Journal Of AL-Turath University College

Optical technology for hollow fibers has advanced recently, making it the most favorable choice for lowering fibers\' attenuation compared to single-mode fibers with an entirely solid silica core. Because of their special qualities, hollow core fibers have become indispensable in various industries, including communications, sensing, medical, and laser delivery systems. However, the actual application of HCFCs is often impeded by losses that transpire inside the fiber structure. This paper review provides a comprehensive study of the most important causes of loss in HCFs that researchers have found and how to provide suggestions to reduce these losses to improve the performance of hollow-core fibers. We highlight the contributions of extrinsic losses due to manufacturing defects, wavelength, and mode coupling, as well as intrinsic losses from the fiber material itself to the total loss in HCFCs. Furthermore, we studied how geometric parameters such as layer thickness and core size affect the loss mechanisms. Furthermore, the potential of new materials and production techniques to reduce losses and improve HCF performance is being studied. This work provides multiple examples of how researchers can mitigate loss in HCF using different methods for use in many applications.

The great development of Internet applications with the increasing users within this open environment cause many problems related to data security and Internet web sites of intrusion certain users or attacking by others, so significant loss of data and information used for any purpose will occurs, there are more of security measures to be taken consideration account for the purpose of protection of sites and data, both from theft, alteration or destruction.
This research builds a data protection system that is exchanged through text chat as a proposed protection system is used to improve the work of the DES algorithm by introducing a process as an intermediate stage rather than an S-Box similar to the encryption process using the RSA method, Security and high efficiency to protect data when it is transmitted over the normal networks or the Internet by combining the two methods where the data is sent encrypted to the other party, the proposed system has been implemented on the local network between the two devices running on Windows (10) As well as applied on the Internet in a continuous manner.

The research aims to highlight the role of evaluating financial performance to determine the financial weakness of non-profit units operating in Iraq according to certain indicators, to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the organization and to indicate the importance of financial failure as the most important means by which the status of units is analyzed and strengths are identified to motivate them and weaknesses to correct them, and accordingly the deductive approach will be employed in the presentation of the theoretical side of the research and the inductive approach in the practical side of the research by assessing the financial sustainability of the organization and then moving To predict financial failure based on the model (Mazanec & Bartosova) and apply it to the financial statements of the non-profit organization Ahbab Al-Mustafa, noting that the organization is officially registered with the General Secretariat of the Council of Ministers, Department of Non-Governmental Organizations, for a period of three years (2021, 2022, 2023). The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the evaluation of financial performance of the functions are very important in various non-profit units, and this entails taking a set of decisions, as well as the difficulty of limiting the ratios of indicators of financial failure accurately because they are renewed between the period of .

The research aims to know the role of sustainability accounting in Define and reducing waste in the production process. Iraqi oil companies were chosen as a field for applying the study to determine the availability of sustainability dimensions in them, by measuring the costs of burning gas. Oil spills on soil and water explaining the financial implications resulting from this and disclosing them in a manner consistent with sustainability accounting standards. The research concluded that the dimensions of sustainability accounting contribute to reducing waste and loss in production processes through the application of a project system SCADA who collects data and monitors during the production process transporting petroleum products by oil pipelines.

The preparation of alkyd resins from vegetable oils represents a vital and pivotal topic in the realm of green chemistry and alternative materials development. This review provides an overview of the methods utilized in converting various types of vegetable oils into alkyd resins, with a focus on the chemical processes and operational conditions employed. The article encompasses a review of organic acids used as catalysts to facilitate decomposition and condensation reactions for the formation of alkyd bonds. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements in this field, such as the use of nano-material additives and different techniques to enhance process efficiency and improve the final properties of the resins. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges and future opportunities in this domain, emphasizing the importance of directing research towards developing alkyd bonds from vegetable oils with added value. The review includes further details on the processes and techniques utilized in this field, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Moreover, it underscores the significance of sustainable and environmentally friendly utilization of natural resources.

Foam formation in fluid-contact devices (e.g., refining, absorption, and reaction) operating with hydrocarbon liquids is undesirable because it decreases the volume required for mass and heat transfer inside the chemical device and, for example, in thermal cracking reactors, leads to cocking of the product and thus reduces the reaction performance. A practical study was conducted on the effect of operational conditions (surface velocities of gas and liquid, the volume of solid particles, volumetric percentage of particles loaded in the column, and the type of those particles) on foam formation in a column operating with a hydrocarbon liquid (kerosene), as well as a study to find a simple and inexpensive method to reduce foam. Experimental results revealed that the fluid hydrodynamics of reduction foam using solid particles can be accelerated to attack foam bubbles by converting the particles from hydrophilic to hydrophobic ones. It is also shown that a feasible method could be used to convert solid particles into hydrophobic ones. The water contact angle technique and FTIR analysis were utilized to predict this conversion. The foam's volume fraction was reduced from 0.8 to 0.15 when using hydrophobic particles with a diameter of 0.25 mm and a fluid velocity of 0.3 cm/s. The results of this study may have a wide application in the oil and petrochemical industries.

