Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The objective of this research is to explore the Norwegian experience in the oil industry, as it is considered one of the most successful global experiences. The study used the historical method and focused on Norway and its economy. The research analyzed the relationship between oil revenues and economic growth in Norway during the period 2010-2020. Since the dawn of the 1960s, when the Norwegian oil industry was born, Norway transformed from an oil-importing country to an oil-exporting one. Norway\'s production has stabilized at around two million barrels per day. The oil industry has played a major role in developing the welfare state in Norway today. With proven reserves of 6.6 billion barrels of crude oil, Norway relies on the production and export of crude oil. Oil exports accounted for more than half of Norway\'s total exports, while the oil and natural gas sector contributed approximately 20% of the GDP. Thanks to the Norwegian government\'s policies in utilizing oil revenues, the country has avoided the shocks faced by the oil market. The research concluded that the relationship between economic growth and oil revenues during this period was a strong positive relationship.

Sultan Qaboos bin Said worked to build a modern state in the Sultanate of Oman by benefiting from oil revenues. He also worked to spread the concepts of political participation, contribution, civil society, and women’s contribution to civil and political life, as well as emphasizing political development. Despite all these matters, Oman has gone through stages of political decline, represented by the popular protests that broke out in 2011, as the Omanis decided to break the barrier of fear and take to the streets, confronting the political system, demanding the advantage of political, social and economic reforms in the structure of the Omani political system, and with regard to the Sultanate’s relationship with neighboring Gulf countries. The Arab, regional and global are in a balanced relationship with each other, and this relationship continued even after the death of Sultan Qaboos and the assumption of power by Sultan Haitham bin Tariq, who made a number of internal political changes in the form of government, ministries, and political and governmental institutions .

This study discusses international decisions and their impact on world peace within a complex geopolitical context. The foundations of decision-making are reviewed through different theories, with a focus on the role of internal and external factors in shaping these decisions. The study also addresses the impact of conflicts and wars on world peace and security. The study highlights future challenges, including the rise of nationalism, resource conflicts resulting from climate change, and cyber threats, which further complicate peacemaking efforts. It stresses the need to enhance international cooperation and develop dialogue as basic strategies for dealing with crises, with the importance of re-evaluating the role of international institutions. The study emphasizes the integration of environmental and social dimensions into international decision-making to ensure an effective response to challenges, which contributes to achieving sustainable world peace

In order to achieve its goals, Turkey has used many tools in its policies, the most important of which is soft power, which it adopted after the Justice and Development Party came to power in 2002. Turkish soft power was embodied in both its political system, which it tried to make a model to be seen by the countries of the region, and its influence abroad, especially in the diverse diplomatic level it practiced, in addition to the humanitarian aid it provided, in addition to its media and cultural influence on the countries of the Middle East. After several transformations and circumstances occurred, including the so-called Arab revolutions, the Arab Spring revolutions and their aftermath, Turkey turned to the use of hard power, after having maintained it for years, and this was embodied in many forms, including: its intervention in the Syrian issue, and in the Libyan war, as well as in its presence. Military in northern Iraq, and its role in the Qatari crisis, not to mention the growth of its military industries.

After the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) (AKP) won the general elections in 2002، it assumed power in Turkey under the leadership of Rajab Tayeb Erdogan. This party is characterized by a conservative Islamic orientation that differs from the rest of the Turkish political parties، as it gathers Islamic law and liberal democracy. Since assuming power، the AKP has implemented a series of political، economic، and even social reforms. The economic reforms focused on enhancing the individual income of the Turkish citizen، due to the market freeing procedures، promoting the interest in the private sector، and attract foreign investments. Politically، the party focused on strengthening democracy and human rights، with some reform procedures such as amending the constitution، improving minority rights، and enhancing freedom of expression. In the years following the 2016 military coup، political tensions in Turkey increased due to regional conflicts and internal challenges. This affected the country's domestic and foreign policy. However، the (AKP) has continued as a major political force in Turkey، and faces continuing challenges as it seeks to achieve a balance between implementing Islamic law، democracy، and achieving economic development. This highlights their challenges in dealing with the complex political and economic situations that Turkey is currently facing.

Perhaps the strategy of strategic hedging or anticipation is one of the essences of the Chinese heritage that leans strongly on wisdom and patience, mixing in it the teachings of Confucius, the art of war (Latzu), and the teachings of the architect of the Chinese Renaissance (Deng Xiaoping), who recommends seeing, waiting, observing, and not claiming leadership, to create precaution in order for China to avoid confrontation with the West. As long as it is in the midst of its rise and advancement to achieve the Chinese dream, which will place it in another position and position that will restore its glory by being the “Kingdom of Heaven,” as the early Chinese called it
Research shows that the terms "public policy" and
"community security" are significant and contemporary concepts. Yet,
due to their broad scope and inclusiveness, there is no comprehensive
and definitive definition for either. Developed countries have given
importance to these concepts and have devoted efforts to publishing
related works and ideas.
The constitution has outlined Public policy in Iraq, clarifying how
official institutions craft and implement policies. Iraqi public policy
has faced numerous problems and challenges, some related to the
constitution, others to the parliamentary system applied in Iraq, which
suffers from duality and contradictions, and others to the advisors
close to decision-makers, who often lack competence. Mechanisms to
address these obstacles include amending certain constitutional
provisions, removing barriers that have hindered the parliamentary
system, particularly regarding the quota-based system and
consociational democracy, and enacting key laws such as the Civil
Service Law, the Political Parties Law, and the Oil and Gas Law.

