Journal of the College of Languages

The inner wasteland can be observed in Samuel Beckett’s early and later plays. His characters suffer from loss of identity, emotions, and sense of time. They lead a life of failure, repetition, inaction, loneliness, doubt, suffering, and nothingness. The inner wasteland includes many aspects, such as the multi and split identity, the habitual repetitive element of life, the dark sorrowful life the characters lead, lack of communicationand relations among them, their unfree, inactive condition, their foggy terrible recollections, loneliness, dryness of love, and uncertainty. The analysis and the illustration of each aspect will show how the inner wasteland is intensified in the selected later plays of Beckett.

The Beggar (1965) is a story of isolation and depression which is written by the Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz who is considered the father of Arabic Literature in the modern era. Specifically, he refers in his great novel called The Beggar that the man unable to achieve psychological revival after Nasser’s revolution, the man sacrificed his own job and his family for a desire that increases his feelings of alienation and depression which leads him to an emotional outcry against the indifferent. The main aim of the study highlights the concept of existential dilemma as a philosophical problem and personality crisis by the protagonist of The Beggar novel, Omer Al-Hamzawi who had accepted the death instead of living in the real-life, as a result, was looking for the meaning of life, existence and evaded his truth through searching for a new value that renews the meaning of life that guided him to nothing to find himself living in a double personality and could not get rid of it ultimately.

Harriet Jacobs was a writer and a reformer. As a female writer in the nineteenth century, Jacobs was a slave with an agency. She wrote her narrative as a means of resisting the system of slavery at that time. Her book Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself (1842) reflects upon the exploitation of the black people and the need to change the hierarchal attitude that governs the white-black paradigm. She was engaged in many abolitionist events and her anti-slavery approach appeared clearly in her writings. She shares Du Bios ideas about freedom and emancipation and the need for political and cultural change. Thus, Du Bois’s theory provides a framework for her autobiographical novel where she portrays Linda Brent, the main character, a strong-willed lady whose path to freedom came after an agonizing journey. Despite differences in cultural status and upbringing, both Jacobs and Du Bois go from a subjective representation of a personal experience to an objective statement about the general conditions of black people in slavery, and the discrimination black people face during their lives. To Jacobs, freedom is a choice a person has to fight for, and a mental process that is accomplished through resistance and protest. Her strategies of resistance came through three points in the novel; the family, who helped her through her journey; pregnancy and the choice of the father of her kids; and finally motherhood and the promise of a better future for her children. This paper concludes that Jacobs’s novel is a narrative antecedent for slaves’ voices and a reclamation of identity after slavery.

A.R. Ammons's Garbage is a unique poem in all measures, starting from the title to the subject matter of the poem. Though it discusses the ecological repercussion of waste management, the long poem is written to shed light on the correlation between languagepoetry and garbage. The paper argues that in his examination of languagepoetry and garbage as both reflectors of human life and experience, Ammons claims that redemption is possible through both language and garbage by scrutinizing human experience whether low or high, mundane or sacred. This paper tries to examine Ammons's efforts to use the farfetched metaphor of garbage to discuss language and poetry-writing.

English is spoken by its native speakers in two different forms. Reduced form which marks the colloquial and rapid speech so that it is easily produced and a citation or unreduced form which is a characteristic of careful, emphasized and slow speech.
This paper investigates Iraqi EFL university students’ production of the two forms mentioned above. The sample chosen includes twenty fourth year students, of which ten are males and the other ten are females from the Department of English of the College of Languages of the University of Duhok in Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the academic year 2020-2021. The material tested is six connective words which represent the commonest ones in every-day conversation. A pronunciation test is designed to measure the production

