iklil for Humanity Studies

The Arab Spring period was considered one of the most important periods in history, especially modern history, because of the political, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual transformations in this period that reshaped our Arab reality.
This study aimed to research and investigate that period and find out the motives of the Arab Spring revolutions and the transformations that occurred in our Arab world. This study took the year 2011 as a time basis from which those transformations that have not yet been resolved began.
The study focused on three axes, the first of which is the Arab Spring revolutions and their motives, the second is the political transformations in the time of the Arab Spring, and the last is the social transformations in the time of the Arab Spring.

Côte d'Ivoire is considered a model of stability in West Africa for the period extending between the years 1960-1993. It enjoyed political and economic stability and social cohesion at that stage. It seems that the post-independence stage, especially since its early years, led to cohesion, because the post-independence stage is A stage of convergence around historical leadership embodied by the person of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who was able to establish social cohesion and economic prosperity and prevent any problems that might threaten the security of the country. This is due to the power of one party and the strength of the executive authority. However, this reality changed in Côte d’Ivoire with the death of President Boigny. In addition to other reasons caused by the change in the political system.
The research was divided into an introduction, three axes, and a conclusion. The first axis included the political and administrative situation in Côte d’Ivoire between the years 1893-1960, while the second axis dealt with Boigny and his role in the independence of Côte d’Ivoire in 1960. The third axis included Boigny and his internal and foreign policy between the years 1960- 1993.

England has long been recognised as the birthplace of parliamentary democracy، serving as the foundation on which the fundamental principles of democracy were established and strengthened. This system was subsequently extended to several nations that gradually adopted it. The constitutional character that has been approved by parliamentary organisations during different historical periods.
The opposition political movement in England has witnessed a number of changes that haveclosely aligned with the progression of its political history. These developments can be identified from the era of absolute monarchy throughout the Middle Ages to the establishment of a limited monarchy since the thirteenth century. The evolution of the political opposition in England may be attributed to the influence of the Germanic tribes. Regardless of their title as king or leader، the monarch has been subject to the power of the Anglo-Saxons since their arrival in 449. A council known as the Whitean Council was established by a group of advisors who were considered knowledgeable individuals or advisors to the king. This council resembled a tribal council، convening at the start of each lunar month، where all men attended armed with weapons. Both gatherings، the tribal council and the Whitean Council، were characterised by their democratic nature، as all participants were free people. During these meetings، the king or one of the advisors would take a prominent position. The individuals in his entourage، possessing specific attributes like age or speech، engage in deliberation، prompting him to convey his disagreement through loud disapproval. These audible expressions of disapproval might be regarded as the initial manifestations of political opposition during that era.

Since the entry of Muslims in the year 92 AH/710 AD, Andalusia, with all its groups (Arabs and Berbers), and after mixing with its original inhabitants (Goths, Saxon Jews, Mestizobs, Arabists, and Goths), who had an important role in transmitting Mudéjar art to Spain and then Europe, enjoyed the stability of Andalusia. Politically and militarily, which had a positive impact on public life, Andalusia became the link between the East and the West in transmitting the various arts of Mudéjar in architecture, and even the most beautiful of them, which reflects an authentic civilization, which we observe in buildings such as churches and cathedrals in European cities. It is worth noting that the Mudéjar are the group that appeared. In Andalusia after its fall in the year (897 AH / 1491 AD), at the hands of Queen Elizabeth and Ferdinand, the most important role in transmitting Mudéjar arts to northern Spain, and then later European countries, was one of the most beautiful things that art left behind. Mudéjar art also influenced most of Christian religious architecture, especially in The domes of the churches that were built in the shape of horseshoes. This Mudéjar art, which flourished in AD (8-9 AH) (14-15 AD), had clear artistic features in Spanish and European art. Church towers were also influenced by Arabic inscriptions such as the phrase (There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger. God), and includes next to it texts engraved on plaster work. The first Mudéjar art appeared in Castile in its churches that were established, such as the Church of San Roman, with its border arches and colorful Arabic decoration. This indicates that the kings of Spain seem to have been influenced by the works and architectural arts of Andalusia, especially (the controversial art of Cordoba). Which was the foundation they followed in their buildings. It must be noted with regard to names that the researcher worked to address the names and terminology of modern geographic cities (such as France, Brazil, and others) in order to approximate the geographical location for the honorable reader. As for the title of the research, it is suitable for academic studies (Master’s and Doctorate), and due to the requirements of publishing the research in peer-reviewed scientific journals such as the following: We are dealing with this, which directs that the research be within the specified number of pages, which required me a lot of abbreviation of a lot of information for the vocabulary of this research.

