Hammurabi journal for studies

After several years of the rise in oil prices, and with the approaching of important events on the international scene: the defeat of the United States in Afghanistan, which is the second defeat in the early part of this century after its defeat in Iraq, and the imminence of reaching a solution to the Iranian nuclear file crisis, in addition to the intractability to overthrow the Syrian regime By the United States and its allies, especially Saudi Arabia - Turkey - Qatar), then the stance of the line of resistance to its projects in the region, represented by Russia - Iran - Hezbollah, and in response to this, the two allies (the United States and Saudi Arabia) went to the strategy of using oil to weaken the opponents in order to forcibly bring them to the house of obedience through the dramatic reduction of oil prices, which is what Saudi Arabia has pushed to under the pressure of desert revenge from opponents, especially Iran, which no longer allows Saudi Arabia to weave strings of play in the region with oil money and extremist ideology, and Russia, which Bandar could not and the Americans like to name ( Bandar Bush), to persuade it to turn away from it`s support for the regime of Bashar al-Assad, in exchange for a bribe to import weapons from it. So it became more envious to declare a war with and through oil, to remove the capabilities of power from the (Russian and Iranian) economies that are subject to US and European sanctions. This is definitely a new chapter in the Cold War ... the undeclared military war.

We may not find in modern history a relationship between two civilized spaces that call for confusion and accountability, such as the relationship between Russia and Turkey, so a geo-political approach will hardly take place between them, until a deep memory of attraction, disharmony and strife arises, even if the researcher's destiny in the laws of geography and history is to take away from the raging of spaces are what establishes for theorizing paradoxes in the world of geo-polytics and the principles of international relations, except that what doubles the usefulness of such a lesson is that the elements of clash between the Russian and Turkish spaces have remained in a state of interaction and extension since the first fierce war fought by the Ottomans and the tsars in 1568, and with the passage of time it will transform The subsequent wars between them have reached something like a tragic journey in history, as the culture of hostility has not disappeared, even if it retreated in certain historical periods imposed by settlements or good-neighborly agreements.

Eurasia is this part of the world in which the continents of Asia and Europe connect, as it brings together East Europe and West Asia, and it is the heart of the world and the focus of its conflicts since the dawn of history. It includes from Asia, Turkey and the Caucasian ex-Soviet republics such as Georgia, as well as Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkmenistan, and thus it defines geographically the countries of Asia around the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea and includes from Europe the countries that border the Black Sea such as Bulgaria, Romania and Eastern Mediterranean countries such as Greece and Macedonia. On the European side, Greek and Roman civilization produced and Alexander the Great emerged from it with his history and control of the world, especially the other side of the Black Sea, penetrating into Persia and the Caucasus, and on the Asian side there was the civilization of Persia and these colonial attacks coming from West Asia from the Caucasian region, or what It is known as (stapes).

The Russian-Iranian relations did not receive the same attention as it knew after the outbreak of the crisis in Syria about four years ago at the beginning of 2011, before this date the nuclear dimension dominated the nature of relations between the two countries, especially since Iran's nuclear program has turned into an international issue in the past few years, and that Russia the same has been delayed several times in supplying the Iranian Bushehr plant with the fuel needed to operate it. Russia has remarkably and surprisingly gone more than once to support the international sanctions imposed by the United States and the West on Iran, because of its nuclear program and the dispute over the peacefulness of this program.

The Ukrainian (uprising) overthrew the pro-Russian President Yanukovych, and the Ukrainian Parliament reinstated the 2004 constitution, which strengthened the powers of the parliament and the presidency of the government, abolished the law banning demonstrations, and issued a law releasing Yulia Tymoshenko, marking the country's exit from the Russian space and entry into the European space, Russia and its supporters responded by occupying the parliament of the Crimea region, forming a new government loyal to Moscow, and by referendum on the fate of (Crimea), but it does not seem that Russia has many options; It cannot return to Ukraine as millions reject it, and that it cannot accept this strategic defeat, so the Russian military move in Crimea is a limited response to a major geopolitical loss, and in return it does not seem that the Western team is better off, the most it can do is punish Russia diplomatically and financially. Economically, this is what we will present in these papers.