Language plays a major role in all aspects of life. Communication is regarded as the most important of these aspects, as language is used on a daily basis by humanity either in written or spoken forms. Language is also regarded as the main factor of exchanging peoples’ cultures and traditions and in handing down these attributes from generation to generation. Thus, language is a fundamental element in identifying peoples’ ideologies and traditions in the past and the present. Despite these facts, the feminist linguists have objections to some of the language structures, demonstrating that language is gender biased to men. That is, language promotes patriarchal values. This pushed towards developing extensive studies to substantiate sexism in language.The main question is: is language really sexist? This study employs a feminist stylistic analysis to investigate these theories, and takes the anti-feminist poetry as a springboard for that, for it addresses multiple issues objected to by feminism. The model adopted in this study is Sara Mills’s (1995)Feminist Stylistics which analyzes different structures of language that oppose feminism; English and Arab modern anti-feminist poetry is the genrethat is investigated in this study. Besides, this study aims at revealing the societies’ inherent views about women along with investigating the feminist essential claim; that language is sexist. This is done by conducting both qualitative and quantitative analyses on the data. The current study has concluded that language in its pure form is not sexist; rather sexism is a personal and well as a societal attitude. Furthermore, there are certain items, especially in English, that can be regarded since English does not have a feminine form on its own; still, such items can always be avoided and other neutral items can be used instead. Finally, this study recommends that a feminist practical approach is required to track and omit gender bias in language from school books as it has a major effect on the ideology of society. It also recommends to developing a feminist method to raise the awareness against the indirect forms of sexism that plague literature.

Gender and culture are among the factors that influence the process of understanding and interpreting different types of communication, especially images. The current study, which is a part of a master’s thesis, aims at investigating the role of gender and culture in interpreting and understanding the caricatures that deal with women’s issues in Arab societies. To this end, the researchers adopted Barthes’ (1957) concepts of denotation and connotation in his theory of mythologies in addition to Langacker’s (1987) theory of (Domains). The research concludes that the female subjects have better cognitive abilities in investing the signs within the selected caricatures. The other factor the study reached to is that the respondents’ different cultures didn’t affect their way of dealing with the caricatures very much, so they supported the issues raised in the caricatures almost equally.

Worldwide, there is an increased reliance on COVID-19-related health messages to curb the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, it is vital to provide a well-prepared and authentic translation of English-language messages to reach culturally and linguistically diverse audiences. However, few studies, if any, focus on how non-English-speaking readers receive and linguistically accept the lexical choices in the messages translated into their language. The present study tested a sample of translated Arabic COVID-19-related texts that were obtained from the World Health Organization and Australian New South Wales Health websites. This study investigated to that extent Arabic readers would receive translated COVID-19 health messages and whether the translation would affect their preparedness to easily accept and their ability to fully comprehend the messages in terms of the used lexical items. The survey-based research also explored the translation process and methods that would best ensure the messages would reach the target audience with the least loss of meaning. The study concluded that some acceptability issues and comprehensibility failure were detected in the available translated versions as a result of improper word selection, which could be attributed to adopting a literal translation method and uncommon collocations of certain medical terminologies. Therefore, this study recommends that effective translation of COVID-19-related health messages will be achieved by adopting a two-tier translation process, preferably involving a medical specialised translator.

The present study entitled “Passive Voice as a Grammatical Phenomenon in Four Selected Textbooks” discusses the theme of Passive voice for its pronounced significance in German language learning process. The study is of two parts, theoretical and empirical and it is divided into 3 sections:The first section includespassive voice definition, passive voice main two types, passive voice formation process, passive voice with modal verbs, and passive voiceother alternative structural forms. The second section provides illustrations of passive voice in four selected textbooks. The section, also, states the reason behind the use of the study selected textbooks. The third section is dedicated to each of the four textbooks analysis. It likewise outlines each textbook applied method in discussing passive voice. The four textbooks includes: German Language Teaching for Foreigners by Dora Schulz and Heinz Griesbach, Delfin von Aufderstrasse H. and others, Em von Balme, M. and others and StudioD by Funk, H. and others. The conclusion sums up the study findings.

