Hammurabi journal for studies

The rapid and sudden change that took place in Iraqi society on 4/9/2003 and the defeat of the political and ideological system that ruled Iraq for decades, in addition to its major military defeat against the American army and its entry into Baghdad, this led to a rapid transformation and change in the functions of social institutions, the most important and most dangerous of which is the family institution, as it found itself, i.e. the family, in a state of imbalance due to the removal of the social, political and ideological restrictions imposed on it by the previous regime, in addition to that, even more dangerous than the exposure of the Iraqi family to the entry of modern technology, especially means of communication, satellite channels, the international information network and many others, and this led to the preoccupation of family members with each other with this modern technology that dazzled them a lot, resulting in a divergence and widening the gap and weakening social relations and social cohesion among family members, which led to the rupture and disintegration of the family.

The role of governments increased after the Second World War, due to the achievement of independence, especially in developing countries that adopted the centralization approach as a method in managing the affairs of the country, in order to achieve economic development for their societies and develop their regions by preparing the basic needs of the regions and governorates, such as education, health, water, and electricity, However, central government policies failed to achieve comprehensive development for their countries, which led to demands for decentralization of the population.
Central governments, and because of their unfair developmental policies, made residents in local communities dissatisfied with their work, which encouraged them to demand decentralization, as well as the development that the world witnessed in the current century, represented by the emergence of concepts of globalization, decentralization, and local development, which strengthened the options for adopting decentralization, and limiting the influence of traditional administrations, and the power to concentrate decisions in the hands of the central ruling authorities

Secession is one of the most prevalent issues in countries where multiethnic, multicultural and minority nationalities abound, as these minorities seek to establish their own political entities using some methods and means for secession, and they may use armed force in order to achieve the idea of secession after it fails to fulfill its demands using peaceful methods, and this will lead to geopolitical shifts in the political and demographic units, these minorities may resort to demanding secession, either because of the economic reality or the desire to establish their own state.
Therefore, we will discuss in this research two topics: The first topic deals with the concept of political separation and the reasons driving it, while the second topic deals with the referendum decision aimed at seceding the Kurdistan region from Iraq.

The facts on the ground have proven that the Iraqi intellectual elite had little influence in the social milieu; And because it is, it has become incapable of effecting changes in individuals' attitudes and beliefs, and there are indications that this is true.

Mass communication means have benefited from the Internet and have become available to all to spread knowledge and information all over the world, and communication technology applications have played an important role in communication, taking advantage of the tremendous potential for them to deliver news and various information, and press websites have become a place where visitors and surfers turn to find out about events in the world, sound and image at the moment of its impact.
Our research is a simple attempt to find out the extent to which Iraqi press sites that have a constant daily version take advantage of communication technology applications, especially the application of the navigation mechanism within these sites, which provides the visitor and the browser with the opportunity to obtain the news, information and services that these sites broadcast, and also saves him effort, time and speed to get exactly what he wants without the hassle of browsing the entire contents of the site
The research found that the Iraqi press sites, the sample of the research, did not fully benefit from the browsing mechanisms within their sites, and that their benefit was partial from some mechanisms, which puts the sites in the circle of not keeping pace with electronic progress and staying within one place and moving in it, and this will definitely affect their reputation and the reluctance of visitors and surfers to their visit.
The research recommends that those in charge of the sample sites should keep pace with electronic progress and conduct training courses for their workers in order to benefit from communication technology applications in general and browsing mechanisms in particular for the purpose of improving the reputation and operation of Iraqi press sites locally, regionally and internationally.

With regards to urban advancement in African nations, the many reasons or troublesome difficulties have confronted African nations in the course of recent decades: the debasement in people in general part, urban debacles and reproduction methodologies, insufficiencies in framework and fundamental administrations, expanding urban-rustic lopsidedness, destitution, expanding ruralization of urban communities and informalization of the economy, developing wellbeing and natural emergency. As urbanization is expanding in many nations of the locale, the issue of deficient framework administrations and the debasement of the urban condition are gigantic. Subsequently, the general point of this review is to clarify why, how and to what degree do a few causes assume an imperative part in impacting the urban advancement in Africa. This review utilized descriptive deductive approach in undertaking the research. Governmental reports, statutes and laws were likewise hotspots for essential information in this review. Optional information was fundamentally from scholastic works, for example, books, diary articles, and theses. The discoveries of the review demonstrate that the political, economic and social challenges have added to decay of urban improvement in Africa. This review gives data and recommendation on how economical urban improvement in Africa can fill in as an empowering influence in achieving the coveted auxiliary change, expanded prosperity and peaceful co-existence.