Hammurabi journal for studies

With the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, the trilogy of international terrorism emerged, particularly between the use of religion, politics, and law as correlates of organic relations in which the media played a major role, especially in terms of linking this to Islam and Muslims. This placed Islam on the agenda of discussion and in international projects in a manner unprecedented before, even though Islam had been at the heart of international relations since the collapse of the socialist bloc and the end of the Cold War era in the late 1980s, as a compensatory enemy of the influential forces in the West after the overthrow of the communist enemy.

Since the signs of weakness and disintegration in the structure of the Ottoman Empire became apparent, a number of religious and political movements began to emerge, and later \\\\"states\\\\" that expressed historical and cultural tendencies, not without elements of primitiveness in contrast to Islamic progress. These two terms, with their semantic elements, and not necessarily from a moral perspective in this context, have political and social connotations at the level of the group\\\\'s progress along the path of historical development, which governs societies in terms of institutions and social structure, in line with the human convoy by adopting the necessary causes of progress. In Morocco, as in the Arab East, there were multiple attempts to secede from the Ottoman Empire for various reasons, but the most important of these was the tyranny under which the peoples of the Islamic world languished during the rule of this wretched, defunct sultanate. Some Western countries, such as Britain, which occupied India (before its partition) and Egypt before the fall of the sultanate, infiltrated the outskirts and heart of the Arabian Peninsula and were able to employ successive groups to serve them. One of these groups, which wears the garb of religion, is called \\\\"Wahhabism,\\\\" founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the second half of the eighteenth century, in agreement with Muhammad ibn Saud, who agreed to carry the call among his tribe and men, making it the doctrine of the Saudi authorities.

There is no disagreement in the Arab and Islamic world that the Israeli entity has inflicted the greatest civilizational, cultural, political and security damage on Palestine and the Arab and Islamic world. Talking about what the Israeli entity has perpetrated against Arab and Islamic geography, and its cultural, intellectual and renaissance components, has been a prominent theme of Arab and Islamic discourse, to the point that the obvious correlation between the Arab collapse and the Israeli entity has become a complementary correlation.

The issue of armament and military spending is one of the most important issues at the level of the state\\'s national strategy on the one hand, and at the level of international relations and strategies on the other hand. Groups, peoples and countries have been concerned with the issue of armament since the beginning of the Caliphate until the present time, and it will continue in the future, although it differs from time to time, according to the circumstances of each group, people and country, as well as the nature of international relations prevailing in that era.

The future of the Yemeni-Saudi border disputes has gone through several different and distinct stages, which have profoundly affected the political orientations of the two countries, as they have been exposed to many interactions, both positive and negative. The problem of Yemeni-Saudi relations is not a problem of land and sea borders, but rather the problem is much deeper because unfortunate events, wrong practices and numerous historical accumulations have contributed to the establishment of psychological and cultural borders, which have transformed the issue of borders into the fate and existence of both Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

In October 2009, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu made no secret of the true objectives of his foreign policy when he stated them frankly, saying: “Just as it was in the 16th century, when the Ottoman Balkans were on the rise, we will once again make the Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Middle East, together with Turkey, the center of world politics in the future. That is the goal of Turkish foreign policy, and we will achieve it.”

For centuries, the Sahara Desert had been peaceful and tranquil, its blazing sands stirred only by the winds and the movement of the veiled Tuaregs (nomads who used camels to get there and back), who roamed the desert carrying (African) gold from Mali, Ghana and their surrounding areas to the north and east of the Sahara, exchanging it for Arabian salt, which was considered the elixir of life for the Africans south of the Sahara. Their ambitions did not extend beyond living in peace and tranquility in the desert wilderness, far from the noise and bustle of civilization.

The popular uprisings that erupted in most Arab countries at the end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011 were a result of the suffering, deprivation, and oppression that the Arab peoples had experienced over the course of decades. This uprising demonstrates that these peoples still possess the will and desire to determine their destiny and confront all the challenges that stand in the way of achieving their hopes. The most prominent of these challenges is the brutality of the authoritarian regimes allied with the United States of America, which has not hesitated to resort to any means to protect its objectives in the Arab region by supporting these authoritarian regimes.

The oil rentier state enters into a spiral of multifaceted problems, regarding the pressure rulers to which it is subject. This problem is based on a historical fact with roots that extend deep into history. This rentier state, in its oil form, is similar to and identical to the state of the kharaj state in Islamic history. It is similar to the European rentier state during the era of geographical explorations (Spain - Holland), which is based on an economic surplus that is transferred from other regions. The idea here is not to transfer the surplus generated in other societies and its external form (i.e. from outside the real economic system), but rather lies in the relaxation and complacency that the state accepted at that time, which inherited the mentality of distribution instead of the mentality of production, leaving its mark on the behavior of the state and society in the shadow of rent.

Baghdad\'s summers are typically hot, with sometimes extreme weather. The summer of 2013 appears to have been in perfect harmony with the intensification of extremism. The months of this summer were the bloodiest since the 2003 occupation of Iraq, and the civil violence of 2006-2007. Several months competed to be named the most violent month in Iraq. Baghdad bore the brunt of the terrorism, with its material and human sacrifices, despite the fact that this terrorism is distributed throughout Iraq.

The political process in Iraq since the US occupation of Iraq in 2003, and the transformation of Iraq from a single-party system to a multi-party system, and from complete isolation to excessive openness, has left the country in a state of political chaos and confusion, due to a number of political problems and internal and regional interference. Despite calls for its development and its establishment on the principle of national reconciliation, these calls are met with many fundamental obstacles worthy of investigation by those interested in the democratic future of the Iraqi state.

Extremism is referred to as ideological rigidity and mental closure. In this sense, it is a closed way of thinking characterized by the inability to accept or tolerate any beliefs that differ from the beliefs of the person or group (1). Extremism refers to a group of religious, political, and social ideas, through which extremists, by joining under the banner of Islam, have tried to distort religion from its principles and origins, undermine its authority, and demolish them both without separating or distinguishing between them.

Although it is difficult to analyze the relationship between the variables of the research title, the dynamics of the relationship between the economic and social variables have existed and been renewed since ancient times. All of the above variables express human behavior. Economics is concerned with studying human behavior to satisfy multiple needs (goods) within limited resources. Therefore, this behavior represents both cause and effect at the same time. However, the birth of a human being as a living being in the shadow of an infinite number of variables that govern his behavior, and his interaction with them generates what is positive and what is negative. Depending on the nature of the environment in which he is born and the variables that govern him, a human being may be born in an evil environment, resulting in the creation of hatred from his interaction with it, or he may be born in an environment full of love and peace, resulting in the love of others from his interaction with it. This interaction may lead to other behavior that undermines positive interaction with life, and results in the killing of others for various reasons, including those related to affiliation, race, religion, or other reasons. All of this will, in one way or another, feed corrupt environments that attempt to encroach on public funds, thus threatening the country\\'s higher interests and undermining the notions of social contract and social solidarity.