Die Forschungsarbeit lautet ,,Das Passiv als grammatisches Phӓnomen in vier ausgewӓhlten Lehrwerken,,. Die Forschung beschäftigt sich mit dem grammatischen Phӓnomen Passiv im Deutschen. Die Forschung wird aus zwei Teile bestanden, theorethischer und empirischer Teil. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit wird in 3 Abschnitte eingeteilt:
Der erste Abschnitt schließt die Definiton des Passivs, Passivarten, Vorgangspassiv, Zustandspassiv, Passiv mit Modalverben, und andere Arten von Passiv ein. Der zweite Abschnitt stellt Abbildungen der vier ausgewählten Lehrwerken. Das dritte Kapitel stellt das Passiv in Lehrwerken, nämlich Deutsche Sprachlehre für Ausländer von Dora Schulz und Heinz Griesbach, Delfin von Aufderstraße H. Und Andere, Em von Balme, M. und Andere und Studio D von Funk, H. und Andere. Anschließend gehe ich auf Schlussfolgerung ein.

The present paper discusses one of the most important Russian linguistic features of Arabic origin Russian lexes denoting some religious worship or some political and social positions like Qadi, Wally, Sultan, Alam, Ruler, Caliph, Amir, Fakih, Mufti, Sharif, Ayatollah, Sheikh.. etc. A lexical analysis of the two of the most efficient and most used words of Arabic origin Russian lexes that are “Caliph and Sheikh” is considered in the present study. The lexicographic analysis of these words makes it possible to identify controversial issues related to their etymology and semantic development.
The study is conducted by the use of the modern Russian and Arabic dictionary, specifically, (Intermediate lexicon Dictionary) where many linguistic terms borrowed from Arabic into Russian have been identified. A comparative study of lexical Data used in Russian dictionaries and that of Arabic dictionary (Intermediate lexicon Dictionary) shows significant differences in their lexical modeling. The present study provides a lexical analysis and shows the semantic, grammatical and spelling acoustic of Arabic adapted words in Russian discourse. It is safe to say that through another intermediate language, large number of Arabic lexes have, directly and indirectly, been used in Russian, something clearly modeled in Derivative Russian dictionaries.
Аннотация
В данной работе обьём статьи ограничён, поэтому мы рассматрваем только два найболее эффективных, найболее интересных и найболее уботребительных слов в русском языке, это лексемы хали́ф / кали́ф и шейх, которые известно носителям русского языка и активно функционируют в русской речи.
Лексикографический анализ этих слов позволил выявить спорные вопросы, связанные с их этимологией, показать специфику толькований арабизмов и развитие их семантики. На материале документов Национального корпуса русского языка исследовано функционирование иноязычий в речи, определено отношение слов к нарицательной и собственноименной лексике, к терминонологической системе языка-реципиента.

The present study discusses one of the most relevant and vital topics of the recent period of globalization, where Russian modern oil and gas industry terms system has gained its complete form in the second half of the twentieth century - and the beginning of the twenty-first century. Throughout that period, all the Russian political, economic, social and cultural underlying transformations could not but affect industrial production and lead to the transition to a new Russian economic development vector based on the development of commercial trade, and hence improve the industrial enterprises within the context of national projects implementation and the innovative technologies introduction of the world economy integration processes. It is, thus, typical that under the influence of extra linguistic factors, Russian Federation oil and gas industry within the terminological sphere also undergoes definite transformations.
Аннотация
Данная статья посвящена одной из найболее актуальных и требуемых тем в новейший период во время глоболезации, где современная русская лексическая система нефтегазовой промышленности в целом приобрела законченный вид во второй половине ХХ века. Период конца ХХ – начала ХХI вв. ознаменовался кардинальными трансформациями во всех областях политической, экономической, социальной и культурной жизни России. Эти изменения не могли не затронуть промышленное производство. Переход к новому вектору развития российской экономики, основывающийся на развитии коммерческого товарооборота, на изменении и совершенствовании развития промышленных предприятий в условиях реализации национальных проектов и внедрения инновационных технологий, на процессах интеграции в мировую экономику, характерен и для нефтегазовой промышленности Российской Федерации. Кроме того, под действием экстралингвистических факторов терминологическая сфера также претерпевает определенные трансформации.

