ADAB AL-BASRAH

The aim of the present study is to identify the translation error patterns found in the announcements produced by Iraqi state establishments, especially those errors that distort the formal shape of language and consequently the external appearance of the establishments. The data used for the analysis purposes are represented in written Arabic-English announcements on the online official webpages of Iraqi Ministries, Universities. The data has been analyzed by using a threefold perspective proposed by Popescue (2013) including linguistic errors, comprehension errors, and translation errors. Moreover, a carefully-designed questionnaire of thirty statements have been handed out to fifty university teaching staff members in Basrah. The researcher adopted a qualitative-quantitative approach to analyze the collected data. The obtained results have been statistically treated by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software. The analysis results have yielded that the translated versions of online official announcements do contain many linguistic and translation errors that alter the intended meaning. More importantly, the majority of questionnaire’s participants confirm that formal style implies being free from all kinds of errors.

The current study applies the cognitive approach of Gavins’ (2007) Text World Theory to analyze three selected short stories of Edgar Allan Poe. The basic premise of Text World Theory is that when readers engage with texts, they construct mental representations in their minds. Based on this idea, this study argues that readers draw upon their prior knowledge and experiences and the linguistic cues provided by the texts to grasp the fictional worlds of the narratives. The present study examines how textual elements like plot, setting, character, theme, and point of view help the readers to construct the Mental Worlds in Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death (1842), The Pit and the Pendulum (1842), and The Black Cat (1843). The analysis, further, takes into consideration the role of Poe’s utilization of the unreliable narrator and the gothic ambiances in shaping the readers’ comprehension of the stories. Stressing the significance of Text World Theory as a valuable tool to examine literary narratives, the study raises some questions related to the possibility of applying the theory to investigate longer narratives such as the novels and to explore dramatic works. It presupposes that readers can construct a broader understanding of a whole narrative or a play rather than dealing with single excerpts from texts. The study conducts a qualitative analysis, selecting some extracts of the chosen narratives. These extracts are examined using Text World Theory as a framework, focusing on how linguistic cues prompt readers to construct mental representation. The analysis discloses that Poe’s strategic utilization of textual elements significantly impacts the readers’ mental world- building processes.

This research examines the principle of maximum etiquette and the rules derived from it in Qur\'anic dialogue. Surah Al-Kahf is selected because it includes four stories rich with dialogues: the story of the People of the Cave, the story of the Owner of the Two Gardens, the story of Prophet Musa (PBUH) and the righteous servant, and the story of Dhul-Qarnayn. Etiquette in dialogue plays a crucial role in the success of communication between the speaker and the recipient. The rules of the principle of maximum etiquette focus on the recipient, as Leech formulated his principles based on the law of gain and loss, where the gain of the other is at the expense of the self\'s loss.

This paper focuses on linking Edward de Bono\'s Six Thinking Hats method with the major themes of The Old Man and the Sea. Each hat corresponds to a certain concept or theme within the novella allowing for an organized framework of discussion. The aim of this paper is to apply the six thinking hats to The Old Man and the Sea by analysing the above-mentioned themes. The theme of Man versus Nature as Santiago deals with the ocean and its creatures is thus tied with the white hat. The black hat highlights the theme of Isolation and Loneliness, through which Santiago’s facts speak of a man cut off from the rest of the world and the risks he undertakes by himself. As for the red hat, it connects with the theme of Perseverance and Resilience, emphasising in Santiago’s emotional strength and determination in the face of adversity. Regarding the yellow hat, it can be ascribed to Wisdom and Experience theme as it describes the virtues that lie in Santiago’s life and the lessons that came forth after his sufferings. For the green hat, it considers Symbolism, looking deep into the significance of the marlin, the sea, and the journey of Santiago. Finally, the blue hat addresses the overriding theme of the Struggle, which synthesizes the major struggles within the story, resolving under one dominant analysis the conflicts that Santiago endeavours and prevails against.

This research examines the symbolism of animals in the poetry of Adeeb Kamal Al-Din, focusing on how the poet used this symbolism to express his lived reality and the events he encountered throughout his life. It explores the clear impact of animals in depicting his feelings of happiness or pain, as well as his ability to direct his poetry with intentional creativity, rich in meaning. Through this, the poet was able to anticipate the world of reality, draw attention to its pitfalls, and predict its future. These moments are not without traces of pessimism that appear in his inner thoughts between one poem and another. The use of animals in poetry opens multiple and varied avenues for symbolism, allowing the recipient to engage with it and perceive what the poet intended, often exceeding the expected meaning. The purpose is to enrich the symbolism and provide it with new and evolving dimensions.

