Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

(Al) is one of the tools that are associated with an indefinite noun, so it becomes definite, which is the common thing about it. However, scholars differ about its nature and function. It is a letter, according to some and a noun, according to others. Each team has its own argument, and its types include the definite, the generic, and the present. It is specific to nouns, and if it enters the verb, it is irregular. It may come as a substitute for something deleted, as Sibawayh sees in the name of God Almighty, since the original is: God, so the Hamza was deleted in an irregular manner and replaced with (Al(.

The topic of environmental protection occupies a prominent place among various human activities. This topic has enhanced interest in this activity at all international, regional and local levels. The, topic of protecting the environment from pollution has imposed itself in global, regional and local debates in a remarkable manner during the twentieth century, gas the multiple environmental problems and what resulting from real threats to humans، animals and plants have become a serious concern for everyone

This research explores the role of joint technological innovation between countries in advancing the green economy a sustainable development model that balances economic growth with environmental preservation and reduced carbon emissions. It highlights the importance of technological innovation in enhancing resource efficiency, minimizing consumption, and boosting productivity in line with green economy principles. The study examines successful international collaborations, such as partnerships between Germany and Morocco in solar energy and between China and the U.S, demonstrating how global cooperation drives environmental and economic benefits. Recommendations focus on fostering international partnerships, increasing investments in research and development, promoting technology transfer to developing countries, and enhancing education in innovation and sustainability. These efforts are critical for achieving a more inclusive and sustainable future through the green economy.

Judicial presumption represents an important tool of indirect proof in criminal cases. The criminal judge relies on evidence to extract unproven facts from factual evidence or evidence, which gives him broad discretionary authority to make decisions based on personal diligence. However, this discretion can be problematic, especially if it is not based on clear objective criteria, opening the door to the possibility of errors or arbitrariness in judgments. Therefore, the role of the Iraqi Court of Cassation is essential in reviewing evidence-based rulings to ensure that they are consistent with the law and principles of justice. The study focused on understanding the relationship between the freedom of the criminal judge to use judicial evidence and the role of the Court of Cassation as a supervisory body. The relevant Iraqi legal texts were analyzed, and judicial applications were reviewed while providing limited comparisons with other legal systems to analyze the differences and similarities.

The current research aims to identify the role played by cognitive distortions of leadership and future anxiety of subordinates in achieving the bankruptcy of business organizations and the extent of identifying the diagnosis of weaknesses, frailty and threats to the research variables in the company under study. The research problem was represented in a set of questions, the most important of which is "Do the dimensions of cognitive distortions of leadership and the dimensions of future anxiety of subordinates have a statistically significant correlation and influence on the bankruptcy of business organizations in the soft drinks company in Baqubah. To understand the nature of the relationship and the impact between the research variables, the cognitive distortions of leadership were adopted, which is the first explanatory variable and includes four dimensions (polar thinking, exceptional abstraction, cognitive narcissism, activation of exaggeration and underestimation) and the future anxiety of subordinates, which is the second explanatory variable and includes four dimensions (lack of self-confidence, social isolation, pessimism, fear and confusion) and the bankruptcy behaviors of business organizations, which is the responsive variable and includes four dimensions (non-management Efficient. Intellectual property. Poor planning, lack of funding) and the data were collected through several tools including sources and references in addition to the questionnaire and were distributed to the research sample of (88) respondents which targeted the heads of departments, branches and units of the company under study based on a number of hypotheses, the most important of which is that there is a statistically significant effect of the cognitive distortions of leadership and the dimensions of future anxiety of subordinates together in achieving the bankruptcy of business organizations. After that, the data were analyzed and the hypotheses were tested using appropriate statistical tools and analyzed through several ready-made statistical programs represented by SPSS)) and the results of the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that there is a multiple effect with statistically significant significance of the cognitive distortions of leadership and the dimensions of future anxiety of subordinates in achieving the bankruptcy of business organizations. The research recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is to address the weak and weak sites of cognitive distortions and future anxiety and thus stay away from the bankruptcy of business organizations.

The study aimed to assess the administrative efficiency level of the leaders of some sports clubs in Diyala Governorate from the perspective of advanced football players. The researcher used the descriptive survey method as it is the most suitable approach to address the research problem. The research population consisted of the administrative leaders of some football clubs in Diyala Governorate, represented by five clubs: (Diyala, Al-Muqdadiya, Martyr Arkan, Al-Khalis, Baladruz). These leaders were evaluated by 90 football players, with 10 players randomly selected from each club, resulting in a total sample of 50 players, which constituted 55.55% of the population. The researcher concluded that establishing a strategic vision is of paramount importance for administrative leaders. A clear vision helps direct the energy, enthusiasm, and skills of members toward achieving well-defined goals, guiding the activities of the clubs and enhancing their ability to move in the right direction. A strategic vision becomes even more critical during periods of significant changes in the clubs, as it aids in defining the general direction of change, simplifying detailed decisions, and motivating staff to take appropriate, swift, and effective actions aligned with the declared direction. The study's sample demonstrated effective management across various fields, reflecting the administrators' clear understanding of its importance and role in enhancing club leaders' performance and advancing their work. Effective management in its diverse areas plays a vital role in maintaining a good level of administrative performance. The researcher recommends focusing on the development of administrative leadership in the sports field by organizing training courses and seminars. Additionally, conducting assessments and measurements during the selection of administrative leadership in sports institutions is essential. The researcher also suggests that club institutions should pay attention to all types of sports, both team and individual. Furthermore, similar studies should be conducted to explore the relationship between administrative leadership and other administrative skills for both genders.

