Hammurabi journal for studies

Centuries ago, researchers interested in strategic and military aspects emphasized the geopolitical importance of the Middle East, not because of the fossil energy resources that were not then discovered, and they considered the power that controls it controls the entire world until it is the lung of the world in which it breathes, this importance has long coexisted with the powers Globalization, starting from the Ottoman Empire, passing through Great Britain and reaching the United States of America, and close to this circle there is a circle of countries aspiring to assume a global position, such as Tsarist Russia and its successor the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, Italy and France, and in a separate and articulated historical stage, the United States proved to be at the forefront of the world system obsessed with the American dream, and striving aggressively and with all available means (legal or illegal), and investing the opportunity to mobilize the resources of its power from military and economic through to culture and ending with its dominance over the international organization and its institutions, in reshaping the world according to its strategy in order to lead to strengthening its hegemony and preserving its value on global order as long as possible, and the Middle East was a priority it was not preceded by a priority for any geographical spot on the earth, and for that it prepared a project called (The Greater Middle East)

bada aleamal bialbarnamaj alnawawii fi 'iiran fi sitiynat alqarn almadi fi eahd alnizam almalaki, 'iilaa 'anah tawaqaf baed althawrat al'iiraniat bisabab alharb mae aleiraq eam 1980- 1988, thuma ead aleamal bih baed aintiha' alharbi, wathar aljadal hawlah natijat tasaeud nashat 'iiran alnawawii mundh eam 2002, wabaed mufawadat shaqat aistamarat 12 eamaan, zaharat 'iilaa alnuwr khutat aleamal almushtarakat alshaamilat bayn 'iiran walsudasiati, watama eaqd alaitifaq alnawawii aladhi taltazim bimujibih tahran biwade quyud ealaa barnamajiha alnawawii muqabil rafe aleuqubat alduwaliat eanha.

In order to be able to discuss rapprochement and alienation, we need to define the main forces in the region concerned with the nuclear agreement, as the main powers are defined as countries that can influence the region’s balances and here we cannot go beyond: Turkey, Israel, the Arab Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the simultaneous American existence in the region. Which took upon itself the role of the state guarantor of security in the Gulf region instead of Britain in the early seventies of the twentieth century, and tried to maintain the stability of the region by maintaining a rough balance in military power between the two most powerful states in the Gulf, namely Iraq and Iran, in addition to another group of auxiliary policies to achieve their goals.

The issue of the Iranian nuclear file was not an easy or transitory matter. Rather, it can be said that it was a central issue for American policy in order to control the Middle East region, in order to ensure Israel's security and its survival militarily superior to the rest of the region, including Iran, especially since the American perception of the Middle East Its features began to be clear at the Doha Conference in 1997, which was based on three main and interactive pillars: "Security, Economy and Politics." Where America has taken, among other measures, the following:
1. Imposing a blockade on countries opposed to Western policies in general and American policies in particular.
2. Preserving Israel's military and technical superiority, and this was confirmed by the US Deputy Secretary of Defense, "Smith," saying: "The transfer of advanced technology remains a vital component of our commitment to the continuation of Israel's qualitative edge through intensive cooperative programs in the field of research and development and arms sales).
3. Helping the governments of the Middle East, allied with America, to confront the growing threat from the possibility of political Islam taking over.

Researchers do not disagree that the biosphere theory was and still constitutes the security given that occupies the mindset of the political decision-maker. The ability to influence and transfer it from thought to behavior was usually entrancing and explaining most global strategic practices, especially those related to expanding the limits of influence and increasing power, and because power and the associated data of the ability to influence are no longer understood in the traditional meanings limited to the military tool. Geopolitics and related ideas related to the vital field and the power of the state have been affected by this aspect as well, as the new standards adopted by geopolitical thought and the logical pathways that follow in describing the influence contributed greatly to paving new approaches, including the political employment of culture and civilization in the strategic performance of the state.

