receiving from Wide salaries, privileges and powers during the occupation and mandate eras in light of Iraqi documents.

The bimaristan is one of the public charitable institutions, which the sultans cared about, especially Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, who established the many bimaristans and placed the many endowments on them, and his successors followed his policy in terms of attention to them, and because it is a health care center that cares about the health of patients and their treatment, the Ayyubids equipped it with all What you need from doctors, surgeons, nurses, workers and servants, as well as joined by a department of pharmacy, in which students learn to prepare drugs. The bimaristan was divided into sections, one for females and another for males.

The holy Kadhimiya Alrowad is one of the most important places in the city of Baghdad, and it is one of the centers that carried the banner of defense and jihad against the British occupation, and forms the nucleus that the souls of Muslims from most cities and Islamic countries as well as researchers, has been surrounded by interest from successive governments as well as from lovers and those who have Her dignities, so the Holy Alrowad took a rectangular shape that includes a number of the facility and included the remains of the companions, which included caring for the Holy Alrowad and its associated buildings with continuous restoration, maintenance, and decking until it reached splendor and creativity that takes its visitors to calmness of soul and transmits reassurance in them .

The role of the university professor in developing moral values among university students and from their point of view
Opening words: The role of the university professor, moral values, university students their point of view.
The current research aimed to identify the degree of the university professor's practice in promoting moral values among his students at the undergraduate level and from their point of view. As well as revealing if there are statistically significant differences in the university students’ assessment of this practice according to the two variables
A- Specialization (scientific, human)
b- gender (male, female)
(Al-Hazmi, 2017) To achieve the requirements of the study, the researcher adopted a scale consisting of (20) items, and its validity and reliability were verified. The study sample consisted of (150) male and female students who study at the Iraqi University, and after processing the data statistically using the Statistical Package Program (SPSS), The results showed the following:
The level of the university professor's role in promoting moral values was good.
- There are statistically significant differences due to the variable of scientific specialization.
- There are no statistically significant differences in the sex variable.
In light of this, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The products of the students of the Art Education Department showed a Strangeness tendency as a result of the changes that occurred in the thought, as this change played an important role in the learner’s vision, which reflected on his artistic product, and he created new aesthetic standards, by adding strangeness to things to gain a new aesthetic connotation, so the exploratory study, which conducted by The researcher on these products, and noted that most of the students tend to break the familiar and employ the Strangeness in their products, which formed an indication based on the jurisprudence of his research problem.
The research consisted of four chapters according to the following:
The first chapter included a presentation of the research problem and the importance of this research. The research goal is determined. The limits of the research and then the definition of the most important terms mentioned in the title and body of the research.
The second chapter contained the theoretical framework which presented in the first topic the Strangeness and its intellectual and philosophical premises, and the second topic concerned with the theory of psychological analysis its fundamentals and its premises.
The third chapter: The research methodology (content analysis) and society, which are among the products of art education students in the drawing material, which amounted to (77) artistic products. An intentional sample was represented in. To complete the analysis of the samples, the researcher built the research instrument according to the literature and previous studies
The fourth chapter contains the results, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions that the researcher reached after analyzing the sample.

The current research aims to measure the proactive personality of state employees, which means the relatively stable tendency of the individual's desire to directly influence the effect of a meaningful change in the environment and to identify the differences therein according to the variables of sex, job service. Conducting the outward honesty and validity of the construct and extracting the consistency by performing the method of Fakronbach. The scale was applied to a sample of (400) state employees and their employees. After collecting the information and processing it by appropriate statistical means, the following results were reached: State employees have a highly proactive personality. There is no statistically significant difference in the proactive personality according to the gender and service variable.

This study aims at investigating the availability of critical thinking skills included in the observational and expected questions in the book of socials for the second Intermediate grade. The descriptive approach was used for the content analysis. And to achieve the objectives of the study, a tool for critical thinking skills was prepared which included six main skills: interpretation, analysis, evaluation, conclusion, Explanation, self-regulation, as the questions of the end of the chapters were analyzed especially in the second grade book in the light of the critical thinking skills and after the completion of the analysis and to confirm the validity of the tool based on the validity of experts and specialists, and verified the reliability of the analysis through the agreement with an external analyst and with the researcher herself over time.
The researcher relied on statistical means, including the Cooper equation and Chi Square Test to identify the differences between the variables of the tool (observed repetition and expected repetition) and frequencies and percentages, and the social book for the second grade with the obtained percentages in the questions observed: (15.13%, 24.04%, 15.13%, 13.06%, 13.06%, 19.58%) respectively. The Intermediate Second grade social book received the percentages in the expected questions (20%, 25%, 5%, 20%, 25%, 5%), and we note through the values as any calculated critical thinking skills (40.67) at the level (0.05) and the degree of freedom (5) and the value of scheduling (11.07). This indicates the decrease of compatibility between the observed and expected questions which means the absence of questions that measure the higher processes of critical thinking among the students. Consequently, the study came up with some conclusions, recommendations and proposals
.

