Complementary Biological System Journal

Herein, biohybrid biosorbent material was produced from grafting chitosan benzaldehyde/Lactobacillus casei (CHSBZ/LAC) for the removal of anionic dye acid red 88 (AR88). CHS-BZ/LAC was fabricated using a hydrothermal process
under the condition of 100 °C in an oven for 6 h. The optimization of AR88 dye adsorption by CHS-BZ/LAC was conducted
by employing Box Bahnken design (BBD). The code and value of parameters used in this study were CHS-BZ/LAC
dosage (A: 0.02–0.1 g/L), dye solution pH (B: 4–10), and contact time (C: 10–40 min). The BBD design shows that
the highest removal of AR88 (94.5%) was achieved with the setting of CHS-BZ/LAC dose = 0.1 g/L, pH = 4, and
contact time = 25 min. The suitability and the accuracy of the BBD design were confirmed by ANOVA analysis with
the F-value = 112.84, and p-value < 0.0001. Dual interaction from parameters shows significant interactions of AB
(CHS-BZ/LAC dosage vs pH), AC (CHS-BZ/LAC dosage vs contact time), and BC (pH vs contact time) with p-values less
than 0.05. Multiple mechanisms of interactions took place in the biosorption process of AR88 by CHS-BZ/LAC such as
n-π interactions, π-π attraction, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding. This study demonstrates the success of
developing a new type of biosorbent (CHS-BZ/LAC) and effectively used for anionic azo dye removal from synthetic
wastewater.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, while essential for certain biological processes, presents significant risks to human health
and ecosystems. Increased UV exposure, driven by ozone depletion and climate change, heightens threats such as DNA
damage, skin cancer, immune suppression, and eye disorders, directly aligning with Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG) 3: Good Health and Well-being. Additionally, UV radiation disrupts marine and terrestrial ecosystems, impacting
biodiversity and productivity, relevant to SDGs 14 and 15. This review evaluates the health and environmental impacts
of UV radiation and highlights recent advancements in UV monitoring technology. Key findings reveal substantial
evidence linking UV exposure to accelerated skin aging, immune system impairment, and ecological imbalances, with
specific emphasis on the long-term health effects, genetic variability in UV sensitivity, and interactions with the
skin microbiome. This review proposes strategies to mitigate UV radiation impacts, emphasizing the integration of
SDG-oriented approaches to foster resilience in public health and ecosystems.

In this study, a waste-to-wealth work has been proposed where activated carbon was synthesized from waste corn
cob stems and used for methylene blue (MB) dye removal. Corn cob stems activated carbon (CCSAC) had been prepared
in microwave technique using H3PO4 as an activating agent where the impregnation ratio of corn cob stems to H3PO4
was 1:4. Then CCSAC characterized by FTIR, BET, XRD, SEM, EDS, and Raman spectroscopy. The CCSAC showed the
mesoporous with a good surface area of 54.61 m2/g. Around 150 mg adsorbent dose, 120 min contact time, pH 10, and
10 mg/L initial concentration, 98% of MB dye was eliminated in the aqueous environment. The Langmuir adsorption
model gave a higher correlation coefficient of 0.90 and showed an adsorption capability of 129.77 mg/g. Again, the MB
dye adsorption on the CCSAC surface was purely a chemical interaction as found from the pseudo-second-order kinetics
model (R2 = 0.95). Three types of interaction i.e. pi-pi interaction, pore filling, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen
bonding was occurred between MB dye and CCSAC adsorbent respectively. The analysis finding indicated that CCSAC
is an effective material for MB adsorption from the aquatic environmen

Cosmetic contact lenses are increasingly favored worldwide for their ability to enhance or alter aesthetic appearance.
However, their use carries a higher risk of ocular infections, particularly when proper hygiene practices are neglected.
This narrative review explores the biological and clinical aspects of infections associated with cosmetic lens usage, with
a focus on pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Acanthamoeba. Key factors
influencing infection susceptibility include microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, reduced oxygen permeability, and the
effects of cosmetic pigments. The review further evaluates the role of lens material properties, including advancements
in antimicrobial materials, in mitigating infection risks. In addition, it underscores the need for robust regulatory
standards and widespread user education on hygiene practices to ensure safe lens use. By addressing these multifaceted
aspects, this review aims to enhance understanding among users, healthcare professionals, and manufacturers, ultimately
contributing to improved lens safety and ocular health outcomes.

