Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of an eclectic counseling program for reducing future anxiety as an approach to improve the enjoyment of life for a sample of mothers with special needs. The pilot sample comprised 35 mothers of such individuals and the seven who had the highest scores on the Future Anxiety were chosen as the basic sample of the study, those who have the highest score on Future Anxiety scale. The study used the Future Anxiety, Enjoyment of Life scales and a Counseling Program that was based on Selective Counseling Theory. The results showed the following.
There are significant differences between the pre- and post-test in Future Anxiety and its subscales in favor of the pre-test, except for Health and Death Anxiety. There are significant differences between the pre- and post-test in the enjoyment of life in favor of the post-test. There are no significant differences between the post- and follow-up test in Future Anxiety and enjoyment of life.

Semiotics is the knowledge that studies symbols and symbols and plays an important role in understanding the implications and hidden layers of the text. Abdul Aziz al-Maqaleh is one of the most famous symbolist and militant poets in contemporary Arabic literature. The poet uses the symbol technique in his poems of endurance and, by using symbols, in addition to permitting and deepening his speech, embodies his heart's desire in the eyes of the audience. These symbols are beautifully able to express the characteristics and attributes of the modulus and to inspire the poet to the reader. The poet has delicately chosen these symbols to express his wishes, and has put them together and linked them in a delicate and imaginative way. Therefore, interpreting and analyzing these symbols is essential for understanding the poet's message. The intensity of the suffocation and the lack of freedom of expression have had a significant impact on the poet's embodiment of symbolism, and he has spoken out in secret in order to guard against possible dangers such as imprisonment and terror. In the form of symbols, al-Maqaleh addresses the main themes of sustainability, namely freedom, oppression, the occupiers, and the martyrs. The present article seeks to interpret and analyze the semiotics of symbols in the poems of Sustainability of Mecca by a descriptive-analytic method. According to the findings of this paper, the symbols in al-Maqaleh's poems have, in addition to their own meanings, other implicit meanings in the inner layers of the text that are discovered by structuralist semiotic analysis.

Research goal Present Identify the effectiveness of a strategy take one and give one In the achievement of students in departments other than specialization In the College of Basic Education in general Arabic, the research sample consisted of (72) male and female students from the original community distributed in two divisions division (A) to represent the experimental group and division (B) the control group by (36) students in the experimental group that I studied grammar by the method take one and give one and (36) male and female students in the control group which you studied in the usual way.
And the researcher was rewarded between the students of both groups In previous information variables and temporal age and an intelligence test ,the researcher formulated behavioral goals the teaching plans were prepared , typical two groups , and prepared an achievement test consists of (20) multiple choice types , and after procedures for finding the difficulty factor, honesty and stability , for testing , the test is ready for application , the experiment lasted (8) weeks during which the researcher studied students of both groups (experimental and control), after applying the experiment , the researcher used the (t-test) one of the statistical methods , after analyzing the search results which indicates a difference , statistically significant difference and for the benefit of the experimental group she studied her students according to a strategy (take one and give one).

This research is one of the important researches that examines the methods of propaganda of the Iraqi political discourse through the study and the analysis of the content of the Iraqi Prime Minister's speech at the weekly conference. The researcher finds that there are a number of propaganda methods used by the Prime Minister to convey his idea in a way that suits the objectives that he seeks to achieve through political discourse directed to the Iraqi nation. This sample represents a four-month study by the fact that in each month there are four press conferences held by the Prime Minister. The study focused on taking three press conferences from each month. The study lasts for four months; from April 1, 2019 to August 1, 2019. Thus, the sample of the present study consists of twelve press conferences. The reason behind choosing this period is that it represents the (100) days; the age of the government. Moreover, it represents a series of important events during that period. The present research composes four sections: section one presents the research problem, its objectives and the importance of research as well as the research methodology and the temporal and spatial areas of research as well as the research community and its sample. The second section (the theoretical frame) covers the political discourse, what is it? Its descriptions, characteristics and the pillars of the successful political discourse. The third section (the theoretical frame) reviews the propaganda methods used in the propaganda discourse. The fourth section (the empirical frame) tackles the analysis of the political speech of the weekly press conferences and the main findings of this research.