The present study, entitled “ linguistic characteristics (the morphology - nominal suffixes ) of a number of (Quriyat or koyrat ) by the poet Kamal Mustafa Daquqli, aims at studying and making a comparison between Turkmen dialect written and spoken forms that show many of the hidden language structures. Similarly, the study sheds light on the poet as one of the most prominent literary figures in Turkmenistan literature.
Turkman Quriyat is one of Turkman blank verse significant forms. Apart from (songs and Quriyat) and until the 19th C., folk poetry has been stalled for a long time but reclaimed its literary high position in the middle of the 20th C.
The study introduction briefly discusses Turkman literature and traces its variant forms, studies the morphology - nominal suffixes of a number of (Quriyat or koyrat ), and makes a comparison between Turkman and Turkish language through number of given examples. Moreover, it presents a faithful reproduction of a number of unpublished original Quriyat with the necessary alterations to suit Turkman language. During the course of the dictionary writing, a special importance is given to the meanings of Quriyat words that have different form and meaning in modern Turkish language.
The conclusion sums up the basic characteristics of Turkman language.
Özet
Şiirimizin başlangıcı sayılan hoyrat bir duygu ve düşünceyi özgün yollarıyla dile getiren, yedi heceli, dört veya daha fazla mısralı bir halk şiiri türüdür. Hoyrat kendine özgü (özel) müzüğü ile mertlik havası uyandıran, sevda gurbet, sevinç keder, yas, yurt sevgisi, kin ve benzer duyguları işleyen, sanat kavramının klasik unsurlarıyla beslenmiş bir halk edebiyatıdır. Hoyrat bizim Irak Türkmen Edebiyat̕ında çok geniş yer tutar yüksek sanat anlayışı ve aynıca duygusunun bir sonucu olarak edebi sanatların varlığını kayıt eder. Irak Türkmen halk edebiyatının kimliği sayılan hoyrat şüphesiz halk şiirinin en güçlü örneğidir. Fakat halk edebiyatı mahsülleri arasınd bölge halkının tapmacalar dediği bilmeceler önemli bir yer tutar. Bir kısmı manzum olan tapmacalar gibi eskiler sözü, yani atasözü de Irak mensur Türkmenlerinin yaşadığı alanlarda canlılığını sürdürür. Halk edebiyatı mahsulleri arasında nükteler, Molla Nasrettin nükteleri, dualar, beddualar, dilek ve temenni sözler ilgi çeker. Ancak Halk edebiyatının nesir örnekleri için, bölge halkı arasında matal denilen masallar başta gelir. Uzun hikâye, destan veya efsâne türü açısından. Türkmenler arasında yaşayan ve günümüze ulaşan örneklere tesadüf edilmemiştir. Bilinen tek uzun hikâye Arzu ile Kanber atalıdır.
Kerkük Türkmen ağzının güzel nesir örneği olan bu masal, Halk edebiyatı metinleri arasında verilmiştir. Türkmen Halk edebiyatı çocuk masalları bakımından da zenginlik arzeder. Kemal Mustafa Dakuk̕ lu yıllar boyu içli hoyratlar kaleme almıştır, yazdığı basılmayan hoyratları toplayarak ve akrabaları ile görüşüp hayatı hakkında bilgi toplayı, hoyratları topluyup bir çalışma olarak hazırladım. Çalışma giriş, dil özelliklerinde isim durum ekleri, basılmayan hoyratlar ve sözlükten oluşmaktadır .Girişte Türkmen edebiyatı hakkında bilgiler vermeye çalıştım , basılmayan hoyratları yazdım , daha sonra Kerkük ağzının şekil bilgisinin (isim işletme eklerinin) özelliklerini verip çalışmaya esas olmakla birlikte karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Karşılaştırmada standart Türkiye Türkçesi esas alınmış, Anadolu ağızlarına değinilmiştir. Son olarak hoyratlada geçen kelimelerden standart Türkiye Türkçesine göre önemli şekil ve anlam ayrılıkları gösterenlerle yazı dilinde bulunmayanlar yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmayı yazdığım sürede maddi ve manevi desteklerini üzerimdem esirgemiyen ailem bana her konuda yardım ettiklerinden minnattarım. Bu çalışmanın gerçekleşmesinde değerli bilgilerini benimle paylaşan kendilerine ne zaman danışsam bana zamanlarını ayırıp sabırla ve büyük bir ilgiyle bana faydalı ola bilmek için ilk olarak Kemal DAKUK̕LUNUN gelini olan (Zeynep Abbas) öğrencime , şairin kendi özel defterinden basılmamış hoyratlarını bana getirdiği için sonsuz şukranlarımı sunmaktayım.

