Hammurabi journal for studies

For decades, the Middle East region has witnessed many regional turmoil and instability since the outbreak of the Arab Spring revolutions constituted a new phase that will have great repercussions on the region and the world at large, especially with the increasing sectarian character in relations between countries and in forming their alliances after the retreat in the strategic balance since the American occupation of Iraq In 2003, and what these transformations revealed about the weakness and fragility of the ruling apparatus, especially as they hit countries that were suffering under the authoritarian regimes after the Arab Spring revolutions, and the monarchies are not far from the circle of events, whether the Gulf Cooperation Council countries in general or Saudi Arabia in particular, which were suffering under the monarchy from social contradictions and demands to reform the ruling establishment, as Saudi Arabia found, through its support for employing the religious factor, a great opportunity to get rid of internal pressures and also to limit the expansion of Iranian influence in the region.

The phenomenon of international conflict in its form and content is affected by the impact of the change that takes place in the international system, which would lead to a change in the nature of power, and the pattern of its distribution at the global level. There is no doubt that the current international political system is embodied in the unipolar model. Other possibilities are based on a set of objective evidence and indicators that confirm that the situation in which the international political system is going is nothing but an exceptional case and that the international system is passing through it in a transitional phase, and that it will end, they put it into a new international political structure that differs from the one associated with its beginning.
Despite the prevalence of cooperation between states in this transitional phase that the international system is going through, conflict is still one of the main patterns in international interactions, and with this situation, conflict is an essential feature of international relations and it is like a substance that does not perish but transforms from a state To another.
Among the transformations that have occurred in the international conflict, is the expansion of its fields, as the fields of international conflict are no longer limited to states only, but rather have gone beyond this traditional level to reach new levels, as the environment entered within the areas of international conflict, while it was not previously to promote these The importance in the ladder of international relations were it not for the emergence of important and sharp outputs that pushed them to surface to be in the priorities of the attention of states and international organizations, perhaps the most prominent of which is the increase in the frequency of natural disasters and environmental threats and their seriousness and the size of the huge direct and indirect human and economic losses resulting from them, especially in the last years of the Last decade.

The issue of international alliances is an ancient and inevitable phenomenon required by the nature of the international environment based on the multiplicity of forces and the multiplicity of policies. It also represents a real support for states or allied institutions to continue in activity and expand in the future and face challenges, risks and crises.
It is worth noting that the twenty-first century has witnessed challenges and threats produced by many variables in a rapidly changing world, as technology has swept all fields, and the tremendous scientific progress in the media and fields of communication and information exchange has contributed to breaking political, geographical, cultural and economic barriers, the emergence of concepts and applications of globalization, and the broad growth of markets according to the applications of privatization, expanding the areas of the private sector and the applications of the market mechanism and calling for the freedom of that market from government intervention, and the tremendous progress in the field of innovation and creativity, making countries tend to adopt a method of cooperation with other countries with which they participate in the activity, which helps them achieve their goals while contributing in achieving its goals of cooperating with it, and this is what we refer to in the subject of our study (the International Alliance).
The most important goal of any alliance is the achievement of international peace and security, and in the event that global security is threatened by any state or non-state party, as is the case with the threat that occurs from terrorist organizations, international alliances represent the best solution to address such dangers global security.

What we are experiencing today reminds us of a previous process undertaken by the major powers at the beginning of the twentieth century in order to consecrate their hegemony through the creation of the Zionist entity consisting of a group of gangs carrying a brutal criminal ideology. The beginning of the twenty-first century, specifically after the occupation of Iraq, witnessed the creation and development of a new organization bearing the same principles and aggressive practices with different ideological frameworks, with the aim of consolidating the hegemony of the United States of America, and re-engineering and arranging the Arab region in accordance with the requirements of the American strategy, just as the establishment of Israel in the Arab strategic depth was a guarantee of British hegemony in the Arab region at the time. This similarity between today and yesterday raises questions in us, is what happened in Iraq after 2003 the first stage of rearranging the Arab region, and the change in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia (Arab Spring countries) is the second stage ?, And the emergence of ISIS and the war in Syria, the occupation of large parts From Iraqi lands is the third stage? What is known today as Creative Chaos Creation. Is Iraq a strategic necessity for Israel and the United States of America in the geopolitical and strategic restructuring of the Arab region?

