Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The active forces in the international system compete with the aim of preserving the international system and its position in it, as it achieves for them the interests, power and influence that they consider convincing and satisfactory for some of them. On the other hand, some of them are competing with the aim of modifying the international system, improving their international standing, and expanding their interests and influence. However, the ability of these forces to compete varies from one force to another, and this variation depends on what each of them has on the elements of strength and their ability to employ them to achieve their goals. Among the power factors are the economic factor and the military factor, which are the subject of our research

Although there are elements for political development in Iraq ,The aggravation of the situation and the failure to implement foundations, which led to problems and obstacles to achieving political development.

There are ways to solve these obstacles, including: applying consensual democracy, abolishing the principle of quotas, expanding political participation, implementing transitional justice, eliminating corruption in all its forms, achieving national unity, activating the national reconciliation project, strengthening the role of civil society institutions, achieving national integration and reducing poverty, and eliminating justice on unemployment.

Decision-makers in each country work to define a list of internal and external interests، goals and threats to their countries according to the nature of their awareness of these interests، goals and threats.

Hence، Iraq is not an exception to this rule، and the process of evaluating its interests and the objectives of its foreign policy is subject to the pattern of awareness of decision-makers and the influencing forces in defining its basic interests، which often witness some kind of difference in defining them، evaluating their importance and determining the size of the threats they face. And among these interests and threats that have witnessed a difference in the assessment of their importance or danger is the railway connection with Kuwait or other countries، including Iran،

At a time when some political forces and some personalities see the importance of the railway connection to Iraq، others، and with them the majority of the Iraqi people، see the danger of this connection to the interests of Iraq. In particular، its negative impact on the completion of the construction of the Grand Port of Faw and the dry canal، which are considered major national projects on which they are relied upon in creating a major development leap that mitigates the impact of the rentier impact of the economy and contributes to diversifying the national economy Especially when it is successful in linking with international trade projects، including the Chinese Belt and Road project، which will give Iraq an important economic-strategic advantage.

The origins of the political thought of the neo-conservative movement stem from non-American European references, and non-Christian Jewish theological beliefs, especially the ideas of Leo Strauss, the German Jewish thinker, and Leo Trotsky, the Russian Jewish thinker who formulated the idea of ​​the neo-conservative movement with this conclusion that drew its horizons to the world, especially the Middle East from In order to achieve the greatness of the American Empire, its hegemony and its sovereignty over the whole world, and because the theological references of the movement are of Jewish fundamentalism (Strauss and Trotsky), this opened the door of ideological affiliation to the movement in front of the Jews of America and Europe. And then, in a geopolitical way, it affected the Middle East, where securing the existence of (the Zionist entity) / “the State of Israel” required that intervention in the affairs of the countries of the Arab region as neighbors of the Zionist entity, and demanded a just solution to the Palestinian issue, and this influence is one of the most prominent pillars and foundations of the political thought of the neo-conservative movement In the USA and the world.

It seems that the influence of the revolutionary Trotskyite philosophy is more evident in neo-conservative thought than the influence of Straussian philosophy, although this reference was not explicitly declared in the literature of American political thought or political thought critical of neo-conservative thought, which is what we perceive in this study as new, especially if We looked at the origins of the Zionist movement in its infancy with "Leo Pinsker", "Theodor Herzl", "Vladimir-Raif Jabotinsky" who write down the most socialist whose heirs from the Zionists benefited from the exploitation and employment of Trotsky's socialist ideas to a greater extent than Strauss, and they presented the socialist system over the liberal in formulating the idea Zionism

International relations have been witnessing important developments for several decades، under the influence of an actor of technology. The foundations and principles of relations between states are undergoing transformations، including the shift in the meaning of sovereignty، the predominance of the pragmatic character، and the shift in the uses of: direct power، influence، and influence.

One of the manifestations of international relations today is resorting to war، not in the form of traditional wars in which the warring parties can be known. Rather، countries، especially the major ones، have developed generations of wars، enabling them to reduce costs and have a greater impact. Less international responsibility is observed، as they are wars that are practiced in hidden ways، but the result in them is: effect and this can only be achieved through great progress in the technology that states use، in their relations with each other. The value that can be associated with this transformation relates to the fact that: whenever a technological development takes place، the more policy makers، or even violent organizations، and non-state actors find themselves in front of greater flexibility، to resort to modern periods of war، and thus influence international relations. But it doesn’t mean remove classic war.

In 2018, following the multiple crises that hit the country, which cast a shadow over the Muslim Brotherhood, and as a result of the conflicts that emerged between the Islamists and the fragmentation of the movement for several wings, a popular uprising was launched After that, the army announced that it was standing by the popular movement and was able to remove Bashir from power The Muslim Brotherhood has exercised multiple roles to perpetuate their survival in power, and this was by inserting their elements into the transitional period, but the civil forces struggled and demanded the exclusion of all symbols and elements of the Brotherhood

Being the main cause of the country's state of affairs, on the other hand, the Brotherhood sought to block the arrangements contained in the constitutional document The Islamic Movement has continued to mobilize its supporters and create the right ground to start political work, which has long been known for its long history of reproducing itself again .

