Hammurabi journal for studies

When we discuss the dictatorship of an individual in Iraq, we must discuss the initial seed planted by Britain in the Basic Law of 1925, and the broad powers granted to King Faisal bin Hussein for known purposes, including consolidating British interests in Iraq and obtaining privileges. This dictatorship and individual rule then became entrenched in the successive republican regimes that lasted from 1958 to 2003. The American occupation of Iraq in 2003 imposed on Iraqis false concepts that will not be easy to eradicate, including quotas, which are considered the most dangerous type of sectarian-nationalist inheritance and hereditary influence. This was in addition to the negative political practices among political blocs and parties, which employed exclusionary and authoritarian methods to achieve narrow, immediate goals and electoral objectives unfamiliar to democratic systems. This was compounded by the failure to adhere to the constitution and the ruling elites\\\\' lack of respect for the will and aspirations of their voters. Post-2003 Iraq suffers from a crisis in implementing and respecting the constitution, in addition to a negative relationship between effective state institutions that have left their mark on the political process in Iraq. This has also affected political blocs and parties, and in the current session, there is no margin of consensus between parliament and the government. This has created a kind of political chaos and disrupted the work of the legislative and executive authorities, leading some to believe that dictatorship is the solution to Iraq\\\\'s problems in an attempt to overcome political crises. This is what the nature of the dictatorial regimes that have passed through Iraq imposed, the effects of which are evident among the political parties and forces that lead the political process, whether in their authoritarian practices within the party establishment or in their inter-party relationships.

The description of a fragile state is given to a state whose governments are unable to fulfill their basic obligations towards its people and towards other countries, and its inability to protect its citizens, as security is absent, crime, terrorism, murder and chaos prevail, and service institutions weaken from fulfilling their obligations towards its people and citizens, and as a result, poor governance is One of the most prominent characteristics of the fragile state, and this description applies to the case of Iraq after 2003, despite the recognition of the importance of the successes that have been achieved here or there, but the characteristic of crisis and fragility is still the prominent feature, and that the conflict is increasing and the future is still indefinite, and hence We are facing a fragile state that was created and shaped by several factors.

Poverty, unemployment and corruption constitute important entrances to outcomes that may be more dangerous in Iraqi society in particular, after the Iraqi economy has borne the burdens that occurred after the American occupation of 2003, in a way that did not lead to the deterioration of our variables in the way we are currently living from that triad, due to the freezing of solutions and their reluctance to correct , Despite the procedures followed in that and seeking to address it.

There are three constants upon which the building of the human mind throughout its history is religion, shared history, and values. These constants represent a system of interlocking relationships that bind individuals and groups in their content and represent the outward and inner behavior of society, and this behavior may result in bonding strings over time that turn into cohesion mechanisms. It leads to the formation of a society that has the characteristics that distinguish it from other societies in terms of cultural issues and immediate and future life interests, or it results in situations of contention that transform groups into human masses in which there are values that lead to dissonance more than the values that lead to cohesion and to produce separate groups with the passage of time Each of them carries distinct characteristics, and when the system of true religiosity falls into its mediation, the processions of distorted and sick religiosity invade the minds of people, so the diseases of intolerance, fanaticism and extremism invade.

The Anbar crisis is one of the great crises that can change the course of events in Iraq forever, as a result of the great complexity surrounding its events, as well as the overlapping of external agendas, especially the Gulf, and the multiplicity of the crisis forces, as it contains four local forces each pushing towards, namely the tribal army, Organization of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the Iraqi army, and local police, as well as regional countries that support political agendas in the western region of Iraq, including Saudi Arabia.

From the nature of monitoring trends about tension and crises among countries, according to international indicators, we can measure the movement of countries and build upon them in anticipating the possibilities of their paths, in light of analyzing the situation and anticipating reactions of the public or its societal components, based on the position on political participation, unemployment rates and governmental political behavior, and its serious effects on social structures, especially those of different pluralism at once, and the rates of economic, social, scientific and cultural development, and the reflection of their trends resulting from frustration, retreat or rebellion, and the subordination of this to vibration of security or the rule of chaos and the difference or contradiction of public perceptions towards external variables and the nature of governmental and societal positions, especially when there is ambiguity or the lack of shared visions between the ruler and the ruled, in light of the absence or weakness of systems of shared values, lack or weakness of trust, the absence of institutional order, the rule of chaos, the absence of a common language, and a common understanding.

Iraq is one of the most important main forces in the Gulf regional system, that it has an ambition that does not stop at strengthening its Gulf position, but goes beyond it to the desire to be the center of Arab politics, which is the same goal that Saudi Arabia seeks, so we find that the factor of suspicion and mistrust was present in its relationship In Iraq, through the various stages of Iraq's political history, since the establishment of the modern Iraqi state in 1921, and despite the improvement in relations between the two countries, especially during the Iraq-Iran war, the factor of suspicion and mistrust has dominated the policies of each side towards the other. The Saudis viewed the political change that Iraq witnessed after 2003 as a threat to the security of the regime and the future of the ruling family.

