Hammurabi journal for studies

The world is witnessing the characteristics of the accumulation and divergence of crises in multiple fields that often result from imbalance, whether in political, economic or even civilized relations, and this has resulted in the emergence of global, regional and local crises with multiple aspects, and a different temporal and spatial nature characterized by strangeness and complexity.

Talking about the Iraqi economy’s crisis today requires a return to memory of the beginning of the emergence of the Iraqi state in the early twenties of the last century. For nine decades, the Iraqi economy has been locked in structural imbalances, albeit in different proportions, and the reason for these imbalances is the oil sector, which remained a leading sector but without a care. This sector is able to lead other sectors to growth, but most of its revenues went to consumption, especially defense and security expenditures that accompanied the march of the Iraqi economy to this day.

It is well known that managing community affairs through the actions of elected political leaders and cadres committed to developing community resources and improving and developing the quality of life and well-being of citizens includes three interrelated dimensions (45):
1. The political dimension: related to the nature of the authority and the legitimacy of its representation.
2. The technical dimension: related to the work, efficiency and effectiveness of the public administration.
3. The socio-economic dimension: related to the nature of civil society and the extent of its vitality and independence from the state on the one hand and the nature of public policies in the economic and social fields and their impact on citizens in terms of poverty and quality of life as well as their relationship with foreign economies and other societies, on the other hand, it is impossible to imagine a successful public administration And effective without the administration’s independence from the influence of politicians. It can be said that the administration in the Iraqi state after 2003 transformed from an individual dictatorship to a dictatorship of the political parties and blocs in force in Parliament and the government.

Writing about the conditions of Iraq is now easy, but its difficulty lies in the interpretation, for those who find in it prejudice to his interests, whether they are personal, component and even partisan. A difficulty exists for those who probe the depths of these conditions due to their complexities, in addition to the mysteries, methods, plans, and excessive subjectivity that embraces among their conventions, and adopts a ready-made recipe for stigmatizing others with their patriotism, belonging and even their professionalism. These concerns were the same that accompanied those who tried to take risks in researching the problems and conditions of Iraq and the recklessness of its authority during the previous regime. What distinguishes the situation in Iraq is that there is a discrepancy between the prevailing discourse and what is existing on the ground, as the lack of trust between the political parties besides the relentless pursuit between everyone on sharing power, influence, benefits, and the advantages of power, and rooting (oil rent) into (rentier sites) and positions, leading to the spread of a new rentier culture through counting some, State institutions are nothing but fiefs of parties holding power as a natural result of post-occupation conditions. And the absence of the state of institutions and the state of citizenship are the features that make the political-economic painting appear.

Since 2003 and the political transformation that Iraq has witnessed, the emerging country has been accompanied by crises (multiple political and security crises). However, the newness of the experience and the determination of the Iraqis to face the challenges and the sudden political transformation has increased the Iraqi people’s determination to face all challenges. But the continuation of those crises and Iraq's involvement in a dangerous turning point after the "ISIS" invaded some Iraqi provinces in late 2014, and the drop in global oil prices, which brought the Iraqi state into a financial and economic deficit "a real economic crisis", as well as political, security and social crises, and the lack of services The politicization of institutions, the spread of political and economic corruption, the weakness of the military establishment, and the displacement crisis (lack of the basics of a decent living), which led to a loss of confidence in the political process and a widening gap between the authority and the people. Despite the people going out to the demonstrations in the summer of 2015, and the first spark of the popular movement demanding the process of political and economic reform, the political forces differed and opposed each other and did not agree on a clear and common path to reform the political and economic reality of the state

Corruption has occupied a wide area in political, economic and social literature because it is one of the societal phenomena that can be observed in all societies, regardless of their geographical location or the historical age in which they live, as well as whatever their degree of social, economic or cultural development, and administrative corruption - no matter how widespread it is - is rejected because In fact, it represents a flagrant violation of the moral and social values of the individual and society, and when it is common in the body of a state to reach its delicate hairs and its public and private institutions as well as its judicial, educational and economic sectors ... etc., due to the deficiency and fragility of deterrent laws and legislations, it weakens its stability and deepens class differentiation between groups and segments of society. It aggravates conflict, disintegrates the social fabric, limits the process of political mobility, and prevents the development process sought by the state because it works on wasting and squandering public funds and human energies.