The city of Seraph was a center for the production of some industries during the Abbasid era، and trade had a major role in the development of industry in the city of Seraph، and this is due to the poverty of the city of Seraph in terms of primary resources، which trade had the largest role in providing it، manufacturers in the city of Seraph used those materials in the manufacture of many ships and construction، including what was used for the manufacture of medicines and others، and the ship industry and construction in the city of Seraph reached a high degree of prosperity and sophistication، so they had their achievements in this field and witness Thus، the archaeological models found in the city of Seraph، due to the skill of the industrial labor in that city.

Praise be to God, without whom a pen would not have happened, and no tonguewould have spoken, and may blessings and peace be upon our masterMuhammad and his family and peace.The issueof the Ansar is one of the important topics, as it is linkedtothe most important incident in Islamic history,which is the kindest incident, in which the Ansar recordedthe most wonderful lessons of sacrifice and redemptionto support Imam Al-Hussein (peace be upon him). Al-Riyahi,who had a superior role that belongs to him alone,formulates his individual personality, his emotional life,his special revolutionary existence, and charts for himhis social life, hisintellectual responsibility, and his political and military direction.The research is divided into four axes, please: Introduction,conclusion, and list of sources... The first axisdealt with his nameand lineage, while the second axis dealt with the departure ofAl-Hurr bin Yazid and his meeting with Imam Hussein (peace beupon him), and the third axis was devoted to studying the transitionof the free from Yazid's camp to Imam Hussein's camp (Peace be upon him) and his martyrdom, and following thefourth axis, assessing the role of Al-Hur bin Yazid Al-Riyahi.Results.

Many Arab and foreign specialists and travelers in antiquities visited the archaeological sites scattered in Iraq, and some of them contributed to transferring them to Europe, to increase the Western desire to visit this country and see its archaeological sites. There were many trips to Iraq, including German trips, because it is full of archaeological worlds, and then it was transferred to the stores of those museums by foreign personalities who dug, excavated, and memorized the archaeological treasures that the land of Mesopotamia embraced for thousands of years.
German invitations came from inside Germany and from Baghdad through the German consul, on the condition that they have space to establish museums like the museums of Britain and France, and their similarity and sharing in the same source, and in invitations welcomed by the German Academy of Archaeological Sciences and the country was blessed with winning the friendliness and assistance of its ally Germany. Work has been done to transfer half of the discovered antiquities of interest to the Berlin Museum, to confirm the start of work, and to focus on Mesopotamia in particular.
The Germans were not limited to only one city, but the German missions went to northern Iraq, where they worked on the site of the city of Assyria, and the architectural remains of the city were fully examined, and work began from the main buildings, then the streets and built houses. As a result of these excavations that took place on this topic, the concepts of German travels were discovered in a way that did not touch the Iraqi antiquities through what was published in Sumer magazine.

The Turks are attributed to the region of Turkestan، and they inhabited the areas located in the country beyond the Jihon River to the borders of Tibet and China، and the most prominent thing is that the Turks were famous for their equestrianism and knowledge of the arts of war، and they relied for their livelihood on grazing، launching raids، hunting birds and lions. between the kingdoms of Persia and China.
Since the Rashidun era، the conquering Arabs have known the Turks when they conquered Khurasan and Transoxiana and mixed with them، and many of them entered Islam and became defenders of it.
The Umayyads were considered the first to bring in the Turks from their country، and the caliphs، princes and Arab leaders sought the help of the Turks in the armies of the Islamic conquests، and they began to bring in boys and maidservants from Transoxiana to serve in their palaces. Succession. And the matter continued in the Abbasid era، whose status was higher than it was in the Umayyad era.

In this research , I touched on an economic topic, namely " The Tribute and its provisions in the Arab Islamic State " , How did the prophet Muhammad ( May God bless him and grant him peace ) dealt with this matter ? It also dealt with the honorable Companions (may God be pleased with them ) dealing with the tribute, During the battles and conquests that they waged in the vast areas, east and west . And I spoke about the money that is taken from men from the people of the dhimmi people , without women and boys , and the legality of taking tribute , Based on the Qur'an , the Sunnah of the Prophet , and the consensus of Muslim scholars.

The issue of affiliation with the mother is one of the important topics that occupied many studies.
Historical because of its importance in knowing this type of affiliation that the ancient Arabs attributed mechanism.
The topic of affiliation with the mother was common in The pre-Islamic era and the era of the message Islam, the Rashidun era, and the Umayyad era, 6 Many people were attributed to their mothers, and were known by them whether they were known by them without knowing their names, or they were known by the names of their mothers, and they were attributed to them with knowing the names of their fathers, and accepted it, and was proud, whether in words or poetry. and them The real ones, so it was among them who accepted this name who refused to join.

