Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The research focused on the problem that most Arab political systems suffer from as a result of the absence of the process of devolution of power, especially at the level of the head of state, which has a negative impact on the lives of individuals, and Egypt was chosen as one of the Arab countries that suffered from the process of devolution of power, especially after the events In 2011, former President (Hosni Mubarak) stepped down from power, and his transition to President (Muhammad Morsi) in 2012, which witnessed the one-year period of his rule that Egypt returned in all political, economic and social fields, in addition to that controlling all the levers of power, and they confiscated rights And freedoms and the betrayal of institutions, which led to more chaos and societal division, which ended with the protests that took place against the President (Mohamed Morsi) and with the intervention of the military establishment and his removal from office on July 3, 2013.

The wars between the active powers in the international system witnessed qualitative transitions in their generations during the historical stages that peoples went through in their conflicts. Successive generations of wars evolved to meet the increasing needs for managing those conflicts around the world. Thus, generations of wars moved over the years from one stage to another. Today we are on The threshold of sixth generation wars The pillars of this war have been employed in the conflict between the forces of conservatism and the forces of change in the international system, and the wars of this generation will be managed with smart systems, and will reap smart results through robotics, electronics, automation and autonomous weapons systems, along with other innovations, one of the outputs of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, biological developments, as these technologies will allow the possibility of automatic confrontation against the sources of the threat, , then the militarization of space that will influence the dynamics of the military conflict in the future.

The Russian strategy, like other strategies of major countries, was characterized by change, both in terms of internal and external trends, which was linked to the succession of the ruling elites in the country, in addition to the changing regional and international conditions that contributed greatly to making these changes more urgent. During the nineties, Russia witnessed internal unrest as a result of The shock that followed the collapse, in addition to the difference in my views between the intellectual and ideological currents about the general orientations of the Russian strategy, which is what caused the decline in Russia\'s international standing, as a result of retreating inward to build itself amid the oscillation between the Westernization and Eurasian trend, which was decided with the advent of the current Russian president. Vladimir Putin\" to power in 1999 in what is known as the \"Putin Doctrine\".

The importance of this research is determined by dealing with a topic about international actors, which is reflected in the emergence of international entities that have come to play a role parallel to the role of the state, if not even instead of it in some cases. these entities have taken many forms such as; International governmental, non-governmental organizations and international pressure groups, also some of these entities, which have an international activity; like multinational companies, terrorist and armed struggle movements, which have now occupied a position in the lists of international terrorism. recently, these forms have increased significantly. For that, there is an agreement between researchers to acknowledge that these international institutions and other types - have increased the intensity of interactions in international relations, also we note the important differences between the perspectives that explain the role of these actors and the extent of their influence in the international environment.the ease of use of digital technology by individuals on the planet.

The issue of the emergence and establishment of the UAE is one of the topics that has not been highlighted as it should be, so this study came to demonstrate the importance of the stages of establishing the UAE, starting from the stage of British withdrawal in the sixties of the last century, up to the stage of launching the official unitary initiative in 1968 AD. And as a continuation of the establishment of the United Arab Emirates as an independent republic on December 2, 1971 AD, In addition to addressing the most prominent manifestations of the unity enjoyed by the UAE, in addition to addressing the most basic elements of the UAE that helped maintain the unity of the Union.

The study dealt with the French policy towards Arab issues after 2011 by tracing the impact and role of this policy on Arab issues, including the Palestinian issue, as it is considered one of the important issues, if not the most important. The solution of establishing two independent states as a comprehensive solution to restore peace to the region, and dealt with the events of the Arab Spring cautiously by supporting international conferences and launching peace initiatives, in addition to its great role in providing aid and humanitarian aid and its military participation in air strikes based on the decisions issued by the Security Council, focusing on Yemen, Syria and Libya, which witnessed many changes, However, the French policy, despite all its practices and recorded presence, did not contribute to finding comprehensive solutions to the conflicts, as it is a pragmatic policy aimed at preserving French interests and working to perpetuate them in the region.

From the comprehensive strategic perspective of the United States of America, Afghanistan represents a geopolitical square of exceptional importance, The American institutions responsible for making foreign policy and national security realize that Afghanistan, with its many unique strategic advantages, It has now become, as it was in the past, a ground for competition between major and regional powers aspiring to control one of the most important geostrategic regions in the world, namely Central Asia. This is what prompted the United States to occupy this country and immerse itself deeply in the affairs of the surrounding powers and countries with the aim of influencing the relations and balances of power in Central Asia in particular, and in the Asian continent and the world. Generally.

Iraq has seen extremism and terrorism, just like other nations throughout the world. The US occupation of Iraq in 2003 made it evident that the Iraqi experience, which is resilient with radicalism leading to violence, has eclipsed that of other nations. Which requires identifying the most important intellectual foundations through which this issue can be addressed and confronted because of its great impact stability, countries world, and Iraq forefront. In order to combat violent extremism and terrorism in Iraq, it is necessary to find logical justifications and underpinnings, which is what this study tries to explore. In order to combat violent extremism and terrorism in Iraq, it is necessary to find logical justifications and underpinnings, which is what this study tries to explore. violent extremism and terrorism, as well as reveal the causes of violent extremism and terrorism in Iraq, in addition to stating the foundations for confronting extremism and terrorism at the national and international levels in Iraq. The study concluded that the intellectual foundations at the local and international levels such as education, moderate discourse and strengthening cohesion The social and media role of the government, and diplomatic countries with a major role in reducing violent extremism and terrorism.

