Economic Sciences

This study aims to investigate the effect of acceptance of technology factors on the electronic payment to determine the appropriate infrastructure for the electronic payment system that banks should provide. The problem statement of this study was determined due to the lack of infrastructure for Iraqi banks. Hence, there is a weakness in consumers’ belief in Iraq and in the University of Basra regarding the possibility of obtaining desirable products and services from the markets using electronic payment. This study conducted survey to 325 employees, this study consisted of 7 hypotheses and adopted an exploratory design by distributing a questionnaire to 325 employees. The total study population of the University of Basra is 6615. However, 325 questionnaires were returned, all of which were valid for analysis. The study variables were selected: expected performance, expected effort, social impact, facilities, motivation, price, and habits to study their influential on the electronic payments system. This study used the SmartPLS 3.0 software based on the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, by adopting the quantitative analytical approach. Moreover, the findings of this study found there is a positive and significant relationship between facilities and electronic payment due to the ability to provide knowledge regarding electronic payment mechanisms. In addition, the motive is one of the encouraging factors for the positive intentions of customers to adopt electronic banking services. The motive greatly affects consumers to accept electronic banking services. Hence, this study also showed the Iraqi society was not affected by the opinions of others regarding electronic banking services, although the social impact it is directly related to the use of new innovations by friends and relatives. Besides, there was no relationship between expected effort and electronic payment in the Iraqi environment. Finally, the results of this study conclude the electronic payments system has weak application at the University of Basra, due to the lack of a culture of dealing with a such payments system among users. Based on mentioned results, several recommendations were developed to help practitioners and academics to adopt the electronic payment system in the Iraqi environment in general and in the University of Basra in particular. Amongst the most important recommendations, it is necessary to conduct incredible promotional activities that focus on the benefits of using electronic payment system and highlight the importance of using such technology to enhance business activities and performance of operations, especially for innovative business owners.

A field experiment was conducted in two locations, one in the fields of a farmer in Al-Zubair district, which is (22 km) west of Basra Governorate in a sandy mixture soil located at longitude 47.05 west and latitude 30.28 north, and the other in the Agricultural Research Station site affiliated with the College of Agriculture - University of Basra, which is (30 km) north of the center of Basra Governorate in a clay mixture soil located at longitude 44.47 west and latitude 30.39 north during the winter agricultural season 2021-2022 AD with the aim of responding two wheat varieties (Buhuth 22 and Ibaa 99) to seven levels of balanced NPK fertilizer 20, 20, 20 mineral and nano, which are 0), 10 nano, 150 mineral, 15 nano, 300 mineral, 20 nano, 450 mineral) symbolized by the symbol F6, F5, F4, F3, F2, F1, F0 .
A factorial experiment was conducted using the split plots design using the randomized block design (R, C, B, D) with three replications, where the varieties occupied the main plots, while the NPK fertilizer levels occupied the secondary plots

This study aimed to know the role of organizational immunity in its three dimensions of organizational learning, organizational memory, and organizational DNA in enhancing marketing performance in its three dimensions: market share, profitability, and customer satisfaction. This study was conducted in Xan Bazar Company, and by relying on the questionnaire, data was collected from a sample of (45) managers and workers in the field of marketing activity at the company’s marketing centers within Duhok Governorate, and the data was analyzed using the using the statistical package SPSS version (26). The study found that there are high levels of organizational immunity in the marketing centers of the surveyed company, and that these centers have achieved high levels of marketing performance. The results also concluded that there are significant and positive correlations between organizational immunity and marketing performance at the overall level and at the dimensional level, and that there is a statistically significant positive effect of organizational immunity and its three dimensions in enhancing marketing performance. A number of suggestions were presented to enhance organizational immunity as one of the important strategies that contribute to enhancing the marketing performance of the surveyed company.

This research aims to shed light on outsourcing and its role in reducing costs and improving performance. For the purpose of achieving this goal, the researcher conducted a case study at the University of Basra for the activity of cleaning services and maintenance activity. The researcher relied on the theory of transaction cost in comparing the costs of implementing the activity. internally and the costs of outsourcing. The results showed that outsourcing helps the economic units in reducing costs as well as improving the performance of the services provided in order to implement well the practice of the outsourcing strategy and achieve maximum benefit from it. The management of the units must be familiar with all the theoretical and scientific aspects of this strategy. And how to work on it.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the financial performance of a sample of Iraqi private banks through the application of the BANKOMETER model as one of the modern models presented by the International Monetary Fund in 2000. Combined in a linear S-SCORE equation.
The results of the analysis showed that there is a discrepancy in the level of achieving the required financial performance of the research sample banks, and based on the application of the S-SCORE equation, the research showed the effectiveness of the BANKOMETER evaluation model in highlighting the real scenes about the future financial situation of the research sample banks, and the research concluded a set of conclusions, including that a model should be adopted Supportive of the control operations on banks implemented by the monetary authority, and the evaluation model BANKOMETER was accurate in the results of evaluating the financial performance of the study sample banks. financially in the future, except in the event of a financial crisis. The research reached several recommendations, including the possibility of the Central Bank of Iraq to rely on the BANKOMETER model as one of the models that are used for two basic purposes: to evaluate the current and future financial performance, in order to reach a safe banking sector.