The current research aims to know (The Effect of Thinking Upside Down Strategy in the Achievement and Retention of History for Fourth-Grade Literary Student) and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted experimental design procedures with partial control for the two research groups represented by selecting the research sample as it included (69) students by (31) One student in the experimental group and (33) students in the control group, and the researcher rewarded between the experimental group and the control group in several variables (previous knowledge, intelligence test, the chronological age of students calculated in months, and half-year grades in the history course), and the researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) A paragraph whose validity and reliability were verified and two weeks after the end of the experiment, the researcher applied the retention test on the research sample itself, and reached the existence of statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, and the researcher concluded that the strategy of thinking backwards has a positive effect and gives freedom to students to express their views The experiment lasted one semester (first semester) of the academic year (2018/2019)and to process the data, the researcher used the statistical bag.

The current study aims to identify the effects of the strategy of head numbered both in forming and developing motivation among university students.
In order to realize this aim, the researcher uses the deductive procedure that uses the controlling group. The sample of the study consists of 60 students of first classes at colleges of Education who study the subject of Explanation. . The sample that is chosen randomly assigned to the two groups. After dividing the two groups equally according to age, intelligence, achievement, motivation, and after conducting the experiment and the application of remote tests, the researcher reaches to the following results:
1. Adopting this strategy (numbered heads) allows students to take time to think individually and collectively and helps team members within the group.
2. This strategy (numbered headers) promotes the development of a spirit of cooperation, love and positive relationships and develops and increases the friendship between students, which increases their achievement to the plan
3. It is found that there are differences in motivation for learning between both groups, namely: deductive and controlling in favor of deductive group.

Although the political and economic decline that occurred to Arabic Islamic world and the division that hit these countries in the sixth century of Hijra /Eleventh A D and appearance of fighting states with spread of conflicts and battles s among them as well as the increasing crusade danger , bur this age and on the contrary witnessed great thinking production in various knowledge fields .Study the works of historians and thinkers expose the existence of insights , visions and rules that they dedicated from through their living with these events .Each historian has his works in his specialization which its reflections on his books .It seems that the scholars see that history is their first resource and their support which cannot get ride off .This is very i9mportant .Reading books in literature , geography and language helps the scholar to obtain very important information in his scientific study .study the history of Armenia impose on the historian to read these books specially that that the history of these nation that related with Arabs by important historical relations was not studied widely like histories of neighboring people .Thus this research ( Armenia in the Resources of Sixth century of Hijra /Eleventh A D ) as complementary for hat we begins to study the resources of Armenia history

The aim of this study is the disclosure of the level of management of adjustment strategies for psychological stress among the families of children with impairments and its relationship with some variables, the type and degree of child impairment in Ajloun Governorate. For the purposes of the study, the researchers used the measure of management of adjustment strategies for children with impairments. And it was found the indications of validity and reliability of this scale, the sample consisted of 72 families of children with impairments who were selected randomly among the available sample, it was found the arithmetic averages, standard deviations and value of (T test) and ANOVA. The results indicated that that the level of management of adjustment strategies for psychological stress in the families of children with impairments in Ajloun was moderate and was high in problem solving and religiosity. There weren't any statistically significant differences at the level of (α≤ 0.05) in the level of management of adjustment strategies for psychological stress in the families of children with impairments according to gender, age, educational level of the family (father, mother), the type of impairment and economic level of the disabled child's family. The results were discussed in the light of the theoretical literature & previous studies, and some recommendations were suggested according to the results of the study.