This research is considered one of the researches in the field of applied-agricultural climate, as it aims to (calculate the climatic water balance, water consumption and water ration for cucumber crop for open cultivation in Tarmiyah district) and to show the extent of the climate impact on the net water ration. The study showed a permanent water deficit during the growing season of the cucumber crop, due to the varying rates of rain in the growing season, as the Samarra station recorded the highest amount of water deficit amounting to (-1244.3) mm, while the Khalis station recorded the lowest water deficit in the growing season of about (-941.1) mm, The study also showed that the water rating of the cucumber crop exposed by the irrigation method varies temporally and spatially in the study area, depending on the difference in the influence of climatic elements. Pure the lowest amount was about (1049.3) mm, the length of the growing season.

Snow fell in some parts of Iraq, including the city of Baghdad, on February 11, 2020, which is a rare phenomenon. It became clear through the analysis of the weather maps that the merging of the separate center of the sub-polar of low pressure area with the Sudanese low pressure area was the main factor in the occurrence of this phenomenon and its depth, which reached a height of (1470) meters, It was accompanied by the existence of a cold clouds troughs within the level of (500) millibars, which reached a height of (5400) meters, and the polar air pressure played a role in the emergence of the upper troughs and surface troughs where the air pressure is lower than that surrounding locations relative to the study area, where low pressure from under area of wind that occur in the upper levels, which leads to the growth of troughs and heights on the surface. It also studied the weather conditions associated with snowfall, represented by (temperature, wind direction, wind speed, air pressure, relative humidity, clouds).

Formerly known as the Millennium Dam and sometimes referred to as Hadassah, it is a gravitational dam under construction on the Blue Nile about 40 km east of Sudan in the Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. With a capacity of 6,000 MW, the dam will become the largest hydroelectric power station in Africa at Its completion, and ranked 13th or 14th in the world, with the Krasnoyarsk Dam. The dam's reservoir will have a capacity of 63 billion cubic meters, making it one of the largest on the African continent.
The main purpose of constructing the dam is to generate electric power, and the water will be returned to its downstream countries (Sudan and Egypt) after electricity generation and that this water is not consumed or used for irrigation.

The study is concerned with the quantitative characteristics of the qualitative and age composition of the illiterate population in the province of Baghdad at the district level and according to the 1997 census, and the Food Security and Vulnerability Survey of the Household in Iraq for the year 2016, as well as the statistics of the executive body for eradicating illiteracy for the year 2019. The study relied on the illiterate population from the age of ten Years or more and over the decimal age groups, the study showed that the gender ratio of the illiterate population for the three years was low at the governorate level, reaching (43 males for every 100 females) for the year 1997, then there was a slight increase in this percentage at the governorate level for the years 2016 and 2019 compared to the previous years. Their ratio reached (44 males for every 100 females), which means that every forty-four illiterate males correspond to one hundred illiterate females, and this is due to females being affected more than males by social, economic, political and other factors that have an impact on the spread of illiteracy in a society. As for the age structure of the illiterate population, the study showed that the highest percentage of the illiterate population came within the age group of the elderly (60 and over), and for the three years 1997, 2016 and 2019 at the governorate level, it reached for each year (28.9%, 30.2%, and 30%), respectively, and the reason for the high rate of illiterates and over those years was the result of the abolition of the Literacy Law No. (92) of 1978 by virtue of the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. (439 of 1987, and everything related to the abolition of popular schools to eradicate illiteracy, and the reason for this decision was for military tactical purposes, as the student moved to the People's Army during the first Gulf War (1980-1988.(

The spring and autumn potato crop requires sufficient water to sustain its growth naturally and not to have problems in its growth, so the research focused on calculating the climatic water balance to know the amount of surplus and water deficit for the crop, and accordingly the research concluded that the climatic water balance in all months of the growing season of the potato crop was recorded Water deficit, the crop recorded during the spring lug a very large total water deficit amounting to (-539.1, -638.6, -498.2 mm) for the stations of Hilla, Baghdad and Aziziyah, respectively, as well as for the autumn lug, where the water deficit reached (-561.8, -695.4) , -373 mm) for the stations of the study area, respectively, and this water deficit requires a perfusion process to compensate for the water deficit.