The issue of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is one of the important international issues that topped the international political scene for the second decade of the twenty-first century because of its political, economic and environmental repercussions on the two downstream countries, especially Egypt, which has become a challenge to its water and food security and increases its economic burdens, and it has taken place since the year 2011, several negotiating rounds between Ethiopia on the one hand and the downstream countries (Egypt and Sudan) on the other hand to settle the crisis of establishing the Renaissance Dam, but they did not reach any results or compromise solutions. As a result of the policy of procrastination and procrastination that Ethiopia adopted in its negotiations with Egypt and Sudan in order to gain time to complete the Renaissance Dam project and without committing itself to any agreement, as it considers the project to build the dam a national demand with political, economic and security dimensions, and what has worsened the situation is foreign interventions in supporting The Ethiopian position against Egypt, which weakened the latter's negotiating position to settle the crisis.

The political deduction in political security issues has become one of the topics that related with the attention of researchers and specialists. On the philosophical level, the deduction based on a certain reason to be as the basis for proving a specific issue that cannot be tackled by the existence of contradictions between two extremes - paradigm (Security and Instability). So that, the future of political security in Sudan is still instability, although the international community's ability to impose their Comprehensive Peace Agreement since February 2005, and according to the requirements of what included in the clauses of the agreement to complete the procurement of democratic transition period, as for the Sudanese opposition forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement which are represented the real partners of power. So, the ability of the National Congress Party at that time could have power to consolidate its inclusiveness as a dominant political party.

From the another hand, the possibilities to infer the dimensions of political security in Sudan are ready to restore the army’s control over the political life, but with the need to maintain the settlement of critical political issues according to a new criteria that take into account the demands of civil forces; However, the civilian leadership was still inactive by as a result of internal divisions and rivalries within, so that the local, regional and international pressures remain to be the only source of strength to achieve a kind of consensus and satisfaction to overcome the critical period and accomplish what can be achieved for the benefit of the political security for Sudan, at the present and future alike. Finally, the absence of mechanisms for managing the divergent interests between civil and military leaders may lead to an unstable civil-military alliance, and they concern about losing of the whole absolute privileges and powers that they enjoyed during the past three decades for the rule of former President Omar al-Bashir, leaving the civilian leadership in 2019 to be as a drastically situation in its inability to form a united front that pushed towards neutralizing the military’s authority or resorting to confront a new period as a returning of violence as what happened in the past. As for the multiplicity of factors affecting on the political security crisis in Sudan, it meant that there is no real solution to subsequent crises in the future, so that the possibility of shifting towards civilian rule remains the only way to manage differences. And the differences between civilians and military alike might erupted at any reason or incentive.

The civilized world, especially after the Second World War, tended to expand the base of democracy in most regimes and to introduce decentralized administration, or rather to federalism in the exercise of governance over its people.

The hallmark of the era is democracy, the rule of law, equality in rights and duties, and totalitarian rule has become shunned by peoples regardless of the justifications, especially in pluralistic societies, where several solutions have been proposed to the crisis of coexistence and protection of minorities, some of which were based on international guarantees and others on internal guarantees stemming from the adoption of federalism The structure of the state, and the adoption of the federal system has received increasing attention around the world during the second half of the last century, as there are now more than (24) countries in which the basic features of the federation are clear, and the distinguishing feature of this popularity that federalism is witnessing in the world at the present time , is that the application of federalism has taken very diverse patterns and new and innovative forms have emerged with it, and the political reasons for the existence of the federal system lie in the reconciliation achieved by this system between two contradictory tendencies: unity and difference or diversity, by ensuring coexistence between two types of interests: public interests For the group of the united group, and the special interests of the constituent elements of this group, because it is a system that aims to satisfy the general needs of the whole united group, and is entrusted with it This task is left to the federal authorities, but at the same time he leaves it to his regional units to satisfy the needs that may differ from one unit to another.

Economic relations took their first signs before 2003,because the former Iraqi regime had embraced socialism as a principle of governance, and this was in line with the socialist camp at the time, and relations continued to develop, especially after the fall of the regime and the entry of Chinese oil companies to extract Iraqi oil. Fossil fuels .

These relations were wracked by some variables that had some effects and were on three levels: local, regional and international, which increased the competition for influence between China and the United States of America over areas rich in natural resources.

The problem stemmed from the idea of how the future of Iraqi-Chinese economic relations would be. The hypothesis was that there is a relationship and it can develop and grow according to the global economic changes that may occur or be required by global markets in Iraq or in China.

The research concluded with the conclusion that the future of Iraqi-Chinese economic relations will witness three scenarios, and the scenario of development and growth of Iraqi-Chinese economic relations will prevail over the rest of the scenarios.

In the midst of the discussion about any political system، we see adherence to the military and police nature، and this is what we are trying to study about the structure of the political system in Syria because the regime chose the path of military security، and during the Syrian crisis the political system overturned because of repression and dependence on it and as a military solution to the regional and international crisis in which the forces cannot reach Regional and international solutions to be agreed upon by the various Syrian political forces. With the means of physical coercion of the regime، political and economic capabilities، as well as international and regional powers that do not support change in Syria and see it as a negative impact on themselves، such as Russia، China، Iran and more recently the United States of America under the Trump and Biden government، this matter shows that the survival of the regime is the only and conditional solution.