A tetra-circle fractal feeder for conventional Vivaldi antenna (CVA) is designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. The antenna is designed to full cover of frequency bands of sub-6 GHz band with channels n78 (3.3 GHz - 3.8 GHz), n77 (3.3 GHz - 4.2 GHz), n79 (4.4 GHz - 5 GHz), and n46 (5.150 GHz - 5.925 GHz). These bands are used for fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) bands. The novelty of the proposed antenna is focused on fractal feeder approach for gain improvement in the low frequency band of CVA antenna while maintaining gain performance in 5G NR frequency bands and within vehicular applications. Wideband, high gain, good directivity, and low-profile design are achieved. The proposed antenna is designed based on a CVA as a reference antenna and then a fractal-shaped feeder is introduced for the CVA. The antenna is simulated in free space as well as over voxel model of vehicle body then fabricated. The measured frequencies 3.3 GHz - 6.5 GHz (3.2 GHz bandwidth) are achieved with a minimum reflection coefficient of -28.52 dB and maximum gain of 7.6 dBi, respectively. The simulation and measurement results are compared. Moreover, the measured results are compared with Wideband based MIMO antenna array, Quad-band based modified Vivaldi antenna, Fractal loaded based two- and eight-element MIMO, and Cross-Joint based Vivaldi antenna pair. The proposed tetra-circle fractal feeder for CVA antenna overcomes these works in terms of high gain over operating bandwidth, good matching impedance and high front to back ratio with comparable size.

Work is underway to develop a model to simulate one of the types of converter using the buck converter design method using matlab. Converting voltage from one value to another is of interest to researchers and companies that manufacture most electronic devices. It requires choosing a type of converter and developing an appropriate design that is tested and verified for its effectiveness through laboratory experiments, which is extremely important. Work is being done to test a step-down converter with an input voltage of 50 volts that provides and converts it to a voltage of 20 volts. A mathematical representation is developed and mathematical calculations are performed to find appropriate values for the converter components for both inductance and capacitance and the frequency of the mug pulses for opening and closing electronic switches in addition to the appropriate resistive load value. After writing the code for the mathematical relationships that connect the system components in an m-File file and obtaining the system parameters, the model was built and tested to verify its effectiveness. The results demonstrated the possibility of obtaining the required output voltage of 20 volts from a 50 volt source carrying two 20 ohm resistors, an inductance of 400 micro-henry, a capacitance of 100 microfarad, and a pulse frequency of 20 kilohertz.

The increasing need for computer-like capabilities is a key concern in computer vision, with content-based image retrieval (CBIR) being a crucial area in this field. In this paper, CBIR is proposed and achieved based on the feature extraction stage which prepares feature vectors from query and dataset images, where two types of features are considered: color feature and image segment features. The color features are extracted using Color Layout Descriptor (CLD), where the image segment is determined based on texture features and detected interested pixel intensity, and then k-means is applied to extract these interested image parts. Precision and mean average precision (mAP) are utilized to measure the proposed CBIR performance based on different distance measures for matching similarity. The result is achieved using mAP with 0.841.

The research aimed to explain the relationship between internal audit and the strategic performance of the companies in the research sample by focusing the role on audit committees because of th
eir prominent role in improving corporate governance. A questionnaire form prepared for this purpose was used, The research reached the most important conclusions: To improve governance, companies rely on the strength of internal audit, Internal audit follows up on the implementation of financial procedures and accounting policies,The Audit Committee selects the competent financial manager, Study of the financial statements by the Audit Committee for the purpose of ensuring their credibility. These were the most important recommendations, the need to pay attention to internal audit and build a strong internal control system.The need to educate shareholders and investors about the importance of the role of internal audit.Internal audit must review the plan, follow up on its implementation, and identify deviations. Follow up on the internal audit of the production process for the purpose of achieving maximum production efficiency.

Safeguarding information can be said to be one of the significant features of today’s computing systems. Significantly higher protection standards must be employed to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access because of the increasing risk of cyberscheme attacks. The years have seen many people presenting different ideas to incorporate other forms of security measures for instance steganography, cryptography and color QR code technology. Integrating these techniques help protect the data from cyber-criminal as well as other forms of attacks.
In this research paper, the ideas of steganography, cryptography and color QR code technology will be discussed to outline the ways to improve data security. In this paper will show how these technique can be used in combination to ensure a sound security solution that covers confidentiality, integrity and availability. Also, an overview of certain features of each method and how they can employed in synergy will be discussed deeper.
The techniques mentioned here will also discussed in this paper concerning the difficulties facing their execution and possible approaches to them. Lastly, it is the goal of this research paper to give the reader an understanding on how the integration of steganography, cryptography and color QR code technology can improve data protection mechanisms.