The importance of the issue stems from the fundamental fact that Iran is an important and strategic power in the Middle East region, and Iran's possession of nuclear weapons is one of the main data that affects the power laws in the Middle East region regionally and internationally.

It is a given fact that the terrorist organization ISIS was not born at the moment of the fall of Mosul in 2014, but rather its birth and upbringing was with the emergence of Wahhabism as a political infidelity movement on the stage of political-religious events, that party founded by Mister Humfer, the British spy in the Middle East within the year (1722 AD) And it spread after the year (1729 AD) (407). This infidelity party had specific goals set by the British Foreign Office to be implemented by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab with the Al Saud family. It included six points today called the Six-Party Plan to play a bloody terrorist sabotage role in the Arab and Islamic region (408), The six-party plan developed by the British Foreign Office and implemented by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab and those who came after him through the historical stages such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Al-Nusra and other names with one meaning, some of which are applied in all Arab and Islamic countries under the names (Jihad, Arab Spring, ... etc).

Islamic banks are considered one of the financial institutions that mobilize savings and direct them within the economy, thus contributing to increasing financial depth, and this research aims to measure the extent of the contribution of Islamic banks to increasing financial depth in Sudan, through the use of relevant financial depth indicators. Sudan is one of the first countries to implement Islamic banking. The establishment of the first Islamic bank in Sudan dates back to 1976, and then the number of banks in Sudan increased until all banks became Islamic in 1992. When analyzing the types of deposits with Sudanese banks, we find that the volume of long-term deposits constitutes 51% of their total deposits, while short-term deposits constitute 49%. By analyzing the financing formulas of Islamic banks, we find that the murabahah formula occupies the largest proportion of the formulas used in financing, and when analyzing the role of banks in financial intermediation through total deposits, or quasi-money (long-term deposits), their role is divided into two phases: The first is the stage of reforms that have been characterized by high the progressive volume of deposits to GDP. As for the second stage, it is the stage of crises in the Sudanese economy in which the role of banks in financial intermediation has decreased, as is the case with regard to credit to GDP, in the same way the stage of reforms in which the gradual increase in the credit granted, and the stage of crises in which the ratio of credit to GDP decreased, and thus the Sudanese banks, by following Islamic banking, have succeeded in increasing financial depth. It is noticed that there is a continuous increase in the ratio of deposits and credit to GDP, during the period from 2002 to 2008, which are the two indicators used to measure the role of banks in the financial depth. As for the second period 2008 to 2014, there was a growth in the ratio of credit and deposits to the GDP, but not as much as the growth in the first period, and the reason is not the banks ’failure to perform, but rather because of the crises that the economy has gone through. The other evidence for the banks’ success is the ratio of deposits to M2, which has been between 67%-71% over the years, this indicates the public’s confidence in them.

Public spending, especially consumption spending, is one of the most important levers of the fiscal policy through which it works to achieve economic balance. However, this spending may be one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the external balance represented by the status of the current account balance, and the relationship between government spending and the current account balance has gained attention of many researchers, by studying the impact of government spending, in both consumer and investment parts, on the current account balance, and in this paper the impact of government consumption spending in setting up the current account will be studied through three basic mechanisms, which are the transmission mechanism within the framework of Keynesian thought, the transmission mechanism according to monetary thinking and the transmission mechanism according to the double deficit hypothesis. As studying the impact of government consumption spending on the current account balance is of utmost importance to find out the causes of the imbalance in the current account balance and to give appropriate solutions to address this imbalance, as most developing countries seek to correct the imbalance in the balance of their payments without looking at the reasons that led to this disruption.