The current study was built to focus on assessing the impact of corporate board size on enhancing the relevance of accounting information in the context of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS9). The study aimed to analyse the problems and challenges companies may face in financial analysis processes. The study also focused on the basic concepts of measuring the relationship between the size of the corporate board of directors and the relevance of accounting information through the identification and testing of hypotheses. It relied on descriptive statistical methods to analyse the statistical impact of the study variables and to analyse the reports of banks listed in the Iraqi securities market. The study found a positive and statistically significant correlation between the size of the companies' board of directors and the adequacy of the value of accounting information. The study also noted the need for stakeholders, such as the Central Bank of Iraq, the Iraqi Securities Market and the Accountants and Auditors' Union, to pay attention to the quality of financial reports to ensure that the value of accounting information is increased and the stock market in Iraq is strengthened, while preserving the rights of the parties concerned.

This induction touched on the estimation of the risk function of the distribution of MOElkum expanded using the Jack Nayef method of methods (the method of maximum possibility, the method of least squares, the method of estimating the minimum distance) and also used the simulation to differentiate between these methods based on the two criteria (MSE, IMSE) The experimental side showed the preference of the method of the greatest possibility using Jack Nayef, and applied the distribution to real data of axial spraying devices for agricultural crops in Karbala Governorate in the district of Ain al-Tamar, and the applied side showed that the risk function is increasing with time The Matamtakil statistical program was used in the application of data.

Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to clarify the nature of the relationship between knowledge management infrastructure and the entrepreneurial strategic orientation of health institutions: the moderating role of the ability to accumulate knowledge for nursing staff.
Design/methodology/strategy: Data were analyzed through a prospective study of (195) nursing staff at Basra Hospital through the partial least squares method.Results: There is an influence relationship between the moderating variable (the ability to accumulate knowledge) in the relationship between knowledge management infrastructure and entrepreneurial strategic orientation.Limitations: Lack of cooperation of the community and the responsible departments with the researcher in obtaining data, as well as the short period of time to conduct the research.
Practical implications: These results can motivate practitioners and decision-makers to pay more attention to the variable of knowledge accumulation, its mechanisms, and its basic trends.

The research aims to explain the role of human resources management practices in enhancing the strategic inclusion of working individuals, and it seeks to address a fundamental problem, which is enhancing strategic inclusion in the researched university by activating the practices of (training, motivation, performance evaluation, compensation) and then achieving high strategic inclusion. The research took the Northern Technical University as its field, while the community included the formations of Mosul, from which a sample of 50 individuals working in the human resources department for the various formations was taken. In order to obtain accurate observations of the opinions of the research sample, a questionnaire was designed by resorting to previous studies ( Regarding the two research variables(, the study yielded several findings, the most crucial of which is the identification of a substantial correlation between human resource management practices in attaining a strong strategic containment of the human resource, and the noteworthy influence of human resource management practices in bolstering individuals' capacities to embrace alternatives and facilitate their aptitude to adjust to environmental shifts and enhance their skills to amalgamate information in a manner that benefits the Northern Technical University, thus executing the selected strategy accurately and realizing the vision of the organization under examination, Finally, the researcher recommends that the Northern Technical University follow an effective approach that focuses on attracting the most skilled administrative and teaching staff and subjecting them to training programs based on Objective, systematic evaluation and setting the appropriate salary scale to achieve high strategic inclusion.

The research aims to analyze and measure the performance of the financial policy represented by each of the general budget, taxes, internal public debt) and its impact on the gross domestic product in Iraq during the period (2003-2021), through the use of the descriptive approach in analyzing the data of the study theoretically, as well as the standard approach Through the distributed slowing autoregressive distribution model, as the research results showed that there is a co-integration relationship between the indicators of fiscal policy and GDP, when the ratio of fiscal policy indicators deviates from (GDP) during the short term, it is corrected within (79%) of this deviation in year, that is, a period of about a year in order to reach the equilibrium level.