After Organization literature era, two literary schools appeared in Turkey and Abdulhaq Hamid is one of this period most prominent poets. During his stay in France with a group of colleagues sent by Turkish Government, he was greatly influenced by the French modern literature and the French modern literary authors.
The study discusses the concept of time in the poetry of Abdulhaq Hamid. Reading his poetry, it can be noticed that time is important where he frequently refers to day and night, morning and evening as time insinuations. Hence, the present paper gives a brief study of the poet’s life, and sheds lights on his poems that deal with time- concept.
Ön Söz

Tanzimat Edebiyatı döneminden sonra iki edebi okul kurulmaya başlamıştır. Bunlardan Şinasi, Ziya Paşa ve Namık Kemal okuldur. İkinci okul ise Ekrem, Hamit ve Sezai'nin okuldur. Bu edebi okulun en meşhur yazarlarından biri Abdülhak Hamit'tir. Hamit, Avrupai Türk edebiyatına etkilenmiştir. Bu edebiyatçı Fransa'ya giderken pek çok Fransız edebiyatçılarla temas etmiştir. Söz konumuz Abdülhak Hamid'in şiirlerinde Zamanı gelince şair yazdığı kasidelerinde zamanı pek çok ele almıştır.

Tezin metinde zamanı nasıl nitelenmiş ve nasıl kullandığı incelemeye çalışağız. Ayrıca bu yazar yazdığı eserleri bakınca zamana pek çok önem vermiştir.

Because novelists have no better means than a novel to express the political, social and educational status of the age, following a descriptive- analytical approach based on the American Comparative School, the present paper discusses Naguib Mahfouz’s novel The Beggar and The script of “ Hamoon” by Dariush Mehrjui. Symbolically, the two literary works depicts a true picture of Egypt and Iran. The paper presents an analytical study of the two literary works concentrating on the similarities of the works two main characters.
The study concludes that Naguib Mahfouz’s The Beggar and The script of “Hamoon” by Dariush Mehrjui both describe the lives of the Third World intellectuals that are idealistic repulsive revolutionaries in their youth, and extremely disappointed in their middle age. The main two characters of the two works, "Omar al-Hamzawi" and "Hamid Hamoon" are very enthusiastic at the beginning of their lives, but tends to abandon their social thoughts and suddenly becomes absurdist as life takes them on to find themselves face to face with what affect their social and psychological agonies.
چکیده
باتوجه به اینکه رمان بازگوکننده عینی احوالات سیاسی و اجتماعی و فرهنگی و... هر عصر به شمار می¬رود و نویسندگان برای بیان این وقایع سلاحی برنده‌تر از قلم خویش نمی¬شناسند، پژوهش مذکور تلاش کرده است با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و بر اساس مکتب تطبیقی آمریکایی، رمان ‌الشحّاذ اثر نجیب محفوظ و فیلم‌نامۀ هامون نوشتۀ داریوش مهرجویی را مورد بررسی قرار دهد تا با تکیه بر شخصیت ‌های اصلی این دو روایت تصویری از سیمای مصر و ایران را از لابه‌لای سطور نمادین این آثار به نمایش بگذارد. در واقع نگارندگان این پژوهش کوشیده‌اند که در ابتدا به معرفی و تحلیل این دو اثر بپردازند و در ادامه شباهت های میان شخصیت ‌های محوری آن را بیان کنند.
برآیند تحقیق نشان می¬دهد که نجیب محفوظ در اثر ادبی و نیمه¬شناختی خویش «الشحّاذ» و داریوش مهرجویی در فیلم‌نامۀ «هامون» به شرح زندگی روشنفکران جهان سوم پرداخته‌اند که در جوانی از انقلابیون سرسخت وآرمان‌خواه بوده اما در میانسالی پشیمان و سرخورده شده‌اند. شخصیت‌های اصلی این دو رمان یعنی »عمرالحمزاوی« و «حمید هامون» در ابتدای راه بسیار پرشورند اما در ادامه روند زندگی از افکار سوسیالیستی خود دست می‌شویند و یک‌باره به پوچی می‌رسند. آنها در این فرآیند با اتفاقاتی روبه‌رو می‌شوند که بیش‌ازپیش بر تناقضات اجتماعی و روانی این دو شخصیت تأثیرمی‌گذارند.