In the third century AH, the countries of Morocco and its cities lived in prosperity, happiness and bliss, and this is what al-Yaqoubi mentioned.
(Al-Yaqoubi, Tarekh, p. 120) describing its cities and conditions by saying: (The cities of Sanhaja in the east of the country were the owners of its buildings, crops and udders). Migration of people from the interior from one region to another towards the neighboring countries, and economic life was accompanied by differences between people in the social and economic aspect, so two classes appeared in society, a rich class and a poor, non-existent class that could not meet its simple needs.

Trade played an important role in the economic life of the country of Yemen in the Ayyubid era، and it became an important center for the trade of goods of the East، where commercial ships coming from the various ports of India، China and the eastern coasts of the African continent arrived at the port of Aden، where their cargo of various goods was unloaded، and then from Aden they were transported Goods crossed the Yemeni trade routes، whether sea or land، to the north، where the country of the Hijaz and Egypt، and from Alexandria، the first port of Egypt، were carrying goods to the countries of Western Europe.
Therefore، the kings and princes of Yemen were keen to consolidate their commercial relations with other countries، especially those that have had commercial relations and common interests with Yemen for a long time.
In addition to Yemen's strategic location overlooking the waters of the Indian Ocean from the south، and the Red Sea from the west، and its control over the Strait of Bab al-Mandab that connects them، it made Yemen a country in the middle of the countries of the East، such as India and China، and the countries of the West and East Africa، which had a great impact on the role played by the Yemenis in Scientific trade across those seas throughout the different historical eras.
Likewise، the rulers and princes of Yemen have been keen since ancient times to pay attention to trade routes because they serve multiple purposes such as facilitating the arrival of the Yemeni pilgrimage، the conduct of armies and its transfer from one location to another to defend forts، castles and cities، and facilitating the arrival of mail from the capital to the governors and deputies in different cities and places، and we dealt with it in our research This is the foreign relations of Yemen with other countries such as China، the Middle East، India، Egypt and other countries، which we will address in the folds of the research.

The conquest of Andalusia was one of the great conquests in the history of the Arab-Islamic state, and had it not been for the victorious efforts made by the Arab tribes with the Muslim tribes of the Berbers, that civilizational edifice produced by the minds of the conquerors and their tribes would not have been on the military and intellectual level. Rather, the scientific conquest was walking side by side. With the military conquest, so the Ma’afaris and those with them from the tribes had a leading role in the scientific movement in the field of Quranic, modern and jurisprudential studies, which is indicated by the books of translations and classes that showed the ingenuity and effectiveness of the people of this tribe throughout the history of Andalusia, which is full of civilization and civilization at all levels, as evidenced by their travels Scientific to the East and great and useful literature in various parts of knowledge, including legal sciences of interpretation, hadith and jurisprudence.

A study (the subject of defamatory titles in the era of the message and the Rightly Guided Caliphate) came to clarify the nature of these titles used by their opponents and enemies to belittle them socially and morally in order to distort their image، so the titles received great care. The titles of slander circulating among people witnessed a variety of diversity and pluralism generated by social and cultural influences and factors that arose gradually through the development of institutions، systems and events for their interaction with ancient and contemporary human cultures to eventually form a distinctive pattern and a stand-alone subject that attracted the attention of ancient and modern scholars.

The study of the role of the Ansar scholars in religious sciences in Iraq from the third century AH until the end of the seventh century AH is one of the important topics، if they contributed in the fields of science and religious knowledge، and we find among them knowledge in readings، interpretation، hadith، jurisprudence and mysticism، and some of them assumed jobs such as fatwa، judiciary and teaching in mosques and others .
The scholars of the Ansar were interested in religious sciences، and we referred to their sheikhs، students، works، news، journeys، attributes and efforts in spreading knowledge with mentioning their lineage ، historical roots ، tribes ، and titles ،emphasizing the years of their birth ، death، homes ، news of their famous figures and celebrities .

After establishing it self in morocco،the fatimid state relocated to egypt . Egypt has been the Center of the fatimids or attention since they took control of the maghreb because of it's strategic location and proximity to the abbasid states capital with the fatimids of Power. After establishing their authority in Egypt and accompanying the movements of the army.
the fatimids developed a Powerful naval fleet and the fatimid state povided it with the varous military tool available at the time، but the Fatimid state in Egypt spilt into two branches Al-mustalilah and Al-Nizarhah mustaliyan and AL-Mustansir Billah، the son of the Fatimid caliph، refused to swear lovalty to hbrotheri ، the mastansir billah and this rift resulted in the sta
becoming weaker، after the Fatimid summons،their business spread in secrecy and their people were nown for their tolerance، Composure and Secrely.
Because the preachers adopt methods that are not typical Stgyption. it is clear that they horreathoroin understanding of time mentalities of the Maghreb nations where the fatimidstale was founded.