In most scientific research and studies, the characteristic of independence is searched for as it is one of the hypotheses that must be achieved when using traditional analysis of regression models. However, the existence of Auto correlation between observations of the studied phenomenon must be taken into account during the analysis process. Accordingly, in the research, the parameters of one of the spatial autoregressive models, represented by the spatial Durbin model, were estimated using the Bayesian method when non-experimental prior information was available under the quadratic loss function, when the model error followed a multivariate t-distribution, and when the variance parameter and the degree of freedom were known, In addition to using the Bayes factor as a test criterion. Assumptions about the parameter vector β, and the results reached were applied to data generated from the Durbin spatial model when the error vector follows a multivariate t distribution, proposing eighteen cases for the model and comparing the estimators based on the mean square error criterion. The researchers concluded that the Bayes estimator, when non-characteristic prior information is available, is the same as the maximum likelihood estimator, in addition to the superiority of the proposed seventeenth model in the estimation process, meaning that the efficiency of the estimators increases when the sample size and degree of freedom increase.

The focus of this scientific research is to assess how artificial intelligence affects forced unemployment in European industrial sectors. He relied on two aspects, one theoretical related to the literature review, major transformations and the main issues surrounding the integration of artificial intelligence, and the other quantitative related to quantitative data collected using questionnaires and analyzed with the help of the statistical program spss. The researcher's findings indicate that the increasing pace of artificial intelligence leads to a rise in unemployment levels, especially for low-skilled workers and those with some professions, and that education, training and balanced policies will compensate or partially mitigate these effects. The research emphasizes the need for a better approach regarding labor market issues caused by artificial intelligence

The study aims to determine the relationship between smart production in its dimensions (technological intelligence, cognitive intelligence, operational intelligence, and environmental intelligence) and sustainable competitive advantage in its dimensions (quality and information technology). Through research and investigation to reach the problem, the researcher arrived at defining it in South Refineries Company - Production Authority, and the researcher relied on the questionnaire form to collect data and information from the study sample of (116) questionnaires representing the study population, which were processed and analyzed statistically, and the study hypotheses were tested according to the program ((Spss, v.23) and the program (Amos) The importance of the study for the South Refineries Company in benefiting from the great development in the field of artificial intelligence in production, and the study reached conclusions that stipulate the existence of a relationship and impact between smart production and sustainable competitive advantage.

The study aims to shed light on the importance of achieving food security and reducing levels of poverty and hunger (malnutrition). They live below the poverty line, which improves their livelihoods and health.
The researcher used the descriptive analytical method to deal with information and data related to the subject of the research, and to seek the help of local, Arab and international sources and reports issued by the United Nations, the World Bank, and surveys of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning - the Central Statistical Organization.
The researcher sought to identify the reality of food security (challenges and problems), as well as the reality of poverty and food shortages in Iraq.
At the end of the research, a number of conclusions were established that may help shed more light on the topic of the current research, leading to a proposal for a number of recommendations that may address some of the imbalances occurring in the Iraqi economy, which constitute an obstacle to achieving food security in all its forms.

The research aims to identify the impact of technological readiness on the quality of strategic decisions, with the mediating role of knowledge sharing. The research relies on a descriptive analytical model, and the researchers used a questionnaire as the primary tool for collecting data and information from the research population, which consists of 40 administrative leaders in the Oil Products Distribution Company in Karbala, Iraq. The researchers employed several statistical analysis methods, including exploratory factor analysis and various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The research concluded with several findings, the most important of which is that there is an indirect effect of technological readiness on the quality of strategic decisions through knowledge sharing. The study yielded several recommendations, the most important of which is that the company under study should continue to provide all the requirements that enable its employees to manage rapidly changing technology and provide ways to refine their inherent creativity.

The research aims to identify the impact of technological readiness on the quality of strategic decisions, with the mediating role of knowledge sharing. The research relies on a descriptive analytical model, and the researchers used a questionnaire as the primary tool for collecting data and information from the research population, which consists of 40 administrative leaders in the Oil Products Distribution Company in Karbala, Iraq. The researchers employed several statistical analysis methods, including exploratory factor analysis and various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The research concluded with several findings, the most important of which is that there is an indirect effect of technological readiness on the quality of strategic decisions through knowledge sharing. The study yielded several recommendations, the most important of which is that the company under study should continue to provide all the requirements that enable its employees to manage rapidly changing technology and provide ways to refine their inherent creativity.

This study evaluates the impact of monetary policy reforms on Iraq's economic stability from 2001 to 2023. Through a comprehensive analysis of inflation rates, GDP growth, and unemployment rates against the backdrop of monetary policy changes, the research identifies significant correlations and causations. It also explores the role of the Central Bank of Iraq in navigating the country through various economic challenges, highlighting the effectiveness of policy tools. The findings underscore the critical need for continued reforms in monetary policy to foster sustainable economic growth and stability, suggesting directions for future policymaking.