The characteristics and challenges of the administrative systems in Iraq and Egypt, from the perspective of the international human rights system, are among the most important topics related to the formation of the state. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of how the administrative system in Iraq and Egypt deals with human rights issues, the role of international law in guiding and developing these systems, and the challenges they face in this regard. The research highlights the crucial role this system plays in protecting the fundamental rights of citizens and ensuring the implementation of international standards that promote individual freedoms and human dignity.
The administrative systems in both Iraq and Egypt are significantly affected by internal political pressures, which impact their ability to enforce human rights protection laws. In Iraq, political conflict and overlapping authorities hinder the independence of administrative bodies, while in Egypt, political pressures affect the integrity of administrative justice, thus obstructing effective legal oversight of administrative procedures. To enhance the protection of human rights in both countries, comprehensive reforms are required, including updating national laws to align with international obligations, activating internal oversight mechanisms to ensure accountability, and strengthening the independence of administrative courts. This would promote good governance and ensure respect for the fundamental rights of individuals.

This research examines the reasons identified by Ibn Asfur Al-Ishbili in his invaluable book on Arabic morphology, particularly the connection between these discussions and morphological reasons. The study divides Ibn Asfur's morphological reasons into their basic levels, investigates their characteristics, defines and analyzes them, and discusses them as presented by previous and subsequent Arabic scholars. The educational reason explains the connection of speech to its apparent rules without delving into the underlying details, making it simple and straightforward. The normative reason justifies the consistency of rules in similar manifestations, while the dialectical reason responds to hypothetical questions related to grammatical or morphological issues, providing justifications for the methods of inference and the similarities referenced. This study explores both the implicit and explicit forms of reasoning. I have relied heavily on grammar and morphology books for this research, as Ibn Asfur is a leading figure in this field. The reason for choosing this study is to highlight Ibn Asfur's contribution to morphological reasoning in general, and his book Al-Miftah in particular, so that students and researchers can become more familiar with his work.

Civil disobedience is a legal and political phenomenon that sparks extensive debate in legal theory, reflecting the relationship between individuals and governing authorities in various contexts. This article aims to study civil disobedience from two perspectives: the first through Islamic law, where it is seen as a tool for opposing authority in cases of injustice and corruption, according to legal frameworks that balance the necessity of maintaining public order and the right to resist injustice. The second perspective is through positive law, which treats civil disobedience as a legal means to express peaceful protest against repressive regimes, emphasizing fundamental rights such as freedom of expression and political participation within the framework of legality. Through this comparison, the article highlights the differences between the Islamic legal view, which requires opposition to injustice within a legitimate framework and in accordance with ethical values, and the positive legal view, which focuses on civil disobedience as a legitimate legal right against injustice regardless of the religious context. The article also discusses the impact of these legal systems on the development of political thought and human rights in various cultural and legal contexts.

The nationalist sentiment during the time of Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi (532-589 AH/1138-1193 AD) had a significant influence on both his domestic and foreign policies. At times, it had a positive aspect, ensuring the security and protection of the Ayyubid regime both internally and externally. However, at other times, it became a source of discord and division among the Kurdish people, even causing rifts within the Ayyubid family itself. The feudal system was one of the main flaws of the nationalist sentiment, which favored the Kurdish race—a policy Salah ad-Din adopted to ensure the loyalty of his relatives and emirs. Over time, however, this policy proved to be flawed, as these emirs began to fear for their own safety in battle and hesitated to confront the Crusaders. This approach also led to division among the Ayyubid army, with Kurds refusing to listen to the Turks, and vice versa, which marked the beginning of the decline of the Ayyubid state, ultimately falling at the hands of the Turkish Mamluks who grew in power and influence.
Regarding his foreign policy, nationalism played a prominent role in Salah ad-Din's diplomatic actions. His choice of his brother, Al-Adil Sif al-Din Abu Bakr (538-615 AH/1144-1219 AD), as the representative of the Ayyubid state and negotiator with the Franks was a wise decision, as he managed negotiations with exceptional diplomatic skill, which was acknowledged by both the Franks and the Muslims. Furthermore, Salah ad-Din sent his nephew, Prince Husam ad-Din Umar bin Lajin (d. 587 AH/1191 AD), on a diplomatic military mission to the city of Nablus during his stay in Acre (583 AH/1187 AD), which led to the city's capture and its submission to Ayyubid authority.
It is important to note that while nationalism ensured the secrecy of missions and their successful completion, competence played a significant role in assigning positions and tasks. For Salah ad-Din, competence built trust, often surpassing ethnic or national considerations. An excellent example of this is the vizier Al-Qadi al-Fadhil (526-596 AH/1135-1200 AD), who was Salah ad-Din's minister, head of his chancery, and his trusted confidant. Salah ad-Din described him as "the closest to my heart and mind, the secret of secrets, and the treasure of the state," and praised him to his soldiers and commanders, saying: "Do not think I conquered the lands with your swords, but with the pen of Al-Fadhil."