The wisdom of God to be right and wrong in a dispute lasting and constant struggle until God inherits the earth and them.
The Jews were fighting the prophets and messengers، they were killing each other، disobey the orders of some، and continued perseverance that after Islam came، they tried to repel the Islamic faith، and fight by all means، till now they try their attempt they are trying to control the world، and trying to spread their faith among Muslims، or at least the output of Muslims from their religion، through the spread of immorality، and spread sedition، and many others.
The Jews also have plans and ambitions in the Arab and Muslim world، particularly the Persian Gulf، who have the ambition، religious and economic expansion.
The Jews also have a hand in the global media they control many of the major media networks، and trying to tarnish the image of Muslims in the world، they try to change the right into the wrong and the wrong into right ، and they are also trying to ignite sectarian strife among the Muslims.

Nigeria is one of the countries of the western African continent, characterized by the multiplicity of ethnic, religious and linguistic groups, as it made its multiple social composition a microcosm of the African continent, as it was divided into three regions: the northern region, the eastern region, and the western region, and each of these regions was inhabited by an ethnic group that dominated that region.
Nigeria was distinguished by the diversity of its economic resources, especially before the discovery of oil, as agriculture formed the main source of the Nigerian economy, and among the most important agricultural products were dates, oil, rubber, cocoa, and peanuts, as well as potatoes, sesame, rice, cotton, palm oil and other Agricultural crops, and these crops were to meet local consumption, in addition to the presence of some other economic sources to meet the needs of the population, such as building materials and cleaning materials, as their financial returns provided the country with about a third of exports. The agriculture sector declined after the discovery of oil, and oil played a major role in the Nigerian economy, which improved income levels, industry developed and trade between Nigeria and other countries expanded.
The political events that Nigeria witnessed after gaining its independence from Britain in 1960 played an important role in the economic developments of Nigeria, as civil and military governments took over Nigeria during the research study period 1960-1983, as well as the occurrence of the Nigerian civil war during the period 1967-1970, which In one way or another, it affected the Nigerian economy.

Socialism today means an integrated set of political concepts, methods, organizations and means that share the rejection of the capitalist society and the establishment of a society in which actual equality is achieved among all people. It also rejects individual ownership and seeks to achieve public and collective ownership of the means of production. One of its objectives is to control all aspects of economic life through regulation that takes into consideration the general national interest and work on democratic management of the economy. Socialism is fundamentally opposed to capitalism. Because eliminating private ownership of the means of production and replacing it with social ownership leads to a change in the economic, social and political structure of society After the goal of production in the capitalist system was to achieve profit for the owners of the means of production by exploiting the working class and the toilers, the goal of production in the socialist system becomes to meet the material and spiritual needs of the members of society, and to put an end to exploitation. This system imposes a duty to work on everyone. As for the political field, the socialist system imposes that political power is in the hands of the producers and the working class, headed by the working class, with the presence of a vanguard party that leads the state and society. The governing law of society’s life is everyone’s concern for the well-being of each individual, and everyone’s concern for the well-being of all. However, it is not possible, during the building of socialism, to achieve social equality because work remains divided into mental work and physical work, and then into industrial work and agricultural work. These conditions cause the survival of heterogeneity in society on the social level and the survival of some classes of society, such as workers and farmers, and other groups that make up society. However, the availability of popular democracy with the participation of the productive groups in managing the helm of the state and combining the rights and actual freedoms of citizens with their duties and responsibilities before society. The lack of all or some of these features impedes the development of a socialist society.

Despite the development and progress taking place in various countries of the world, the manuscript and the historical document remained and still are an essential source of information on which various scientific studies and research are based. As is well known, the peoples and nations whose documents and human heritage attach great importance are an effective and present nation throughout the ages, because Manuscripts and documents are of great importance, as they are considered the true wealth of the nation, because of their positive impact on the society from which it derives its values, morals, and identity over generations.
From this standpoint, the Iraqi Scientific Society of Manuscripts decided to study the manuscript of the Al-Mahamda clan in 1932, as it is a historical witness that mimics the tribal traditions between the past and the present. As everyone knows, manuscripts and documents are historical assets, and history relies fundamentally on the origins. Therefore, it is said that if the origins are lost, history is lost.