The factors of material and non-financial power play a huge and influential role in achieving the international position of each country. Moreover, the factor of influencing has a great role in the behavior of countries in a positive or negative manner depending on exerting of power in their policies. Accordingly, we will study of the Chinese capabilities as entries to the Chinese foreign policy and as an integral component of its status as a state seeking to achieve a prominent position in the ranks of the advances countries. Likewise, it requires the dealing of the international unity with the international pattern and its various units, so that a state determines for itself, and for others, the nature of position in this pattern and the function they play continuously.

Partnership in constructive knowledge is a fashionable feature that becomes commendable after the rapid coordinative development which reflected the broad flexibility of cognitive formations. As we stop on a heritage poetic text, and take an important theory of modern importance to touch its text and inspect it, then we are practicing the previously mentioned partnership.
This study takes with the text of the Lamiyah of Abi Talib (PBUH), the prophet's uncle (PBUH and his fellow people) and imposes it into the argumentative approach in order to deal with it (the text) using the approach's tools represented by the argumentative scale and the argumentative links and factors, to extract the argumentative charges jammed inside its speech, that the poet attempted to steer it towards the accepting receiver in order to change or fix his/her direction by affecting his/ her convictions and concepts.
This Study, entitled:" Argumentative Reporting Paths in Poetic Speech of Abi Talib (Peace be upon him) The Lamiyah as a Choice" is divided into an introduction and two parts: theoretical and procedural in addition to a conclusion and search terms, to make close to each other, the heritage text and a modern theory from one side, and the poetic speech and the argumentative theory from the other side. God Almighty is the guardian of success.

The study aims to identify the creative thinking skills needed for sixth grade in primary schools and the evaluation of learning activities in Arabic reading Textbook in terms of those skills. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher uses the method of content analysis which is-one of the descriptive methods by a scientific tool includes the creative skills needed for the sixth-grade primary pupils. After testing the credibility and the stability of the tool, the researcher starts to analyse the activities (sample of study) which are (175) activity in the Arabic Reading textbook for the sixth grade primary pupils. In order to analyse the data of the study, the researcher uses the repetitions and percentages, the study finds the following results:
The findings of the study reveal that the learning activities regarding five skills related to fluency with medium average of (18,9%) and six skills related to the flexibility with medium average of (13,7%), four skills related to details with low average of (7,4%) and six skills related to authenticity with low average of (4%). The results show that learning activities focus on the skills of fluency more than other skills, absence of balance, inclusion and progression in building up the activities according to the skills needed for the primary sixth grade pupils. The researcher recommends to invite those in charge of planning the teaching Arabic reading textbooks in the primary stage to plan the activities of learning based on the skills needed for pupils, and make use of the results of the present study of the skills needed to improve the creative reading skills for students and reconsider the building up of activities including various and balanced activities that improve the creative reading skills in all fields. The researcher suggests undertaking certain similar studies, like: making a descriptive study to identify the ability Level of the Arabic language teachers of the techniques of the creative reading skills of the primary stage pupils and the effectiveness of a suggested program to improve the creative reading skills for the sixth grade pupils by using modern teaching strategies.

The press has played an active role in all fields of life, namely political, social, and economic via news editing, posting caricature, news verification, news commentary and dialoging. Thus, the press should have awakening, and attention of new media system. Accordingly, the Iraqi press is divided, during its modern and contemporary history, into official newspapers (Gazettes) such as the Iraqi events (Al-Waqaeh) and (Al-Zawraa) which took side of Iraqi government. The other type is called opposition newspapers such as (Al-Thabat), (Al-Sayasa), (AL-Istqlal) and (Al-Alam alarabi) which reflect the voice of people and liberation movements. Besides, the press represented the party’s intellect and ideology especially many of these parties opposed the government and launched many attacks on sequential governments and since the establishment of Iraqi state till king Faisal the first death. Moreover, since the establishment of the republic of Iraq immediately after 1958 revolution. All governments were exposed to criticism and defamation by the party press even the ministry which abolished press and publications law and released 25 newspapers have also been exposed to criticism and slander which made an impression that these newspapers defended the parties in which they belong to away from the people’s general welfare.