Today, Turkey plays a complex and perhaps contradictory role in many cases with regard to the affairs of the region, and it is absolutely not denied that it is trying to summon some of its commons to employ them in order to play the role that it seeks to achieve, which is to become an important part in arranging the situation in the Middle East and even North Africa, but we do not exaggerate. If we say that it is trying to bite into the major countries in the region, in favor of winning the American and then European acceptance, as an alternative anchor for Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia, and this is what it tried to reach by presenting itself as an Islamic state, in a democratic dress approaching secularism, then once it strains itself in checking its common Religious, down to sectarianism, and once again it shares with some countries based on belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood, and with some of the Ottoman heritage and its occupation of many countries in the region, and for this we note the employment of all of this in order to make U.S. promotes it`s role, and then force the European Union to accept it, all of these indicate It adopts different rhythms with all countries, so that anyone who follows the course of Turkish foreign policy notices that they represent twists that are inconsistent with its declared discourse, especially with regard to the Palestinian issue, as it maintains (Israel) has made strategic and complex agreements, and in its official speech it spreads its defense of the rights of the Palestinian people.

Federal political systems in their academic (scientific) sense are a very developed global economic and social system, and most of the world’s countries and advanced developments have adopted and stipulated it in their constitutions and achieved political and economic stability in accordance with it. And the United States and Western countries in general, before applying it according to (political) and starting line, won the approval of the absolute majority and not only got an absolute result in order to obtain an absolute result in this system.

The next step for the formation of the Iraqi Interim Government in early May 2005 was the formation of the committee for drafting the new Iraqi constitution. Articles (60-61) of the Transitional State Administration Law stipulated that the National Assembly would write the draft constitution, and here the American role cannot be overlooked, in the constitution-drafting process, as the American desires converged with the desires of some of what contributed to the writing of the permanent Iraqi constitution, the role of the United States did not stop at the limits of the declared goal, which was to change Saddam Hussein\'s regime, but extended to the elaboration of the constitution whose final draft was approved on August 28. - August - 2005, and a referendum was held on October 15 - 2005, in preparation for the rehabilitation of Iraq\'s regional and international roles

All Iraqi parties, with their different ideological and religious affiliations and Origins, set out to work in the Iraqi arena after the American invasion and occupation of the country in 2003, and they were all governed by three factors or realistic elements, namely, the first: shock and ambiguity: This concept is a reflection of the US war strategy represented by (shock and awe) The shock was represented by confronting the reality of the political gap and the reality of the fall of the regime, in addition to the ambiguity and mystery among the partisan will (parties), the American will and the public wil.

Today, Iraq is facing a critical phase and a difficult turning point in its history. This is exemplified by the challenges of preserving national cohesion, by warding off the threat of security breaches, sectarian tension and resisting terrorism from outside, in exchange for rationalization, guidance and an attempt to reach an understanding that reconciles views and jurisprudence towards that, in addition to continue the completing of the political process, establishing democracy in the country, and achieving a measure of social justice for its people, represented in political participation, wealth sharing and exploitation, in a way that serves its social, health, and economic development and in all other areas. To achieve such goals, we firmly believe that the intellectual elite, the so-called intelligentsia, is more capable than others, if it has the self-will to change and modify the paths of society on the one hand, giving it the opportunity and lifting the restrictions that hinder its work from the authority on the other hand, in order to set out the concepts that unite its sons and guide their various leagues. And not to leave them prey to religious-sectarian-political ideologies that exploit the ignorance of the public, their economic crises and social shocks, which were generated after the sudden collapse of the regime and the occupation of the country, and the subsequent facts that multiply day after day.

The transformations that took place in Iraq with the occupation of the United States of America in 2003, and the regime changed by force and the establishment of a new form and new ways to manage the system and state affairs, in a manner that opened the door wide for different and conflicting views and ideas. In some cases the problem of managing political affairs emerged, and through which a system of internationally known systems of government to deal with the heavy political, social and economic legacy, and the new political situation arising from the nature of the occupation and the internal and external political environment of Iraq, as many social forces emerged on the Iraqi political arena, and clans and religious authorities emerged in addition to some large social influential parties.

Israel formulated its security theory, which it established on the "pretext of war", meaning converting any Arab action that Israel deems a threat to its security, into a pretext to ignite the fuse of war, considering this a violation of an existing situation, and then it initiates preventive and pre-emptive attacks, then immediately turns into transfer the war to the enemy's land, to achieve a quick solution by (destroying the enemy), occupying its lands, and benefiting of the advantage of working on (internal lines against an enemy) working on external lines, and ending the war quickly, before the major powers intervene to impose a ceasefire