This research addresses the "Hadith criticisms by Hafiz Ibn Hajar in his book Takhlees al-Habeer on Hafiz Ibn al-Jawzi," selecting practical examples from his work. The study is a "critical hadith study," where I provide a brief definition of criticism, discuss Ibn Hajar’s methodology in his book Takhlees al-Habeer, and mention some of the forms of criticism used by Ibn Hajar. I made every effort to clarify the most reliable opinion for each hadith through his critiques, presenting this in precise scholarly evidence and concise language at the conclusion of each section.

The objectives and policies of the United States in the United Nations Security Council are based on several considerations that shaped the political and historical reality after the United States emerged as a major superpower, remaining from the Cold War era. This had significant reflections on the outcomes of international power within the Security Council. The U.S. has been a driving force behind many of the issues addressed by the international body and has evolved in a way that aligns with American viewpoints within the Security Council. These views were, to a large extent, extreme in directing and influencing international decisions according to the supreme interests of the United States and its relationship, drawing from the global terms of the previous century in several areas, including: legitimacy, the use of force, humanitarian intervention, weapons of mass destruction, addressing terrorism, promoting democracy, and the validity of political regimes. This situation led to widespread calls for the establishment of standards for how the Security Council will address future threats to international peace and security, to contain the growing trend of the United States to override long-established United Nations standards, which could lead to the creation of new norms, influencing the policies and obligations of states and international organizations in the past century.

This research aims to identify the types of incoming and outgoing administrative secret documents in the departments and units of Al-Mustansiriya University and its administrative structures. It also explores the methods used to protect these documents from information piracy to which they are exposed. The research relied on a statistical (analytical) approach to collect data through a paper questionnaire, which was distributed to a sample of 60 individuals, with 40 employees responding. The data collection focused on identifying the nature of the information, testing its reliability, and conducting interviews with the heads of departments and observing the records and activities carried out by these departments. The study extracted the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation to achieve the research objectives and verify the hypotheses.
The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:
1. The institution provides organized records that fully document the incoming and outgoing administrative secret documents, which enhances security and confidentiality within the institution.
2. The institution grants administrative authorization to employees who handle secret documents, thus improving security levels and specifying who is authorized to access sensitive information.
The research also suggested several recommendations, including:
1. Establishing an electronic records management system to ensure the precise and organized registration and storage of data related to secret documents. The system should feature quick search and retrieval capabilities and assign clear responsibilities to all individuals dealing with secret documents. There should also be a mechanism for regular review and auditing of the records to ensure compliance.
2. Setting clear standards and specific conditions for granting administrative authorization, including security requirements, experience, and training. This should be done through an acknowledgment form signed by employees and workers in these sensitive and important departments.

This research aims to highlight the distinguished military role of Commander Qutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili in the conquest of the lands beyond the river (Transoxiana). These lands were of great importance due to their strategic geographical location, which served as a gateway for spreading Islam to other countries and as a trade route for Islamic commerce. Additionally, the abundance of fresh water and fertile soil made most of the land suitable for agriculture and pastures. The region\'s population consisted primarily of \"Turks and Persians,\" while Arabs entered the region alongside military operations led by \"Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra,\" the governor of Khorasan. However, the conquest operations stalled due to the mountainous nature of the region and the insufficient number of Muslim troops. Upon Qutayba al-Bahili\'s arrival and his assumption of leadership following Al-Muhallab, he succeeded in conquering this vital land and settling Arabs there, due to his bravery and political and military acumen. From a young age, Qutayba had been actively involved in conquests and wars, which led to his appointment as the commander of the army and governor of Khorasan in 86 AH (705 AD). From there, he began to develop military plans to advance the conquest of the lands beyond the river. With his political skill, he adopted a \"divide and conquer\" strategy, sowing discord between the various peoples and kingdoms, which led to constant infighting, thus facilitating the Arab conquest and settlement of the region. The locals even began to seek help from Qutayba. His military operations were divided into phases, starting with the first campaign in 86 AH (705 AD) to conquer Tokharistan. After its conquest, he advanced toward Bukhara in 87 AH (706 AD), and then captured Khwarazm and Samarkand between 91 AH and 93 AH (710-712 AD). He completed the conquest of the lands beyond the river by capturing Fergana and Shash in 94 AH (713 AD). As a result, Islam spread throughout the region, many mosques were built, and they became centers for teaching the Qur\'an and the Sunnah. These centers became meeting points for scholars from various regions. The Muslims gained substantial material rewards from the spoils and the agricultural lands they controlled and settled in, strengthening the Muslim armies. Thus, the conquest of the lands beyond the river was completed