Civil-military relations in the countries of the world are of great importance, especially in the period following the demise of the old regime of an authoritarian nature, and with the people's aspiration to a democratic system of government based on the rule of law and institutions based on the principle of citizenship that respects the freedoms and dignity of the human being, and establishes real development policies that benefit from them Different groups of society usually appear a new problem that is based on how to deal with the position of the military institution in the desired democratic system in light of the increasing role of the military institution, and with it other security and intelligence institutions that represented the basis of the authoritarian regime, but without exposing the country to the risk of division at home or targeting from abroad . This is a real problem, especially if we take into account the fact that there are armies that control relatively non small parts of the national economy, and there are armies of a sectarian or tribal nature. This is not to mention the distinguished relations that bind some of the leaders of these armies to the countries that provide them with weapons, training and financing

Democratic transformation in Iraq must have components and pillars on which to build in order to advance the political process forward, and among these components are elections, as democracy and elections are two concepts that are intertwined and complementary to each other, and since the concept of democracy is broader than the concept of elections, but the latter is the main basis and pillar of democracy, and if democracy is the main expression in establishing systems of government that guarantee human rights and secure their freedoms, then elections are the basic pillar of democracy through the choice of the voter for his representatives in parliament, and the extent to which everyone participates in casting their votes to create a parliament that expresses the will of the people, through which a strong government representing the people will emerge, away from illegal methods such as coups, inheritance and formal elections that do not represent the will of the voter.

In the classical theory, individuals turn from the natural state and enter civil society by agreeing to a social contract that establishes the legitimate political authority that everyone is expected to benefit from and be committed by all, and in the same way in the classic federal theory, independent political societies unite together voluntarily, to form a new political system It is expected that everyone will benefit from it, and everyone will abide by it. The constitution is the social contract of federalism.

A torrent of information flowing every day in the folds of electronic newspapers, films and websites of press institutions, and in the multimedia that the media institution adopts as an important part of its never-ending work. This information is quickly found in the corridors of educational institutions, which it often uses in teaching methods and in clarifying knowledge and applying educational and intellectual trends, in order to establish an academic curriculum that tends to scientific citations and correct and documented data in governmental or non-governmental institutions. These data have been adopted in many studies, research, dissertations and theses, as a scientific source that supports and supports the research, and with what e-learning enjoys of speed in communication, it was necessary to adopt a set of rapid, modern or renewable data, in order to adopt it in scientific research or in scientific curricula, by virtue of the fact that the most rapid media means in providing data when it has capabilities and rapid communication capabilities in its electronic sites or in its means of communication via the "iPhone" or "blackberry" mobile communications, or in the email and the Internet in general, these communications are absorbed bit a huge amount of scientific data, documents and facts, to be presented on a golden plate to the researcher and the studier, whether student or professor, to enjoy a varied and multiple scientific resource, almost like a comprehensive scientific encyclopedia of all sciences.

The secession of the south led to the loss of oil revenues, which affected the economy of the north of Sudan, which means the effect of the exit of oil revenues on the public financial sector, the external sector, the monetary sector and the real sector for the period 2009-2012, to clarify the effect, it was necessary to take and analyze years before the separation and after the separation. The analysis was done until 2012 for data availability.

The emergence of the new world order coincided with the increase in the global push towards democracy, which swept the world in recent years, and led for the first time to democratic countries being the most numerous of authoritarian states, and that by the decade of the nineties of the last century, the African continent was not isolated from the changes that the world was content with this trend, as the African continent witnessed important developments on the internal political arena, which pushed for the implementation of democracy in the continent, as the failure of the military regimes and their association with corruption and tyranny led to the emergence of movements rejecting these regimes.

The national state is seen to have a human community having a desire for a common life, whether this feeling is achieved by providing one or many of the components that prepare for this desire, such as the unity of language, origin, unity of religion, unity of common history, or regional neighborhood that generates the unity of interests or other elements that provide the human element with the desire for a single collective life, which would lead to consolidating national unity and the national interest, and then avoiding the causes or factors that lead to the dismantling such as ethnic conflicts. The national state, in its general concept, is the true and embodied organization of the meaning of the nation. In this level of organization, there is no difference between the state and the nation, which constitute a complete unit. This matter required centuries of revolutions and sacrifices that culminated in the establishment of the Westphalian Convention of 1648, and after the French Revolution in 1789. If we make a comparison between this theoretical framework of the national state and the reality of the state in Africa, we can conclude that the state in Africa has not yet been able to rise to the level of the national state as it is known. Based on me, a weakness is mainly the lack of state representation of society. What is noticed in Africa is the seizure of power by one or two ethnic groups and the development of a bureaucratic apparatus whose goal is to reproduce the ethnic and social composition of the ruling system while relying on external support. This situation has produced profound effects on the unity and cohesion of the state, which It emerged in the form of ethnic conflicts led by nationalist movements calling for the establishment of an independent state, such as the secession of southern Sudan from its north, the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia, and the collapse of the state of Somalia.