The United States of America employs the military variable as one of its strategic tools, to strengthen its hegemony over the international system, by linking it closely with its foreign policy, and in a military strategy it called (advanced military operations lines), thus establishing a network of alliances, bases, and military facilities in many regions from the world, to expand the scope, extent and effectiveness of its armed forces' work, and their intervention in international crises and conflicts, by controlling areas of military interest of high strategic importance that provide freedom of movement, flexibility and speed of access to areas of operations, while ensuring a high degree of preparedness and operational readiness, to deter and confront the enemy Which is determined according to American perception and interests.

There is no doubt that the issue of South Sudan is one of the longest and most complex issues in the African continent, despite the many attempts to solve this issue through successive regimes over Sudan, due to the difference in the degree of its importance and priority in the programs of its governments, so it`s wanted it to remain an existing issue and a focus of tension to serve the strategic goals to the United States and Israel, seeking to weaken Sudan on the one hand, dismantle its state, and gradually get closer to the sources of water to put pressure on Egypt, as well as dominate energy sources, especially oil.

After the Jews succeeded in establishing their entity in May 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of this entity, placed in the early fifties of the last century some of the foreign policy constants that I consider necessary to overcome the so-called (Arab Ring) and the international blockade. He adopted, in order to overcome the first difficulty, what was known as (the policy of jumping over regional barriers), meaning that he linked the role of the new Hebrew state at first with the closest relations with Iran, Ethiopia and Turkey as three main stations through which security, economic and political bridges could be established that would help to reduce the impact of the Arab blockade. The young Hebrew state focused most of its regional concerns for many years after its establishment with the countries near and bordering the Arab countries, based on its strategic perceptions to push the parties to establish strong and intertwined relations with them and for many considerations in the foreground to reduce the state of hostility or Arab and Islamic pressure on it, as well as achieving direct political and economic interests with these countries.

The problem of Darfur is one of those who showed the most complex and most prominent contemporary international problems, and the most prominent of which is significance, because the roots of this problem run far deep in a society of enormous ethnic diversity that has thrown it into the furnace of the civil war for many years that may be the same as the years of the life of the Sudanese entity. This problem has come to constitute a new and cruel test for the unity of the Sudanese state, which is still suffering from the rebellion of its south, as if the civil war is the fate of the Sudanese who were almost temporarily removed from their hearts that huge stone represented by the war in the south, in order to confront another war that is no less ferocious in the West.

Pressure groups are among the factors affecting US foreign policy, and they are individuals working to influence government decisions, and there is near consensus that the (pressure group - the lobby) is defined as an organized group that seeks to achieve its interests, whether it is the interests of its members or the countries it represents within the United States of America, lobbying groups seek in order to achieve their goals through several means, including strengthening their relationship with members of the executive authority and members of the legislative authority, and this means aims to influence decision-makers through the executive authority by supporting or opposing a specific law in all stages that it goes through. As pressure groups are trying to feed the legislature with a flood of information, so that it can influence the direction of such legislation in its favor. Especially since the legislative institution in Congress may allow some pressure groups to express their views in front of congressional committees, which affects decision-makers, there is a direct and positive relationship between pressure groups and these committees, taking into account their financial sources, and it is natural that this role increases and it increases as these sources increase. Other means used by pressure groups are public opinion in order to achieve their goals, issuing and distributing newsletters, holding seminars and giving lectures, and using radio and television, as well as other means of communicating with public opinion.

The Arab region has been subjected to a wave of change due to the revolutions that have swept many Arab countries since the end of 2010, which overlooked the concepts of political thought in the Arab revolutions, although they came by surprise to everyone, as they contributed to bringing about changes in the structure of the Middle East system, which differed from whom One country to another, some of them were violent, while others did not witness acts of violence. However, many did not expect that these revolutions would extend to Syria and constitute a shock to the regional actors, both Iran and Turkey, because Syria is a focal point and importance for each of them in their regional projects.