This study aims to use remote sensing technology and geographic information systems to detect changes in vegetation cover in Najaf Governorate for the period (1984-2018), through digital processing of five satellite visuals (Landsat8, 8-5) for the years (1984, 1988 and 1998, 2008 and 2018) through the use of the Natural Change Index for Green Plants (NDVI) and (SAVI), where these visuals were downloaded for free from the US Geological Survey UCGS website, then processed and analyzed these visuals through the GIS program. The study showed a significant decline of vegetation cover in Najaf Governorate during the study period, according to the data of the vegetation cover indicators (NDVI) and the modified soil vegetation index (SAVI). The level of lands with low vegetation cover the largest area among the levels، which amounted to (27821.6, 27849.5, 2899.8, 28283.8 and 27634.0 km2) for the years 1984, 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018, respectively, which are located within the western plateau region, as for the modified plant index of soil (SAVI) The level of highly degraded lands occupied most of the area of the study area, reaching about (28348.1, 28007.7, 28318.7, 28226.7 and 27916.6 km2) for the years 1984, 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018, respectively.

Physical geographical factors directly affect honey bee breeding and their geographical distribution, these factors are (surface, climate, soil, water resources, natural vegetation), their influence is greatly in terms of growth, natural reproduction and honey production. The research aims to show the role of natural geographical factors in the spatial distribution of honey bee breeding according to the administrative units for the year 2018, through field study, questionnaire form and data of the competent departments. And showing a picture of geographical distribution and classification of data on the basis of categories using the technique of (logarithmic classification) and its representation on maps. The research reached several results, the most important of which is the suitability of natural geographical factors for honey bee breeding in the study area. Baghdad governorate occupied the first place with numbers of cells and apiaries and the amount of honey production at the level of the governorates of Iraq. As for the level of the administrative units inside Baghdad, the Al-Madaen district occupied the first place at the level of the administrative units with the number of cells and apiaries and the amount of honey production (6400 cells, 206 apiaries and 48135 kg), The lowest level was occupied by Al-Taji district with the lowest number of cells amounting to 406 cells, Rusafa and Nahrawan districts with the lowest number of apiaries reached 3 apiaries, and Latifia district with the lowest production of 305 kg of honey.

The study area is located in the district of Ain al-Tamr and Ard al-Saqi within the Karbala governorate in the southwestern part of it, between latitudes (10° 32 - / 45° 32) north and longitudes (15° 43 - / 45° 43) east. The physical properties of the soil of the study area and the most important physical elements that we have touched upon are (the texture of the soil, the porosity of the soil, the real density, the bulk density, the moisture content of the soil, and the color)) which greatly affect the properties of the soil and this requires a lot of laboratory analyzes as well as effort and time to extract it And using different devices as well as using mathematical equations, and 20 samples were taken distributed in separate places to cover the study area and from two depths (0-30) cm, while the second depth is (30-60) cm for one model. A sample (5,4,3,2,1), as well as 5 samples were taken in the Ain Al-Tamr district center, represented in samples (18,17,16,15,14). As for the rest of the samples, they are dispersed from different parts of the district, represented by (20, 19,13,12,11,10,9,8,7,6), and spatial modeling has been done for it, and finally the reasons for the rise and fall of these elements have been shown. As well as developing solutions to it that in turn improve the physical properties of the soil and thus raise its production capacity.

Water erosion is one of the most important geomorphological processes that constantly change the shape of the Earth’s surface and its features, as its intensity varies depending on the causative factors, the most important of which are the climate, terrain and the nature of the geological formations that were addressed to the study area and their role as causative factors in showing the hazards to the area. Its intensity is according to the Bergsma system, and it was documented by a detailed map and categorized into ranges that showed five types of erosion, namely, the medium erosion range with an area of (6.46 km2), the high erosion range with an area of (124.71 km2), and the very high erosion range with an area of (858.96 km). km2) which is the highest range of erosion in the region, and the range of severe erosion with an area of (329.33 km2), and finally the range of very severe erosion, as the area of this range reached (46.17 km2).

