Hammurabi journal for studies

Friedman predicted that cry and that power, when governments and institutions crawled to expand into space, under the slogans of international digitalization, exporting the image, cultural fusion, and the (Israeli) propaganda equivalent. Everyone was optimistic about an Arab-(Israeli) conflict whose barriers were space, after the Arabs had been unable for decades to convince international public opinion of our just cause, our violated privacy, and our plundered economy... This was the hypothetical and scientific prediction of the emergence of a large group of Arab satellite channels... But we were surprised by the rope and arrow of the arts of escape, turns, and prostration from that confrontation, after the satellite channels were transformed into public relations for governments and major investments, and for the incitement, violence, and religious employment within the Arab and Islamic heart, not in the heart of Israel, i.e. (media napalm) neither from Al Jazeera nor from others, which was ignited by the fever of defense and immunity from the shame of its funders and their future accounts. We will remain in this scene at a time when we have (major legitimate) issues, and we do not have the tools of defense even if we fill space with millions

There is no doubt that the demand for change in the Arab world is an old and renewed demand that has appeared sporadically over the past decades, but it increased in 2010 and then crystallized and exploded in the form of massive popular revolutions in 2011, which were misleadingly called the Arab Spring revolutions. Most of these revolutions demanded political change that included the overthrow of failed authoritarian regimes that had oppressed the nation with their corruption and tyranny for decades. The slogan of the Egyptian revolution on January 25, 2011, “Bread - Freedom - Social Justice,” summarized the set of political, economic and social demands of the Arab peoples aiming to bring about change in these areas.

Talking about Islam and its culture has become a matter that requires serious research, based on the fact that this component has become a fundamental tributary in shaping the mentality and behavior of individuals within society. This was clearly evident in the large voting percentage that led to Islamist parties obtaining a majority in the post-revolutionary elections in Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco. The danger here does not lie in the Islamic religion as a component of society’s culture, as it is one of the religions that came and elevated humanity. Rather, it lies in the fact that the process of interpretations regarding it has varied and that interpretations related to the past have dominated it, regardless of the extent of the validity of their content. Modern interpretations that are aware of the laws of development of human society have become rare. The Holy Quran itself, in many verses, established this principle, which is the principle of learning from the course of days and extracting laws, lessons, and rulings. Consequently, the monopoly of religion, the suspension of time, and the suspension of the mind of society on a period of time, which goes back to the predecessors in their interpretations and their vision of life, and reality contradicts the general principles and values ​​​​that it came with.

There is no doubt that what happened in Egypt on June 30, 2013, was full of more than one paradox. On the one hand, a president who enjoyed electoral legitimacy, the validity of which was never questioned at the time of its organization, was ousted. On the other hand, the masses, who thronged Egypt's cities and the squares and streets of its main centers, authorized the army and its generals to suspend the presidency and chart a course of action, with the aim of restoring the state's prestige and rebuilding the legitimacy of the authority on new foundations and principles.

Perhaps the introduction to Lorca's poem sums up the obsession with the need for freedom, in its broad human sense, without which human life cannot be right. Because the "intellectual" has many concerns, great aspirations, and extreme sensitivity, his sense of the necessity of freedom and the emptiness left by its absence or the shrinking of its space, places on him new burdens and heavy pressures that differ from what others are exposed to. Hence, freedom or its absence has its impact and repercussions on his cultural action and creative, cognitive, and social activity.

Contrary to what was expected from the Arab Spring movement, which was launched from Tunisia on January 14, 2011, the situation in the Arab region witnessed a series of setbacks and successive collapses in a short time, and on all political, economic and security levels, which turned the Arab dream into a painful nightmare, and transformed hopes for the rise Democratic regimes accelerate the realization of the Arab unity project, to real fears that the situation will end to the complete collapse of the so-called (the national state), and the fall into a darker position confirming those expectations expressed by some Arab writers and thinkers that what is wanted for this nation is (the fragmentation of the fragmented and the division of the divided) .

Monetary policy is one of the most important areas of economic policy, as it is concerned with the relationship of money to economic activity on the one hand, and the climate that monetary stability creates in terms of a suitable climate for the exercise of economic activity for members of society on the other hand.

After the fossil energy source was nearing depletion in the United States of America, and losing a high percentage of its oil production, it went to compensate for that energy challenge, through the exploration of shale oil, which was considered a new scientific revolution, which is par excellence an American revolution, just like the fossil oil revolution in the middle of the century The nineteenth, and the oil industry is also really an American industry, and in the words of Dr. Lyornard Mokri *, (Shale oil production in the United States could grow from about 1.5 million barrels per day at the end of 2012 to about five million barrels in 2017, and when combined with conventional oil, this would make crude production The American oil industry is close to its previous peak of (10.9) million barrels per day in 1970), and with this oil revolution of the United States, oil production is increasing, so what can be produced from shale oil reached (111,000) barrels per day in 2004, and reached (553,000) barrels Per day in 2012, equivalent to an annual growth rate of (26%), and according to estimates of the US Energy Information (EIA), the increase in shale oil production will rise to (1.2) million barrels per day, equivalent to (12%) of The expected production of the United States of America during 2035, and as a result, US oil imports are expected to decline for 2035, reaching their lowest levels in more than 25 years.

The United States did not gain research and analysis by researchers and specialists as the United States did, not by virtue of the model it promotes, but by virtue of its dangerous immersion in the affairs and peculiarities of states. It formulated strategies to deal with all the dangers facing its interests in all circumstances and conditions, relying on hard power in most cases, and on soft power at other times, and sometimes it relies on the principle of carelessnessand indifference, waiting for the emergence of a victorious party that it can rely on in implementing its strategy.

The multiple schools of thought played an important role in enriching American strategic thought, and they used to provide decision makers with whatever they wanted, especially in conflict management. The most prominent of these schools, according to the classical division, are the ideal and realistic schools, both traditional and contemporary, in addition to a more modern school of thought called the School of Civilizations Clash, which prevailed at the end of the last century.

Iraq is characterized by a multi-national demographic composition, religions, sects, sects, and clans, as well as other social and cultural identities. This diversity would be consistent and a blessing factor for a solid base in a unified Iraq, if there is a political system based on principles, sane standards, legislation and policies that guarantee the right to diversity and recognition of others, and participation in managing public affairs on the basis of citizenship without discrimination, and full equality before the law. And that the absence of all or part of these necessities will lead to this diversity in disharmony, a reason for the division of Iraq and a factor in its continuous weakness.

Since its establishment in the land of Palestine that it usurped in 1948, Israel has established its entity on the principle of "active force" capable of achieving strategic and operational goals that concern the Zionist entity, which, in light of its lack of legitimacy in any legal way, deliberately sought force to form the basis for the survival and continuation of Israel Establishing its presence and then expanding and dominating the circumstance, adhering to the rule of "right to force", in opposition to the principle of "right force" that it lacks.

Since the beginning of the establishment of the modern Iraqi state, after a long period of Ottoman occupation, Iraq has gone through stages of political, social and economic tremors and waves of different orientations, dominated by instability, turmoil, the abolition of the past, and the lack of clarity of visions for the future, in line with the reality of Iraqi society.

The state in Sudan continued to suffer from relative weakness as a result of the negative effects of the war that caused major imbalances at all political, social and economic levels, which led to the inability to exploit the available resources and created a state of political instability that resulted in continuous changes in forms and systems of government. The secession of Southern Sudan from the mother country has had repercussions on other regions, such as South Kordofan and Blue Nile, in terms of political, security, social and economic aspects.