This research aimed at determining to what extent the content textbook for seventh grade of National Education related to the National Council for Social Studies standards.
The researcher used analytical descriptive method (content analysis) .By preparing a list of citizenship standards so as to be used as a tool of analyzing for the content of textbook.
The search resulted in a list of National Council for the Social Studies standards, presented in the domains (social, political, cultural, economic). The results of the content analysis revealed the omission of the content of several standards indicators.
Based on these results, the researcher recommended that the content must be included in a set of values and skills, and the need to enrich the elements of the content in order to achieve balance in the subjects of the content of text book.

The present research aims to know the effect of teaching geography by computer in the development of visual spatial intelligence among the fifth-grade literary students. The research sample consisted of (64) students distributed the research sample to two groups (31) students in the experimental group and (33) in the control group, and through Verification of the following zero hypothesis (there are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of experimental group students who study physical geography computer, and the average score of students of the control group who study the same material in the usual way in the development of spatial intelligence, was limited Search D on the fifth grade literary students in the preparatory and secondary day schools for girls of the Directorate General of Education Baghdad / Rusafa first for the academic year (2018-2019), The results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied the physical geography of the computer than those of the control group who studied the same material in the traditional way in the test of visual spatial intelligence.

There has been an important shift in the nature of Iraqi-Egyptian relations as Iraqi governments formed after 2003 tried to restore relations with many Arab countries, including Egypt. Especially, when these relations were going through a state of imbalance, mainly during the era of the Sixties as Egypt agreed to the Rogers Peace Project with Israel until the Seventies era when Egypt signed the Camp David agreement in 1978, which negatively affected the relationship between the two countries. Despite the improvement of these relations during the Iranian-Iraqi war and Egypt’s position of supporting Iraq, this improvement did not last long, as Egypt quickly stood against Iraq after invading Kuwait in the early 1990s, which led to the deterioration of relations between the two countries. However, after 2003, relations between the two countries witnessed a qualitative shift particularly on the political side. Economic relations have also witnessed a significant development as the volume of trade exchange between the two countries amounted to billions of dollars. This indicated the depth of the relations that linked both countries.

In the same way the poetic and literary achievement is exposed to the winds of modernity, it tries hard to present this modernity in its essence to add a new link in the scale of its progression to maturity or its approach at least. And because the concept of modernity is no longer confined to the cultural area to a field exclusively, but rather encompasses all culture contexts as well as the humanities and natural sciences, it is not surprising that modern Arab criticism neglects the shadows of modernity with the intent of leading and adding scientific, especially after the radical shift in the nature of Iraqi critical discourse, And Al Arabi from creativity to adherence. This modest intervention aims at a project approach and accomplished (Ali Jaafar Al-Alaq) critical, and an attempt to highlight the divisions of his monetary effort as possible, and at the same time is a serious attempt to define the modern Iraqi monetary achievement through (Al-Alaq) as a model, and to indicate the extent of its benefit from the data of the modernist era and the extent of Its useful outcomes and the extent which presents it.

In the same way the poetic and literary achievement is exposed to the winds of modernity, it tries hard to present this modernity in its essence to add a new link in the scale of its progression to maturity or its approach at least. And because the concept of modernity is no longer confined to the cultural area to a field exclusively, but rather encompasses all culture contexts as well as the humanities and natural sciences, it is not surprising that modern Arab criticism neglects the shadows of modernity with the intent of leading and adding scientific, especially after the radical shift in the nature of Iraqi critical discourse, And Al Arabi from creativity to adherence. This modest intervention aims at a project approach and accomplished (Ali Jaafar Al-Alaq) critical, and an attempt to highlight the divisions of his monetary effort as possible, and at the same time is a serious attempt to define the modern Iraqi monetary achievement through (Al-Alaq) as a model, and to indicate the extent of its benefit from the data of the modernist era and the extent of Its useful outcomes and the extent which presents it.