This research explores the joint efforts of John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White in laying the foundations for the establishment of the International Monetary Fund between 1940 and 1947. The study reviews the historical context that necessitated the creation of a new global monetary system in the aftermath of the Great Depression and World War II. It became crucial to enhance international cooperation to ensure currency stability and prevent financial crises. The research focuses on the economic ideas proposed by Keynes, which included the creation of a global reserve currency and expanding the role of international institutions in supporting struggling economies, in contrast to White's vision, which emphasized strengthening the U.S. dollar as the main currency in the new monetary system. The research also covers the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, where intensive discussions and negotiations led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund.

The study of the commercial influence of the city and its centers of impact is one of the important factors that contribute to achieving the goals and plans of comprehensive development. These areas of influence represent a field for economic cohesion and the unity of the natural and human elements of the city. This study focuses on the extent of the commercial use of the region and its impact on surrounding areas and cities, to understand the role that goods play in expanding the scope and range of influence. Additionally, it seeks to uncover the capacity of this usage to meet the needs of the city's population and its region in terms of goods and services. The study aims to explore the impact of this use and uncover the key problems and obstacles preventing its expansion, on the basis of which a set of suggestions were formulated.
To address the data gap, a questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of visitors from neighboring areas and cities. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed. The study revealed that the areas under the influence of this commercial use include the Imam Al-Qaim district, Al-Sadiq district, Azizuddin Salim district, Al-Shafi district, Al-Dair district, Al-Nashwa district, Al-Aziz district in Maysan Governorate, and Al-Jabayish district in Dhi Qar Governorate, but with varying proportions. The highest percentage of visitors came from the direct region of the city, accounting for 59% of the sample size, while the remaining 41% were from the city's indirect region. Furthermore, the study found that 56% of the total sample visited the city for shopping purposes.

The nature of official statistics regarding the number of traffic accidents in Iraq, in general, and in Basra Governorate, in particular, represents only a small fraction of the daily traffic accidents that occur throughout Iraq, with Basra being one of the most affected areas. This is because vehicle owners often prefer amicable solutions, such as voluntarily repairing the vehicle or compensating passengers or pedestrians, instead of resorting to government interventions that may lead to the driver's vehicle being impounded. Additionally, compensation for vehicle repairs in the case of a collision or financial compensation for pedestrians who are run over, or for those who have been killed due to a direct collision, are deterrents. As a result, many vehicle owners opt for the simplest solutions to avoid the complications of official procedures. This research aims to investigate traffic accidents in digital form, particularly in the urban centers of Basra Governorate, and track them spatially and temporally from 2010 to 2022.

The bookbinding profession is an ancient craft in Basra Governorate, focusing on the preservation of books by binding their pages together to protect them from damage and wear over time. This profession is known as "bookbinding" due to its importance in safeguarding scientific efforts and preventing the loss or deterioration of book pages. Without the existence of this art in Arab and Islamic culture, we would not have the heritage books available to us today.
This research aims to provide a geographical analysis of the bookbinding industry in Basra Governorate, highlighting the challenges faced by this industry. The study employs geographical analysis and distribution to examine the industry's issues, as well as the difficulties faced by bookbinding workshop owners.
The study is divided into five main sections, in addition to the introduction. The first section discusses the concept, importance, and types of bookbinding, while the second section focuses on the stages of bookbinding manufacturing processes. The third section addresses the main factors that contribute to the bookbinding industry in Basra, and the fourth section analyzes the geographical distribution of bookbinding workshops in Basra. Finally, the fifth section explores the problems encountered in the bookbinding industry in Basra, along with the findings and suggestions.
The study concludes with several key findings: Bookbinding is a significant craft in local markets, playing a crucial role in meeting the needs of government departments and the private sector by producing books, records, and registers. The final step in book production is bookbinding. The geographic location of Basra has greatly supported the industry by facilitating the transportation of raw materials such as paper, cardboard, and adhesives used in the process. The high population density in central Basra has led to the largest concentration of bookbinding workers, with 79 workers representing 60.3% of the workforce in Basra's bookbinding industry. Some of the key challenges faced by the industry include delays in the arrival of raw materials, climate-related issues, and the challenges of repairing damaged books.