A tetra-circle fractal feeder for conventional Vivaldi antenna (CVA) is designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. The antenna is designed to full cover of frequency bands of sub-6 GHz band with channels n78 (3.3 GHz - 3.8 GHz), n77 (3.3 GHz - 4.2 GHz), n79 (4.4 GHz - 5 GHz), and n46 (5.150 GHz - 5.925 GHz). These bands are used for fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) bands. The novelty of the proposed antenna is focused on fractal feeder approach for gain improvement in the low frequency band of CVA antenna while maintaining gain performance in 5G NR frequency bands and within vehicular applications. Wideband, high gain, good directivity, and low-profile design are achieved. The proposed antenna is designed based on a CVA as a reference antenna and then a fractal-shaped feeder is introduced for the CVA. The antenna is simulated in free space as well as over voxel model of vehicle body then fabricated. The measured frequencies 3.3 GHz - 6.5 GHz (3.2 GHz bandwidth) are achieved with a minimum reflection coefficient of -28.52 dB and maximum gain of 7.6 dBi, respectively. The simulation and measurement results are compared. Moreover, the measured results are compared with Wideband based MIMO antenna array, Quad-band based modified Vivaldi antenna, Fractal loaded based two- and eight-element MIMO, and Cross-Joint based Vivaldi antenna pair. The proposed tetra-circle fractal feeder for CVA antenna overcomes these works in terms of high gain over operating bandwidth, good matching impedance and high front to back ratio with comparable size.

The research aims to highlight the role of evaluating financial performance to determine the financial weakness of non-profit units operating in Iraq according to certain indicators, to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the organization and to indicate the importance of financial failure as the most important means by which the status of units is analyzed and strengths are identified to motivate them and weaknesses to correct them, and accordingly the deductive approach will be employed in the presentation of the theoretical side of the research and the inductive approach in the practical side of the research by assessing the financial sustainability of the organization and then moving To predict financial failure based on the model (Mazanec & Bartosova) and apply it to the financial statements of the non-profit organization Ahbab Al-Mustafa, noting that the organization is officially registered with the General Secretariat of the Council of Ministers, Department of Non-Governmental Organizations, for a period of three years (2021, 2022, 2023). The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the evaluation of financial performance of the functions are very important in various non-profit units, and this entails taking a set of decisions, as well as the difficulty of limiting the ratios of indicators of financial failure accurately because they are renewed between the period of

The preparation of alkyd resins from vegetable oils represents a vital and pivotal topic in the realm of green chemistry and alternative materials development. This review provides an overview of the methods utilized in converting various types of vegetable oils into alkyd resins, with a focus on the chemical processes and operational conditions employed. The article encompasses a review of organic acids used as catalysts to facilitate decomposition and condensation reactions for the formation of alkyd bonds. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements in this field, such as the use of nano-material additives and different techniques to enhance process efficiency and improve the final properties of the resins. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges and future opportunities in this domain, emphasizing the importance of directing research towards developing alkyd bonds from vegetable oils with added value. The review includes further details on the processes and techniques utilized in this field, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Moreover, it underscores the significance of sustainable and environmentally friendly utilization of natural resources.

The loss of anticancer medications is a persistent issue in primary and specialty medicine. A study using theoretical chemical analysis and molecular docking has identified potential medications by using isoindoline derivatives. The study found that the activity of the derivatives against cancer-related proteins matches more closely when the negative G value is higher. Compounds A2, A3, and A3 showed notable activity against various proteins, with compound A2 being the most effective with protein P1 at ΔG = -9.479, due to its cyanide group on the benzene ring and hydrogen bond with polar amino acid ASN118. Compound A3 was effective with protein P7 at ΔG = -9.381 due to a carbonyl group bond with negatively charged amino acid ASP351 and hydrophobic amino acid TYR249, as well as the presence of an electron withdrawing group, trifluoromethyl. Compound A3 was effective with protein P3 at ΔG = -9.32 due to the presence of an electron-withdrawing group (Trifloro) and a link between amino acid PHE404 and the benzene ring. All of the derivatives' ΔG values were within a reasonable range, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents. These results suggest that the isoindoline derivatives under investigation have promising qualities for focusing on different cancer-related proteins. The text highlights the importance of creating alternative anticancer medications and suggests further investigation and development into possible anticancer drugs.

Position location for indoor environments an attractive subject for many researcher because of its importance for personal and object localization. In this research, a model of case study is constructed using Wireless InSite (WI) package and simulated. An algorithm of Angle of Arrival (AoA) is employed to estimate the location of fifteen targets deployed randomly in such building. Although AoA needs only one transmitter (TX) to estimate location, but we experience two and three TXs in order to increase accuracy. The results show that the position locations of our experiment are closed to actual locations with a minimum error of (0, 0.1). Also, the results confirm that accuracy is improved by increasing the number of TX device.