In the context of the Great Game and in throes of Geok-Tepe War in Akhal region located in Turkomania, The Daily Mail sends off Edmond O’Donovan to make the reportage of the Russians’ colonial advancement and their clash with Turkmens, but the Russians’ ban on foreign reporters disrupts his initial plan. As a result, he redirects his way to Merv where the Turkmens capture him. His captors ironically receive him both as prisoner and a ruling member for five months. Meanwhile, he registers his observations and experiences there which later appears in his bestseller travelogue entitled, The Merv Oasis. Despite his involvement with British Imperialism, O’Donovan’s travel book has not received any critical attention from scholars of travel studies. In this regard, this article seeks to address their critical negligence by studying it in the spirit of postcolonial approach. This method is invaluable in two ways. Firstly, it discloses the travel writer’s hidden imperial assumptions through focusing on his surveillance and his description of his travelees’ diseases and their medical treatment. Secondly through clarifying the role of travel writer on Othering his travelees when he deals with their food culture and their supposedly exotic bazaar. On the whole, this reading challenges the innocent façade of O’Donovan’s travelogue and points to his imperial assumptions and cultural baggage which tarnish its impartiality and authenticity.

Characterization is commonly known in stylistics to be the cognitive process in the readers' minds when comprehending a fictional character in a literary work .In one approach, it is assumed that characters are the outcome of the interaction between the words in the text on the one hand and the contents of our heads on the other. This paper is an attempt to understand how characterization is achieved by applying Culpeper’s (2001) model which seems to be to present a method of analysis that is more objective and more systematic in analyzing characters. Two characters are selected for discussion; Ralph and Jack from Golding’s (1954) Lord of the Flies. The novel talks about the corruption of human beings and the capacity of evil they have. The results show that Ralph and Jack are antithetical in many aspects; Ralph represents the rational civilized boy whereas Jack represents the savage brutal boy.

This paper investigates the role of bottom-up and top-down processing of Iraqi EFL learners’ vocabulary comprehension. The researcher conducts two vocabulary tests to university level students. The first test is the Academic Word List test that is used to assess bottom- up vocabulary comprehension while the second one is the Academic Vocabulary Size test that is employed to assess learners’ top-down vocabulary comprehension abilities and to find out whether proficient learners make use of the top-down approach to understand a specific lexical item more than the bottom-up approach. Analysis of the test scores reveals that the bottom-up group slightly outperforms the top-down group. The researcher concludes that employing a specific approach, whether top-down or bottom- up, depends on the level of proficiency and the nature of L2 vocabulary acquisition. The results also refute the aforementioned hypothesis of the study i.e. proficient learners make use of the top-down approach to understand a specific lexical item, while poor learners depend more on the bottom up approach to figure out the meaning of a given lexical item. The study further concludes that Iraqi EFL learners need an intensive and adequate training in top-down processing and bottom up processing to develop their comprehension skills.

Since the spread of internet, communications in every part of the world have become easier and faster. This paper is intended to find out the world wide spatial extension of Birzeit University (Palestine) Students internet contacts through a questionnaire that was designed and distributed to a selected random sample of Birzeit University students for this purpose. Spatial distributions of communicated countries by Birzeit University students were mapped and analyzed. In addition, languages used, topics and images exchanged were tackled. Frequency of internet uses was also analyzed in addition to students’ attitudes, intentions and behavior toward internet communications. In this study descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis using Fishbein, and Ajzen behavioral model were used. Finally, results of the study were reported to shed light on positive and negative outcomes of internet communications.