The close relationship between the economy and the media is one of the most important sources of power in contemporary societies. Today, economic media has become a decisive factor in achieving comprehensive development in various societies. Economic information has become the basis for the movement of media institutions in every move and achievement, supporting the building of national economies and strengthening their relationship with others.
As is known, the media is a mirror of society ,and the economic field expresses the extent of the states strength ,which makes the media move towards possessing the ability and great opportunity to deal with this situation scientifically and intelligently, achieving the common benefit of the medium and the public. With the rapid developments in the world of technology and modern techniques, the emergence of economic media has transcended time and space boundaries and has become a source of information for many current issues and facts ,reactions to them, and the extent of their impact on various political, economic, and social aspects in various developed and developing countries, including our country, Iraq.

Since the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched Vision 2030, numerous institutions have been established in addition to the existing governmental bodies. All these institutions aim to achieve the goals of the vision and enhance its ambitions by using modern and innovative methods, through the utilization of technology and the support of partnerships with the private sector and civil society. These institutions are considered a vital part of the transformation that Saudi Arabia is undergoing. Among the most important institutions in the Kingdom are those in the political, economic, social, and cultural spheres, all working together to achieve the ambitious goals of this vision and to build a more prosperous future for the Kingdom and its citizens.

The "Al-Aqsa Flood" operation is one of the most prominent military operations carried out by the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Hamas, on October 7, 2023. This operation came in response to the ongoing tensions between Palestinians and Israelis, leading to an unprecedented escalation in the conflict. The operation included the storming of more than 20 settlements around Gaza, as well as attacks on Israeli military bases, such as the "Re'im" base. The brigades were also able to capture a significant number of Israeli soldiers and civilians, causing a major shock to the Israeli political and military system. This prompted a swift and violent Israeli reaction, with Israeli forces launching intensive airstrikes on the Gaza Strip, targeting infrastructure and civilian facilities, resulting in a large number of casualties among civilians.

The research is of great importance that the study attempts to shed light on important aspects of the capabilities that (Israel) enjoys، and how to employ them in favor of its regional goals، while monitoring the most prominent brakes and obstacles that limit and hinder the (Israeli) regional and international role in the Arab countries، in addition to clarifying the great convergence in the (Israeli) American plans and visions prepared for the Arab countries in order to weaken them. In light of this، the scope of the study focuses on revealing the (Israeli and Western) plan for the Arab region، which is based on finding alternative regional projects for the Arab system، and these projects are implemented through a strategy of dismantling and re-dividing the Arab region in order to weaken it and end its role.

The qualifications possessed by the United States of America in the field of cybersecurity are an important foundation upon which the American decision-maker relies in achieving the goals of the National Security Strategy according to the strategic perception, in a way that made the United States of America work to manage this force within a purposeful framework that seeks to use the resources of some countries of the world to its advantage and to formulate partnerships with some other countries by adopting the approach of containment, dismantling, and reassembly in a way that suits and achieves American objectives, as artificial intelligence is one of the foundations of cybersecurity that has been employed. In electronic warfare, it made a big difference in curbing the capabilities of the opponent, and this is what the American administration seeks to achieve to achieve its ambition for global hegemony and control.

This research aims to analyze Egyptian foreign policy towards the Palestinian issue after 2014, a period that witnessed major changes at the regional and international levels, After the overthrow of the Muslim Brotherhood government in Egypt in 2013 and President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi assuming power, Egypt adopted a new policy characterized by a balance between national security and Al-Masry, and its role towards the Palestinian issue, It has become more focused on security issues and protecting its borders, especially in Sinai, while seeking to maintain its traditional role as a diplomatic mediator between Palestine and Israel, despite the increasing regional and international pressures.

Perhaps the strategy of strategic hedging or anticipation is one of the essences of the Chinese heritage that leans strongly on wisdom and patience, mixing in it the teachings of Confucius, the art of war (Latzu), and the teachings of the architect of the Chinese Renaissance (Deng Xiaoping), who recommends seeing, waiting, observing, and not claiming leadership, to create precaution in order for China to avoid confrontation with the West. As long as it is in the midst of its rise and advancement to achieve the Chinese dream, which will place it in another position and position that will restore its glory by being the “Kingdom of Heaven,” as the early Chinese called it
This advanced understanding and strategic awareness remains a Chinese mantra that decision-makers adopt, in moving aside from any direct intervention in international crises, in which the other party is, The West, especially the United States, is striving to stop the momentum of the Chinese renaissance, and to the extent that some crises pose great importance to China, whether in its orientations or in its vision of the nature of the international system, which was formulated by the West to serve reconciliation, China continues to seek to disengage with the leading power and its European sisters, through the gate of peace, cooperation and negotiation, seeking to define its role as a major country that aspires to impose peace and stability and enhance mutual dependence.

The study focuses on international cooperation in Libya and its impact on Arab security. The study attempts to clarify the real goal of the international military intervention in Libya in 2011, and to monitor the mechanisms followed in the process of communication and coordination between all foreign forces present in Libya and the impact of this on Arab security. The study concluded that the United States and its allies deliberately turned Libya into an arena for confrontation and internal fighting carried out by proxy for international and regional forces, for multiple purposes and goals, the most prominent of which is to occupy the international and regional parties present in this crisis, in addition to trying to drag the various powers to be the main parties in the crisis, especially those opposing it, in order to try to drain them militarily and economically. Also, increasing the parties to the crisis leads to prolonging its duration due to the difficulty of finding consensual solutions between the various parties