The subject of humanizing religion is considered one of the important topics that preoccupied the minds of many scholars and philosophers who defended man’s humanity by liberating himself from some of the restrictions of theologians. Therefore, one of the most prominent defenders of man’s existence was the philosopher Feuerbach. He wanted to build a humanistic religion based on man by asking questions. In his writings, the relationship between man and religion was crystallized, as we find that Feuerbach, in his two books (The Essence of Christianity) and (The Origin of Religion), which specialize in the religious aspect, makes man a fundamental focus of the principle of religious truth and certainty. Man is the essence of religion, and God is the image of man, on the one hand.
On the other hand, we note that Feuerbach linked human religion to feelings and feelings emanating from the human being by searching for the source of these feelings, and in the end he sees a feeling of dependence as the source of the humanization of religion.
In general, the humanization of religion in Feuerbach\'s entire philosophy is centered around one axis, which is man. Knowing God is knowing man himself, for man is the basis of religion and the basis of existence.
Based on the above, the research came within two sections. The first section talked about definitions of religion, and we divided it into two points. The first section talked about the linguistic definition. The second section talked about the conventional definition of religion and we talked about many definitions in various fields. As for the second section, it was entitled What is the humanization of religion and its impact on the individual? We divided it into three main points. The first point, we talked about reducing religion to man, and the second point, we talked about the stages of development of Feuerbach’s religious thinking and divided it into four stages. As for the third and final point, we devoted it to talking about self-interpretation. Religion for the individual, through three basic axes: the first is fear, the second is love, and the third is dependency.

Geomorphological studies focus on detecting the impact of tectonic activity on surface basins. This research investigates the geomorphological indicators that can be used to verify the presence of tectonic activity in the Dabbah Basin, one of the dry valleys in Basra Governorate. The study utilized the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and ArcGIS 10.8 software to analyze the data. The findings showed that the geomorphological indicators used to measure tectonic effectiveness in the basin varied in degrees ranging from low to moderate to high. The results also indicated that the Dabbah Basin falls within category (2) for moderate and mild tectonic activity, with a score of approximately (2.16). The analysis of geomorphological indicators, including the stream length index, slope degree, width of the valley floor to valley height ratio, topographic asymmetry index, mountain front sinuosity index, and basin shape index, showed the following values: (56.41045, 2.1, 0.25, 47.08809, 1.006385, 5.453663) respectively. The research also highlighted the role of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in enhancing the detection of tectonic activity within the basin.

The recycling industry is one of the crucial sectors that contributes to industrial, economic, and social activity. This industry provides new products using materials that have been previously used, which are low-cost and abundant, thereby reducing production costs and minimizing the amount of waste discharged into the environment. Additionally, it creates job opportunities and supports economic development by supplying essential products, whether as final goods or semi-processed raw materials used in various industries, thus creating an important industrial linkage between different sectors.
Natural factors in Basra Governorate have significantly contributed to the localization and geographical distribution of these industries. The governorate’s geographical location, situated in southern Iraq and overlooking the Arabian Gulf, has made it a key center for sourcing raw materials and distributing the products of the recycling industry throughout Iraq. Moreover, the climatic conditions of the region have influenced the recycling industry, as the availability of water plays a significant role in many recycling operations, including manufacturing, cleaning, and cooling processes. Additionally, surface features and geological composition also play a role in the development of recycling industries.
The recycling industry in the study area is diverse, covering six types: (metal recycling, plastic recycling, oil recycling, semi-manufactured materials recycling, battery recycling, and recycling machinery and robotics). These industries are distributed across three districts: (Basra, Al-Zubair, and Al-Qurna), with a total of 52 industrial establishments employing 1,328 workers.