In the English as a Foreign Language EFL contexts from different settings, the issue of language learning anxiety has been extensively studies and investigated. However, in the Kurdish settings a few studies carried out about this issue, specially about speaking anxiety in English classes. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the level, major factor of foreign language speaking anxiety among the Kurdish EFL students and the students’ perspectives about foreign language speaking anxiety in the context of a university in Kurdistan. For achieving the study purpose, first year students (N=91) from English Department at a state university participated. The data regarding the level of EFL speaking anxiety gathered through administering a questionnaire (Foreign Language Anxiety Classroom Scale FLCAS) by (Horwitz et al. 1986), as well as through a semi-structured interview with the participants (N=18). The quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics by using the SPSS software program (version 25), and the qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. The results of the quantitative data illustrated that the students experienced a moderate level of EFL speaking anxiety, and the qualitative data confirmed the results whilst the participants perceived speaking as the most anxiety provoking factor. It was also found that fear of making mistakes, fear of negative evaluation, fear of speaking in front of others and immediate questions were as the major causes of the students’ speaking anxiety. This research contributes to the literature as it is the first to target FL speaking anxiety among Kurdish freshmen EFL learners.

This study investigates the difficulties that Iraqi EFL learners face in uttering English British complex vowels; diphthongs and triphthongs in connected speech. It reports on the pronunciation test performed by the fourth level college learners whose Baghdadi Arabic is their mother tongue. Gender is of interest to this study to find out if females experience more hardship and perpetrate more mistakes than females or vice versa. Poor pronunciation leads to miscommunication, that is why this study is concerned with the phonology, and how words are pronounced within sentences, as being the main channel of communication is speech, especially with correct pronunciation and as that the Iraqi college learners’ most noticeable pronunciation mistakes are with English vowels chiefly diphthongs and triphthongs.

This present study was designed to investigate the impact of using direct language learning strategies on long term and short term (LT and ST for short) of vocabulary retention of non-specialist EFL learners in Iraq. A total of 60 Iraqi male non-specialist EFL learner’s college between the ages of 19 and 21participated in the study. The data were collected using a questionnaire (five-point rating) from Oxford’s (1990) the Strategy Inventory for the Language Learning (SILL for short / version7). To identify the strategies used, the information gathered was analyzed using descriptive statistics of means, frequency and standard deviation. In direct language learning strategies (DLLS for short) study, the (t-test) has been used to examine the learners ' performance of vocabulary retention in LT and ST. On the other hand, One-way between groups (ANOVA) with post-hoc comparison test was used to investigate the differences between LT and ST of the vocabulary retention by using the subcategories of direct language learning strategies. The outcomes showed that the learners’ strategy uses ST more out weights than LT of vocabulary retention. According to the outcomes, the most used (in both long term and short term) was (memory) strategies and followed by (compensation and cognitive) strategies. In the light of the results obtained, a number of pedagogical implications and suggestions were presented.

Unlike the majority of E. L. Doctorow’s novels which present a revisionary account of specific periods in American history, his first novel, Welcome to Hard Times, deals with history in a more general and allegorical manner. The narrator of the novel is preoccupied with the nature of history and historical phenomena, and this preoccupation pervades the whole book, from which a philosophy of history can be derived: history is cyclic and it tends to repeat itself in a deterministic fashion. Since Doctorow was an American Jew who was influenced by the Jewish tradition, in this paper, Welcome to Hard Times is placed within a Jewish context and read from the perspective of this multilayered tradition. Hence, the novel’s philosophy of history is compared to the historical vision of the biblical book of Ecclesiastes, which also espouses a cyclic conception of history, thereby demonstrating that their visions are almost identical. In Doctorow’s novel, however, this cyclic view also serves to repudiate the American Dream and its associated ideas of progress and optimism. It is further shown that the two aforementioned books also share a fatalistic and nihilistic attitude toward life, and their response to the Problem of Evil and innocent human suffering is a pessimistic one, arguing that there is no justice and moral order in the world.

Stylistic analysis implies analyzing a poem from the linguistic as well as critical point of view. While the former leads to a better understanding of the devices used and the construction of the poem, the latter enables one to look at the poem from a critical angle. Together, one gets a complete and comprehensive picture of the poem. In stylistics, it is possible to look at a poem from the point of view of graphology, morphology, phonology and lexico-syntactic level. In this paper, the poem “the Snake’ by D. H. Lawrence has been analysed stylistically. It helps the reader to notice the unique features of the poem that may be otherwise missed and leads to a better understanding of the poem.