The crisis in terms of form and content is based on the degree of awareness and maturity of societies and political systems alike in how to deal with it, confront it, and manage it. Whatever the degree of sophistication, luxury and prosperity, but the degree and impact of the crisis varies from one society to another in connection with the intellectual and rational maturity and development of those in charge of matters of power and governance in political systems on the one hand, as well as the development witnessed by those societies in the cultural, political, economic and social fields on the other hand.

Dealing with the crisis, no matter how complex it is, it’s considered a rational culture as a result of accumulated experience and a great legacy with high efficiency and extreme accuracy in diagnosis, identification and inventory. Therefore, rational logic, realism and rationality in how to deal with crises has become a science that has its rules, foundations, characteristics, dimensions, principles and strategies in terms of form and content, but this does not mean that there is a ready-made recipe that can be applied in any society or political system without taking into account the nature and environment of the society or political system.

The rules for dealing with the crisis and planning its strategy require a great intellectual and mental effort to study all the apparent and latent aspects of the crisis to accurately challenge the foci of crises, taking into consideration the worst-case principle in order to find the best viable alternatives in the existing reality and it is considered the greatest proof of overcoming the adversities and difficulties facing the societies and political systems, which are a reflection of the intellectual advancement of the political elite or the ruling authority to maintain stability and sustain and economic prosperity.

self -conscious And knowledge has emerged as important in modern liberal political thought and came in order to call for the importance of awareness in the essence of the individual, as it was mentioned by most of the leading critics, most notably John Locke and Emmanuel Kant. And there are no innate ideas in it, but at the same time it confirms the existence of an innate power in the mind and not ideas that can transform simple ideas into a vehicle that produces ideas, knowledge and awareness, through which the mind begins in a negative way to receive these external impressions in the mind and contemplate them in the form of simple ideas, either practical Acquisition of self -conscious in Kant was formed through his attempt to combine rationalists and empiricists, as he worked to link experience with the mind through the presence of pre-experienced subjective categories, perceptions and conditions that exist in the mind, which can be called innate ideas found in the pure mind and others that come from the senses by their interaction with external things. self -conscious according to Kant is a process that takes place entirely within the self on a substance that comes from without, which is the sensory data of phenomena, which constitute the external substance of things in themselves. The two images of space and time and the categories of understanding are self-perceptions that exist in the mind in an a priori way, and then he started applying them to what I consider to be the appearance of things.

The United States of America seeks to secure its global or regional position through control and influence over strategic regions, including the Balkans, which is an important part of the interests of international and regional powers seeking to benefit from the important geostrategic position of the region in drawing up its policies and strategies in the future, in light of the elements of strength and ability that it employs to exercise influence. influence in the region, Which necessitates the Balkan countries to take policies and build internal and external relations in their regional surroundings with the international and regional powers in order to be able to achieve their interests and goals in light of the existing competition, which makes the visions about the future of the region vary between the points of convergence in the interests of the Balkan countries with the policies of the competing powers and the points of intersection with Others, and each of them seeks to achieve or preserve them, all of this pushes the international and regional powers to formulate military, political and economic strategies to build an important future role in order to achieve their goals.

Mauritania has worked to fulfill its commitments to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015) through a set of frameworks, including those related to the external level, which is represented by joining international conventions and treaties, including at the internal level, which is related to the harmonization of legislative, legal and strategic frameworks and internal programs for those commitments, but The challenges and on all dimensions (social, economic, political, environmental) that Mauritania went through prevented the fulfillment of those commitments, which negatively affected the development indicators (developmental impact) and showed a stumble in their achievement, which hindered the development process and exacerbated the structural challenges.

The trend towards enhancing cyber capabilities is one of the priorities of the Iranian and Israeli governments, especially in recent years, which witnessed great competition between them in the context of preserving vital interests and expanding influence, as Iran sought through developing cyber capabilities not only for defensive or offensive purposes, but also to limit the freedom of information flow To the citizens, which caused the outbreak of revolutions, most notably those that occurred in 2009, in contrast to Israel, which supported the development of national cyber capabilities with the aim of maintaining superiority in the electronic field over other neighboring countries, as well as providing another factor to deter others in the event of entering into a cyber confrontation, especially by Iran.

This research begins with an in-depth study of the challenges facing the parliamentary system in Iraq since 2005. That is, since the adoption of the permanent constitution of Iraq in 2005. As there are a number of challenges that the parliamentary system applied in Iraq suffers from. Including what is political and what is security. Including what is social and economic. As well as what is internal and what is external. All of these challenges have greatly affected the effectiveness and role of political institutions in Iraq and the provision of the necessary pillars for the political system to play its role and the foundations on which it is based.