This research utilized a carbonization procedure via microwave irradiation assisted by H3PO4 to generate a costeffective adsorbent (CWDAG) from wood dust (WD) and algal (AG) biomass. The resulting CWDAG adsorbent was
characterized for its methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption properties. The activation process employs 800 W microwave
radiation for 15 min under a nitrogen gas (99.99%) atmosphere. Multiple techniques were employed to study the
physicochemical properties of CWDAG, such as FTIR, XRD, FSEM-EDX, pHpzc, and BET. Box-Behnken design (BBD)
was employed to optimize the three important parameters of adsorption, as follows: A: CWDAG dosage (0.02–0.12 g),
B: pH (4–10), and C: contact time (30–420) min. BBD results show the highest removal of MB (98.6%) was met with a
contact period of 225 min, a dosage of 0.12 g/100 mL of CWDAG at pH 10. Analysis of the kinetic profiles show that MB
adsorption onto CWDAG occurred via a pseudo-second order (PSO) model. Adsorption isotherm analysis at equilibrium
confirm that the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit the equilibrium data with similar goodness-of-fit results.
Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of CWDAG for MB is 32.3 mg/g. The possible
mechanism of MB adsorption on the CWDAG surface include several contributions such as π–π stacking, H-bonding
electrostatic forces, and pore filling.

When Cr(VI) was released from industrial waste into water bodies harms aquatic ecosystems and poses risks to human
well-being. To reduce risks, it’s crucial to lower Cr(VI) levels through the sustainable process. In order to extract Cr(VI)
from a liquid, the magnetic activated carbon adsorbent was created for the current investigation. H3PO4 was utilised as
an activating agent in the thermal procedure to prepare activated carbon from marigold flower straw for the first time.
The marigold flower straw activated carbon (MFSAC) was further decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4/MFSAC)
in the reflux process. The complete analysis of the MFSAC and Fe3O4/MFSAC nanocomposite properties was carried
out utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and zero-point charge (pHIEP) to get information about the morphology, functional
group, crystallinity, surface area, and surface charge respectively. At an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, a pH of 3, a
contract time of 40 minutes, and an adsorbent dose of 2 g, around 99% of Cr(VI) was eliminated. The Langmuir isotherm
showed that the Fe3O4/MFSAC nanocomposite could adsorb 8.76 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model had the
best-fitting R2 values, which were 0.99. On the surface of the Fe3O4/MFSAC nanocomposite, electrostatic attraction
and porosity adsorption were the main mechanisms for Cr(VI) adsorption. Therefore, in wastewater treatment, the
Fe3O4/MFSAC nanocomposite functions as a possible adsorbent

This study evaluates bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 25923)
colonization on medical and cosmetic contact lenses made from Hilafilcon B and Omafilcon B under simulated ocular
conditions. Non-incubated lenses served as controls, and experiments were repeated three times with a variability margin
of ±5%, ensuring accuracy and reliability. Results revealed that biofilm growth and bacterial adhesion were influenced
by lens material, type, and incubation duration. Cosmetic lenses made from Hilafilcon B exhibited the highest biofilm
growth (1.95%) after one day, highlighting their susceptibility to microbial colonization. Conversely, medical lenses
made from Hilafilcon B demonstrated the lowest biofilm growth (0.63%) after seven days, indicating potential inhibitory
effects on bacterial adaptation. In terms of bacterial adhesion, Omafilcon B showed lower colonization at intermediate
periods, with the lowest S. aureus adhesion observed on medical Omafilcon B lenses (64.38%) after 28 days. Antibacterial
contact lenses exhibited strong inhibitory effects, with zones of inhibition ranging from 15–20 mm, confirming their
effectiveness in reducing microbial colonization. The interaction between lens surface hydrophilicity and bacterial
adhesion was a major factor, with ionic materials demonstrating higher biofilm formation due to increased electrostatic
attraction. These findings emphasize the critical role of lens material properties, such as water content and ionic charge,
in modulating bacterial interactions. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate lens materials and
implementing advanced hygiene protocols to minimize microbial risks, offering valuable insights for designing safer and
more effective contact lenses.