Among Persian poets and literary works, Ferdowsi and Shahnameh have a distinctive and prominent place. Since the 5th C. AH , they took the interest of all Persian language and literature scholars and were one of the first books to be translated into different languages including Arabic by Al Fatih Bin Ali Bin Mohammed Al-Bandari in the year of (620)AH .Because it was completed in the early 7th C. AH and in terms of antiquity, there is no older copy than of Al-Bandari’s version which holds great value in the analysis of Shahnameh other different copies.
To find out the how far analogy goes, the present paper makes a general comparisons of Bijan and Manijeh in Shahnameh Ferdowsi main story text based on the copy of Professor Jalal Khaliqi Mutlaq and of Al-Bandari translated text which is corrected by Professor Abdul Wahab Azzam and published in Egypt.
چکیده
در میان شعرا و آثار ادبی فارسی ، فردوسی و شاهنامه تمایز و اهمیت خاصی دارند و از قرن پنجم هجری تا امروز همیشه مورد توجه متخصصان و علاقه¬مندان زبان و ادبیات فارسی بوده¬اند. این رویکرد باعث شد شاهنامه در زمره¬ی اولین کتاب¬هایی قرار گیرد که به زبان¬های مختلف دنیا از جمله زبان عربی ترجمه شود. همچنین ترجمه¬ی عربی شاهنامه¬ی فردوسی که توسط الفتح بن علی بن محمد اصفهانی معروف به \"بُنداری\" در سال (620 هـ.ق) ترجمه شده ، مورد توجه متخصصان و علاقه¬¬مندان زبان و ادبیات فارسی قرار گرفته است ، و به علت این که این اثر در ابتدای قرن هفتم هجری به پایان رسید ، از نظر قدمت ، نسخه قدیمی¬تری از این نسخه که توسط بنداری ترجمه شده ، شناخته نمی¬شود. بنابراین ، این ترجمه در نقد نسخه¬های مختلف شاهنامه از ارزش بالایی برخوردار است.
روش تحقیق ما در این مقاله مبتنی بر مقایسه¬ای عمومی میان متن اصلی داستان بیژن و منیژه در شاهنامه¬ی فردوسی بر اساس نسخه¬ی استاد جلال خالقی مطلق و متن شاهنامه از ترجمه بنداری تصحیح استاد عبدالوهاب عزام چاپ مصر است ، تا بدانیم تا چه حدی ترجمه با اصل نزدیک است.

