iklil for Humanity Studies

The Arab Spring period was considered one of the most important periods in history, especially modern history, because of the political, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual transformations in this period that reshaped our Arab reality.
This study aimed to research and investigate that period and find out the motives of the Arab Spring revolutions and the transformations that occurred in our Arab world. This study took the year 2011 as a time basis from which those transformations that have not yet been resolved began.
The study focused on three axes, the first of which is the Arab Spring revolutions and their motives, the second is the political transformations in the time of the Arab Spring, and the last is the social transformations in the time of the Arab Spring.

Côte d'Ivoire is considered a model of stability in West Africa for the period extending between the years 1960-1993. It enjoyed political and economic stability and social cohesion at that stage. It seems that the post-independence stage, especially since its early years, led to cohesion, because the post-independence stage is A stage of convergence around historical leadership embodied by the person of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who was able to establish social cohesion and economic prosperity and prevent any problems that might threaten the security of the country. This is due to the power of one party and the strength of the executive authority. However, this reality changed in Côte d’Ivoire with the death of President Boigny. In addition to other reasons caused by the change in the political system.
The research was divided into an introduction, three axes, and a conclusion. The first axis included the political and administrative situation in Côte d’Ivoire between the years 1893-1960, while the second axis dealt with Boigny and his role in the independence of Côte d’Ivoire in 1960. The third axis included Boigny and his internal and foreign policy between the years 1960- 1993.

England has long been recognised as the birthplace of parliamentary democracy، serving as the foundation on which the fundamental principles of democracy were established and strengthened. This system was subsequently extended to several nations that gradually adopted it. The constitutional character that has been approved by parliamentary organisations during different historical periods.
The opposition political movement in England has witnessed a number of changes that haveclosely aligned with the progression of its political history. These developments can be identified from the era of absolute monarchy throughout the Middle Ages to the establishment of a limited monarchy since the thirteenth century. The evolution of the political opposition in England may be attributed to the influence of the Germanic tribes. Regardless of their title as king or leader، the monarch has been subject to the power of the Anglo-Saxons since their arrival in 449. A council known as the Whitean Council was established by a group of advisors who were considered knowledgeable individuals or advisors to the king. This council resembled a tribal council، convening at the start of each lunar month، where all men attended armed with weapons. Both gatherings، the tribal council and the Whitean Council، were characterised by their democratic nature، as all participants were free people. During these meetings، the king or one of the advisors would take a prominent position. The individuals in his entourage، possessing specific attributes like age or speech، engage in deliberation، prompting him to convey his disagreement through loud disapproval. These audible expressions of disapproval might be regarded as the initial manifestations of political opposition during that era.

Since the entry of Muslims in the year 92 AH/710 AD, Andalusia, with all its groups (Arabs and Berbers), and after mixing with its original inhabitants (Goths, Saxon Jews, Mestizobs, Arabists, and Goths), who had an important role in transmitting Mudéjar art to Spain and then Europe, enjoyed the stability of Andalusia. Politically and militarily, which had a positive impact on public life, Andalusia became the link between the East and the West in transmitting the various arts of Mudéjar in architecture, and even the most beautiful of them, which reflects an authentic civilization, which we observe in buildings such as churches and cathedrals in European cities. It is worth noting that the Mudéjar are the group that appeared. In Andalusia after its fall in the year (897 AH / 1491 AD), at the hands of Queen Elizabeth and Ferdinand, the most important role in transmitting Mudéjar arts to northern Spain, and then later European countries, was one of the most beautiful things that art left behind. Mudéjar art also influenced most of Christian religious architecture, especially in The domes of the churches that were built in the shape of horseshoes. This Mudéjar art, which flourished in AD (8-9 AH) (14-15 AD), had clear artistic features in Spanish and European art. Church towers were also influenced by Arabic inscriptions such as the phrase (There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger. God), and includes next to it texts engraved on plaster work. The first Mudéjar art appeared in Castile in its churches that were established, such as the Church of San Roman, with its border arches and colorful Arabic decoration. This indicates that the kings of Spain seem to have been influenced by the works and architectural arts of Andalusia, especially (the controversial art of Cordoba). Which was the foundation they followed in their buildings. It must be noted with regard to names that the researcher worked to address the names and terminology of modern geographic cities (such as France, Brazil, and others) in order to approximate the geographical location for the honorable reader. As for the title of the research, it is suitable for academic studies (Master’s and Doctorate), and due to the requirements of publishing the research in peer-reviewed scientific journals such as the following: We are dealing with this, which directs that the research be within the specified number of pages, which required me a lot of abbreviation of a lot of information for the vocabulary of this research.