Background: Understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding refractive errors and spectacle
use is essential for promoting eye health and effective vision correction, especially in children.
Objective: This study assessed the demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of participants
concerning refractive errors and spectacle use, focusing on correlations influencing these factors.
Methods: A cross-sectional study of 228 participants analyzed demographic data, duration of glasses use, and
responses to a structured questionnaire on KAP related to refractive errors and spectacles.
Results: Among participants, 53.1% were female, and 45.2% were aged 8–13 years. Glasses use for 1–3 years was
reported by 46.1%. Most participants (91.2%) recognized the adverse effects of screen time on vision, and 83.3%
valued regular eye check-ups. However, misconceptions existed, such as refractive errors being preventable by diet
(43.0%). The overall knowledge was poor. Positive attitudes toward glasses were reported by 64.5%, although 81.6%
sought alternatives. More than half (56.1%) rejected the notion that glasses cause bullying, and 51.8% disagreed
that glasses negatively impact appearance. Adequate practices were observed in 52.6%, with 75.4% regularly visiting
ophthalmologists and 81.6% recognizing the stabilizing effect of glasses on vision. However, 74.1% purchased glasses
without a prescription. Knowledge positively correlated with attitudes (r = 0.179, p = 0.007) and practices (r = 0.215,
p = 0.001). Participants using glasses for ≥3 years had significantly more positive attitudes (63.9%, p = 0.023) and
adequate practices (77.0%, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Despite moderate knowledge and practices, misconceptions about refractive errors persist, underscoring
the need for educational interventions. Positive correlations between KAP suggest that enhancing knowledge can
improve attitudes and practices, supporting effective spectacle use and better eye health management.

Osteoporosis is defined as a heterogeneous bone disease that leads to weakening in the structure of bones. Bone
structure remains dynamic throughout an individual’s life, it undergoes continuous growth and resorption in a specific
mechanism called bone turnover. Osteoporosis assumes the perturbation of equilibrium of the growth to destruction
towards the destructive away. Bone turnover markers consider as indicators for pathway of bone turning over, it classified
into two groups: first group to build the bones, the second group to break it down. By using bio tests and assays,
these markers can be evaluated to monitor the activity of the markers also to determine treatment options and efficacy
according to this activity. Using these markers in osteoporotic cases can give an advantage for their use in other diseases
such as cancer. One hundred Iraqi women participated in this study (50 patients with osteoporosis and 50 as control),
Another subgroup included 25 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 25 without diabetes. Biochemicals
markers were measured in this study vitamin D, Vitamin D-binding Globulin, (VDBG), Calcitriol Receptor (CARE), Bone
Gamma-Carboxyglutamic Acid-containing protein (BGLAP). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bone turnover
markers on osteoporosis, our study suggests that diagnosing osteoporotic women by measuring bone markers early
through the course of treatment may increase the treatment effectiveness with high quality adjusted life years. DEXA
used to get results of Spin Bone Mineral Density and Spine T-score. Results show significant difference in biomarkers
p-value ≤ 0.05 and there was correlation between bone turnover markers and severity osteoporosis. Bone turnover
parameters act as a good biochemical tool in the treating and monitoring of osteoporosis and this become more popular
in the clinical manner. These various parameters could be used to measure the risk of fracture and also treatment
determination and effectiveness.

Schiff bases exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiinflammatory properties. The aim of study was to synthesized 2-amino-benzothiazole derivatives and showed their
novel structure leads to potent antimicrobial activity. The Schiff base compounds derived from 6-bromo-4-fluoro2-aminobenzothazol was prepared from the reaction of 6-bromo-4-fluoro-2-aminobenzothazol compound (W1) with
potassium thiocyanate in the presence of bromine. Unsaturated Alpha-Beta (W2-6) compounds were obtained from
the reaction of and aromatic benzaldehyd with para –hydroxy acetophenone in a basal medium. The interaction
of alpha-beta - unsaturated compounds with 4,6-dichloro-2-aminobenzothiazole gives compounds (W7-11) 4-(1-(4,6-
dichlorobenzothiazole-2-El amino) - 3-aryl) phenol. The prepared compounds have been characterized by melting points
and some physical properties besides the FTIR, H-NMR spectra and quantitative analysis of elements (C.H.N.). The
purity for these compounds was checked by TLC. The result showed the tested compounds (W1-8 have antibacterial
activity against Gram-negative bacteria while Compounds (W9-11) showed moderate antibacterial activity against
S. aureus and Proteus ssp. In conclusion used the conventional method for the preparation of different substituted
2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives and showed remarkable antibacterial activity; we need further investigation to study
their mechanism of actions at the molecular level.