Musicality is a fundamental feature of poetry that takes the interest of scholars and critics. Most poets rely on a variety of literary devices and techniques to bring music to their work like rhymes - words that appear at the end of lines in poetry - and on arranging words techniques in such a way to create a pseudo melody, which is achieved primarily by patterning (or repeating) certain sounds. Such a poetic rhetorical and verbal enhancer’s aspect represented ever since the beginning of the classical poetry has been manifested more evidently in Nali’s poetry. His poetry is marked with particular letters that have played a substantial role in the rhyming that rings like cymbals or jingle like internal elevated rhymes. Within a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study describes the musical techniques of Nali’s poetry, particularly of what is called letter poetry, and investigates the application of these letters as figures of rhetoric in Nali’s poetic style. The study traces the letter poetry types and its impacts on poetic meaning creation in the light of semantic framework.
کورته
مۆسیقای هۆنراوه هەر لە سەردەمانی کۆنەوه، گرنگییەکی تایبەتی پێ¬دراوه و جێگەوپێگەیەکی ئەوتۆی له چوارچێوه و پەیەکەرەی شیعردا هەبووه. ئەم مۆسیقایه به ڕیزکردن و پات¬بوونەوه و ڕێک¬خستنی وشە و پیته لێکچوو و هاوئاهەنگەکان پەیدا دەبێت. هەر له شیعری کلاسیکەوه تا ئەمڕۆ ئەم تەکنیکه له ڕازه و هونەره جۆربەجۆرەکانی ڕەوانبێژیدا خۆی نواندووه و دەرکەوتووه. له شیعری نالیدا به شێوازێکی زەق و بەرچاو پات¬بوونەوەی پیتێکی دیاریکراو له هەندێ له هۆنراوەکانیدا دەورێکی مۆسیقایی بەهێز و زۆر دیاری به ئەستۆ گرتووه و ئاواز و مۆسیقای شیعرەکەی بەرزتر کردۆتەوه. به شێوەیەک که دەکرێت ناوی ئەو پیته ببڕین به سەر ئەو هۆنراوەدا و به «پیتەشیعر» ناوزەدی بکەین. ئەم توێژینەوە به شێوازی تەوسیفی – لێکۆڵینەوەیی هەوڵی¬داوه به خوێندنەوەی شیعرەکانی نالی هونەر و مۆسیقا و دەوری پیتەشیعر ڕوون¬بکاتەوه و وەک تەکنیک و هونەرێک له شێواز و شیعری نالیدا بیناسێنێت. له ئاکامدا توانیویه چەشن و کاریگەری و بەتایبەت لایەنە واتاییەکانی ئەم هونەره له شیعری نالیدا بخاته بەر چاو و تیشکی لێکۆڵینەوه و ڕاڤه و شرۆڤەیان لێ¬بدات.

Kurdish language multifunctional morphemes indicate the different functional morphological, syntactical, and semantic tasks of the morphemes. The present study discusses the multifunctional task of the Morpheme Le in Kurdish Language. The Morpheme Le has marginally been included in other studies, yet up to the present times, there has not been a research inclusively dedicated to thoroughly discuss and clarify its multifunctional aspects. The present study is divided into two chapters:
Chapter one discusses the theoretical aspect of chapter two that is entirely concerned with the practical aspect of the morpheme Le. The first part of chapter one sheds light on the morphological aspect of the morpheme while part two discusses the concept of multifunction in Kurdish language including its concepts, types and characteristics.
Chapter two is concerned with the practical aspect of the morpheme. Part one of chapter two describes the morphemes’ morphological aspect and part two explains its syntactical aspects.
The conclusion sums up the study most important findings and the number of the academic references referred.