Prof. Assis. Dr. Ali Abdul Khedher Muhammad Al-Maamouri
Many studies are characterized by hypothetical solutions that may be far from reality, since their researchers believe that it is only an abstract theoretical study, which creates frustration in many of them about the feasibility of these studies that may not find anyone evaluating them in a clear and scientifically consistent understanding about the academy of this type of The argument, and these problems, in fact, are mostly found in the scientific field that is concerned with the study of political science and what is close to it. Therefore, we tried seriously in this research to establish scientific concepts in purely detailed terms in order for us to generalize ideas through which we at least try to break out of the circle of traditional generalization of research studies and the dynamic circulation that is based on a single starting point and return to find ourselves in a vortex that we can only get out of. Regardless of what was mentioned, diplomacy has a wide and open field that takes its scope on several levels, including political and this is its state, including economic, which is its goal and including the military, and it is the reason for its existence. This is because it is considered the language of mutual understanding between states, which may transfer the relationship between these countries from two hostile fighting camps to two states that share common interests for deeper economic relations.

Traditionally, the state has three powers: executive, legislative, and judicial, and some countries in which democracy have been established have begun to add two second powers, namely the authority of the media and civil society, but the dimension and criterion at least for this moment is that the control and influence of the three traditional authorities in most of the constitutions of the countries of the world. The judiciary is one of the pillars of the power that underpins governance in any society. Most of the world's constitutions enshrined the exclusive right of the state to resolve disputes, through the judicial authority represented by the judiciary and the courts, and therefore the state, through the judicial system that it establishes, assumes a basic social function, which is to achieve justice among members of society, and to protect their rights in form and content, by resolving disputes that It arises among them, so it says the truth, and obliges the people to respect it, and it decides for the victim the compensation he deserves thanks to the judgments issued by the courts that have the executive power that makes them enforceable through the legal means and mechanisms concerned with this important and fundamental matter, and for this reason the laws and constitutions of the judiciary have surrounded judiciary with a state of exceptional appreciation and attention because it is one of the most important and dangerous facilities in the state’s entity, and there is no doubt that the judiciary is a haven for all the weak and oppressed. Hence, the judiciary’s message is embodied in establishing justice among people with regard to their freedoms, money, and personal status. Therefore, we see that all the constitutions of nations have recognized the independence and immunity of the judiciary and distancing it from all What may contradict this independence.

Contemporary higher education is the basic tool in the scientific upbringing, and a fundamental requirement in building adequacy of performance and preparing specialized competencies, which is one of the stages of the human resource development cycle (unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled, technical, specialized, ... etc) that represent the most important Human resources in the institution, as they represent an important and main part in the formation of its intellectual capital. This means that the role of higher education has transformed from preparing individuals with a high general culture to individuals with a highly specialized scientific culture that represents a response to the needs of the labor market.

The term South Asia is called the Indian continent, meaning the vast geographical area that borders it, the Hindaukesh and Karakum mountain ranges and the Great Himalayan mountain range in the North and bounded by the Indian Ocean in the South, and according to all indicators of national power such as size, nature, population, economic strength and military capacity, India the most important country in the region, followed by Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. As for the neighboring countries that have relations in Europe throughout history, the empires of the Indian subcontinent competed with the kingdoms existing in the region and the British rule in South Asia was the latest experience of a unified empire, as its disintegration in 1947 led to the establishment of two states on their ruins, namely: India and Pakistan.

The process of upbringing allows the individual to interact with his civilization in all its forms. Therefore, their orientations and interests focused on studying the methods of early upbringing that the child faces according to the prevailing standards in his society. The child is born free of all bad impression, but civilization is the one that puts its fingerprints and influence, to imprint on him the features of the determinants of his personality through this process of upbringing. Civilization is what crystallizes the basic personality of the individual. It should be noted here that socialization means education, which includes the types of learning that lead to the individual acquiring the ability to understand civilization and form his personality, to be able to sufficiently adapt himself to life and create a useful member of his group. Education is a continuous process that begins with the birth of a child and continues to varying degrees throughout an individual's life.