The research aims to study the trend of rains in Iraq during the years 1941 to 2017 and in the form of seasonal data starting from September to May, including (76) seasons. Ten study stations were selected spatially distributed throughout Iraq. As for the statistical work in this research, it was based on the extraction of Values of the trend equation for the total rainfall during the rainy season, and then determining the amount of change in the direction during the time series to determine the water future for Iraq, although Iraq relies on feeding the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers on the source countries, but rainfall remains the basis for feeding the sources and rivers in addition to Exploitation of the quantities of falling rain and the resulting torrents in the water harvest, as these water quantities are an important support for river water.

The more we research the Akkadian language, the closer we find it to the Arabic language. And if we know that the Arabic language is one of the richest Semitic languages in its structure, derivations, roots of its verbs, sounds, and syntactic movements, then it is the helper that contains all the characteristics of Semitic languages.
This is research in the field of semantics, and to rhetoric is closer than grammar, as it deals with the structure of the sentence in the Akkadian language, that is, its verbal arrangement, and the method of arranging speech in it. It is self-evident and known in the Akkadian sentence, that is verb-final order, and this is prevalent in it. It is not fair to leave this issue without research and investigation
From this point of view, the research came to focus on presenting the verb in the Akkadian language, following this since the earliest references to its codification in the third millennium BC. With a quick zigzag on the structure of sentences in some Arab languages, after the presentation of the verb in the ancient Babylonian dialect, which is the month of the dialects of the Akkadian language prevailing since the beginning of the second millennium BC. Accordingly, it is necessary to delve into its sentences, and then focus on the modern Babylonian dialect, which has been prevalent in Babylonia since the first half of the first millennium BC; In order to verify the structure of the Akkadian sentence and the arrangement of its elements, and its violation of its sister languages, or its conformity with it in this regard.

The literary experience is related to the symbolism of the literary text and the difference in its meanings and the diversity of its reading, according to the cultural environments, defined within their own and general terms, and this relates greatly to the reader enough, who must meet the conditions for how to read the literary text, otherwise he will lose The writer is one of an essential feature in the process of literary communication, the author of a literary work, he composes this work, excels in his textual production, and in his perception of a specific reader, just as the text reader searches for the text with various connotations and meanings, so the text writer searches for the organic reader, and His reading is the product of an organic culture, that is, it is an extension of the writer's text and culture. Al-Ghadhami assumes that the writer should assist the reader, for the concept of the literary experience for Al-Ghadhami is based on the basis of participation, meaning the dynamic and positive interaction between two mindsets, the mentality of the writer, the writer of the text on the one hand, and the mentality of the reader, the reader of the text on the other hand, through the text, the medium Between the two mindsets, and this vital and positive participation contributes to enriching the text by adding various meanings to it, the new reading of the text pushes for the renewal of the text, by providing the text with additional meanings and various interpretations, and here these meanings and these interpretations are not inevitable when The writer of the text or even expected, because reading the text, when they add these meanings, the addition is not conscious or imposed on them, because reading from various cultural environments, and also in a time separation, near or far from the time of the text's production, so Al-Ghudhami searches for the common Between the writer, the reader and the text, and in his analysis of the Parati text, Al-Ghadhami assumes that it is based on
three foundations, in his dissection of his literary experience, which are the writer, the text, and the reader. And here, Al-Ghadhami believes that these three foundations are the determinants of the partial literary experience, but nevertheless, that it exceeds the limits of specific perception, and this transgression is not a productive issue, because this transgression is imposed by the nature of the literary experience, so these three foundations cannot be determined by any limit. It differs from one reader to another reader, and from one writer to another. Writing at the author of the text ends and the writer leaves it at the moment of completion and the writer of the text turns from one writer of this text to his reader, and moves away from the text, moment after moment, and the writer moves away. From his text after completion of writing it, and this text becomes its independent existence, and it is isolated from the writer and the writer gradually leaves his text. And here comes the moment of the reader, as perceived by Al-Ghadhami, who is working to pump life back into the spirit of the text, from which life has ceased, the life of meanings and connotations, after the writer left it, and this fact is realized by the conscious writer, who extends his text with life factors, and Its creative seeds are to make the text dependable on itself, after the writer has left it, so the more literary concepts the text contains, the more clear the task of the reader is, in the work of communicating with the writer, otherwise, the reader will not be able to conduct vital interaction with the empty text From textual and literary concepts, and this means that the text should be free of connotations and meanings that do not belong to textual awareness and literary awareness, but rather that the writer provides his text with everything that is reliable, and within the textual context, of literary tradition and custom The literary, and all the perceptions and assertions the reader throws about the text, which are the product of his awareness and sense of this text, and the text that cannot move the reader in that productive feeling, as it is an orphan text, born an orphan and will end as well, and it is in this way The writer's text will not be a text full of life's values and emotions.