پوختەی توێژینەوەکە:
توێژینەوەکە لەژێر ناونیشانی (فرەئەرکی مۆرفیمەکان لە زمانی کوردیدا، مۆرفیمی (لە) بەنموونە)یە. ‌ئەو ئەرکانە دەخاتەڕوو کە مۆرفیمی (لە) دەیگێڕێت. ئەم کارە بۆ چەمکی فرەئەرکی لە زمانی کوردیدا تەرخانکراوە، یەکێک لە مۆرفیمە پڕئەرکەکان دەخاتەبەرباس، کە ئەویش مۆرفیمەکانی (لە)یە. مۆرفیمی (لە) لە سەرچاوەی جیاوازدا کەم و زۆر باسکراوە، بەڵام توێژینەوەیەکی تایبەتی سەربەخۆی لەسەر نەنووسراوە، نووسرابێتیش بە قووڵی نەچوونەتە بنج و بناوانی و بە تێروتەسەلی لێیان نەکۆڵیوەتەوە. لە هەندێ کاری زانستیدا باسکراوه، بەڵام کارەکە تەنها بۆ ئەو مۆرفیمە تەرخاننەکراوە، بەڵکو لە میانەی ئەو کارەدا، مۆرفیمی (لە)ش هاتۆتە بەرباسکردن.
لەم توێژینەوەیەدا هەوڵدراوە، تا بکرێت باس لە هەموو لایەنەکانی مۆرفیمی (لە) بکرێت لە ڕووی وشەسازی و ڕستەسازی و تەنانەت لەڕووی واتاشەوە و ئەرکە جیاجیاکانی دیاریبکرێت. مۆرفیمی (لە) یەکێکە لە مۆرفیمە چالاکەکانی زمانی کوردی و لە زۆربەی ئاستەکانی زماندا ئەرکی پێسپێردراوە.
گرنگیی ئەم توێژینەوە لەوەدایە، بە پوختی و تێروتەسەلی تیشک دەخاتەسەر ئەرکە جیاجیاکانی مۆرفیمی (لە) لەڕووی وشەسازی و ڕستەسازی ...ەوە،هتد.
سنووری توێژینەوەکەش لە هەردوو ئاستی وشەسازی و ڕستەسازیدا ئەنجامدراوە، جارجاریش پەنجە بۆ لایەنی واتاییش بردراوە.
لەم توێژینەوەیەدا ڕێبازی وەسفی شیکاری-ڕەخنەیی بەکارهاتووە و نموونەکان وەرگیراون و شیکردنەوەیان بۆ کراوە و لەهەر شوێنێکیش هەڵە و کەموکووڕی بەدیکرابێ، سەرنج و ڕەخنە لە بارەیانەوە تۆمارکراوە. توێژینەوەکە بۆ دوو بەش، دابەشکراوه:
بەشی یەکەم: بۆ هەندێ بابەتی تیۆری تەرخانکراوە، کە پەیوەندی بە بەشی دووەمی توێژینەوەکەوە هەیە‌، وەک: (وشەسازی و چەمکی فرەئەرکی لە زمانی کوردیدا). ئەم بەشەش چەند ناونیشان و لقەناونیشانێک لەخۆدەگرێت.

The present study approaches an analytical and deliberative analysis of the words of threat in number of Hebrew language examples through exploring all the reasons and conditions of threat act. Moreover, and because of the difficulty to make a distinction between the two verbs, the study discusses the use of the verbs “to warn and to threat” as one of the most common types verbs used in Hebrew language that implies internal threat.
Threat is one of most prominent speech acts that language users resort to as a means to achieve intended threat goals. In Hebrew, it is expressed in different ways and depends on different aspects, including (internal and external context, circumstances in which the threat is made, the speaker and the recipient position, and types of intended goal; "negative or positive").
The study concludes that all threat types help to attain its intended goals and “internal threat” is the most commonly used type that could be expressed in different Hebrew verbal acts.
תקציר
המחקר הזה שופך אור על טרמינולוגית האיום בלשון העברית על ידי ניתוח פרגמטי של כמה מודלים לשוניים, בנוסף להצגת סוגי האיום הבסיסיים, וסקירת התנאים למימושם. כמו כן, נדון ביחס השימוש בשני פעולות הדיבור "ההזהרה וההבטחה" עם פעולת האיום, ובגילוי כיצד להשיג באמצעותם, שכן הנמען מתמודד עם קושי להבחין בין שלושת הפעליםהללו. האיום הוא אחת פעולות הדיבור הבולטות שבהן נוקט הדובר כאמצעי להשגת מטרות מסוימות הקשורות לעניין אישי ולפי תנאים ספציפיים. ניתן להבין את האיום על ידי הסתמכות על ידע של היבטים מסוימים, כול: (הקשר פנימי וחיצוני, נסיבות שבהן הושמע האיום המילולי, הסמכות הן של המוען והן של הנמען, וסוג המטרה שיש להשיג, בין אם היא חיובית או שלילית).
מחקר זה הגיע למסקנה כי מעשה האיום מכל הסוגים הוא אמצעי יעיל להשגת מטרות אינדיבידואליות וקולקטיביות. עוד הגיע למסקנה שסוג האיום הנפוץ ביותר בעברית הוא "איום עקיף" מכיוון שניתן לבטא אותו בדרכים שונים באמצעות פעולות דיבור אחרות.