As a result of the role of insurance in compensating damages to individuals fairly and quickly, countries have adopted procedures regarding liability for damages caused by self-driving vehicles. However, they differed in the approach followed in implementing insurance. There are many experiences of insurance systems for liability for damages caused by self-driving vehicles but we will take in this study two of them, the first in the United States of America, and the other in Britain, Iraq and UAE.

Based on the scope of legal protection of state secrets and what may result if those secrets are disclosed, through the formulation of legal texts specifically for the protection of society and individuals. The principle of transparency is one of the most important means used by countries in combating corruption due to its serious effects, especially after the emergence of a modern constitutional trend that adopts the use of this principle and its consecration at the level of rights and freedoms or the level of the structure and work of constitutional authorities if the origin and according to the first principle “Full disclosure of information” is one of the legal principles adopted by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights issued in 1948 in Article 19, which stipulates that full disclosure of information should be made so that people can access the information, but the original Exceptions are made to this principle. Public bodies must meet all requests from individuals regarding their right to obtain information, unless it becomes clear to these bodies and governmental institutions that this information falls within the scope of the ruling specifying the exceptions. These bodies must also clearly and accurately state the exceptions, such that the information is classified as confidential and may not be disclosed

Constitutional guarantees are among the most prominent means of protecting defenders from the violations they are exposed to that affect their lives and freedoms. Therefore, the importance of this study lies in protecting defenders from attacks on their rights and freedoms and providing constitutional guarantees to protect them. The problem of research is about the extent to which the protection provided to defenders is accumulated under the constitutional guarantees; the research aims to demonstrate the protection of defenders under the provisions of the constitution and material legislation. This is achieved by using the legal analytical approach to analyze legal texts and the applied approach to document judicial decisions issued by the courts. At the end of the study, the researcher reached a set of conclusions and proposals, including the existence of constitutional guarantees as an effective element in protecting defenders, but these guarantees require the existence of a law to protect them.

The use of artificial intelligence systems in all areas of life has become inevitable, as artificial intelligence entities are becoming more widespread day after day, and the use of software in the field of legal work has become important to their professional activities. However, this use is still cautious and not widespread due to the ambiguity of legal ideas and the contradiction between one idea and another, so the error rate in the solutions proposed by artificial intelligence is almost large in this field. Who bears responsibility for the error contained in artificial intelligence systems when used by lawyers to obtain information in the field of legal work and legal work, this is what we will try to answer in this research.

The research aimed to know the effect of the guidance program using the self-control method in reducing projective identification among female students in the preparatory stage by verifying the validity of the following null hypotheses:
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the experimental group in the pre- and post-tests on projective identification.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the control group in the pre- and post-tests on the projective identification scale.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the ranks of the scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test on the projective identification scale.
The researchers built a scale of projective identification among middle school female students consisting of (20) items, and extracted the scale's construct validity and discriminatory power, in addition to apparent validity by presenting it to a number of arbitrators. As for stability, the test-retest method was used, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency. The researchers used the self-control method to reduce projective identification. The number of sessions was (10) sessions, the duration of the session was (45) minutes, and it lasted for (5) weeks. In order to verify the validity of this program, it was presented to a group of experts specializing in psychological counseling, and they confirmed its validity in developing moral vigilance. The researcher reached the following results:
- There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental group's scores in the pre- and post-tests on the moral vigilance scale.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the ranks of the control group's scores in the pre- and post-tests on the moral vigilance scale. - There are statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test on the moral vigilance scale in favor of the experimental group. In light of these results, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and proposals.

Under exigent circumstances, for instance, the COVID-19 pandemic, the study adopts a blended learning approach as a safe transitional strategy from traditional learning to online learning. It takes into account the temporal, spatial, and infrastructural conditions, relying on a qualified educational staff who is able to implement an influential and effective learning method-the blended learning. The strategy neither believes in radical solutions nor voices the two options (traditional and online methods). Its philosophy lies in such a compromise which, in return, brings together both methods. It believes that blended learning, during the pandemic, is the best solution which provides a perfect environment where the interaction between the teacher and the student can be achieved. Yet this cannot be fulfilled unless following what has been concluded by the study.