This research deals with the idea of silence literature according to Ihab Habib Hassan (1925-2015). Silence literature for him is a metaphor for an expression of a language that embodies the tensions of modern man. The literature of silence is not a harbinger of the death of the soul. Silence literature (a type of literature) is a concept he borrowed to explain modernity and postmodernity. Silence literature was part of the culture in the nineteenth century, and in the twentieth century it became an essential element in art visions. Hassan was interested in philosophy through the theory of knowledge, as silence does not mean the absence of meaning, but rather it is a positive phenomenon. Combining them generates a new type of new realistic belief.

Volunteering is an act of humanity with the highest qualities of love and sacrifice. as a person provides a service without material or moral reward, and does not expect any praise for his work or a reference to it. This stems from the depth of feeling for others and the initiative's attempt to achieve the best achievements or solve the problems faced by individuals at the individual or group level. By mobilizing the willingness and enthusiasm of other individuals in order to provide these services and volunteer according to an institutional framework, whether formal or informal. Therefore, volunteer work is a social wealth and human value that contributes to instilling many human values and ideals if all members of society are motivated and enthused towards it. It is based on the idea of social solidarity, cooperation, and philanthropy among people. It is also a strategic partner to support social reform policies. From this premise, we urgently need volunteer work and pay attention to it as one of the areas and milestones of social development in any society. Accordingly, the researchers focused in their study of this subject on the role of the university as one of the educational institutions that attract young energies, in contributing to the dissemination of the culture of volunteer work among students by collecting information from the research sample/students/ a random sample of scientific and humanitarian disciplines. And the research falls into two aspects, theoretical and field, with five chapters. The first chapter contains the general framework of the research and the second chapter contains previous studies and research. The third chapter focuses on the role of the university in spreading the culture of volunteer work. The fourth chapter contains the research methodology and the results reached by the research, its analysis, and interpretation. And come up with recommendations and suggestions.

The research deals with the problems of the families of the handicapped, with general syndrome, and the families of the handicapped in the city of Baghdad, in a special way, and knowledge of their problems in Iraqi society, indicating their family problems. And what suffers a handicapped in the family. From the rest of the family and social members, we need society for them, inferior and social stigma due to their disability and behavioral, including habits of the handicapped child. And psychological towards his disability and educational. During his training and teaching in private institutes, it was difficult to pronounce and the exits of letters, and we do not forget also the problems of marriage were between rejection and acceptance, for fear of the parents on them that the disabled would not bear the responsibilities of disability and towards the family to be formed, the legal position, Islam, the handicapped, and the role of social service. In the field of caring for the handicapped.

Language can be communicated and expressed through semantic indications of signs to create a concept that expands meaning. It enables to make style of various linguistic patterns as language is a literary subject. So, the theatrical field is among the most productive and the most fields that overlap ideas and could expand meanings and indications. Metaphor is one of the important rhetorical concepts that the writers use to keep pace with the development and comprehensive changes in life since theater is a fertile field for the process of functioning metaphor and giving the ability to expand the meaning, form interpretive connotations based on overlapping within the structure of the theatrical text. The researcher tries here to throw light on the most important representations of metaphor in the Iraqi theatrical text. This work includes four sections. Section one includes methodological construction, research problem, how we need it, aiming to identify metaphor and its representations in the Iraqi theatrical text, as well as the limits of the research and defining terminology. The second chapter included two topics: the concept of metaphor, and metaphor in the theatrical text, the chapter concluded with theoretical framework indicators. The third chapter covers the research procedures that include the research community as the researcher relied on the indicators of a theoretical framework with the sample analysis, chosen intentionally. Chapter four introduces research results, conclusions, a list of sources and references.