Tikrit Journal for Political Science

Negotiations are one of the most important options that decision-makers rely on in order to resolve or settle disputes surrounding their countries, in addition to being one of the most important approaches that diplomats deal with in the world to achieve their own format in international negotiations, which is later attributed to them with the methodology they dealt with. As a method that has been adopted in managing international dilemmas and crises in which their countries are a party. This can be clearly observed in many negotiating experiences led by diplomats who later became professionals in negotiating work in addressing issues affecting the strategic interests of their countries. Or they may be used as advisors and experts in complex and tangled negotiating situations.

The interpretation of the movement of regional and international interactions and the establishment of new concepts positioning on the basis of roles and functions. And adopting a geopolitical approach in creating a position towards leaders and decision makers in analyzing and realizing the power of government and defining its nature and function by identifying its strengths and effectiveness and identifying and neutralizing factors, all this requires a contemporary perspective if it is difficult for strategists to overcome or develop by finding strategic alternatives, it is It is possible to define the role and function of government in the regional context and its task in moving regional interactions through the formation of perceptions and visions of decision-makers or leaders, the ideological model and the ideological system of decision-making based on (Turkey and Iran) became the basis for the analysis of geopolitical power, which is represented in one of its existing forms. Which leads to employment that ensures real and real effectiveness of the importance of the place in a way that supports the national strength.

Corona COVID-19 pandemic, which appeared in Wuhan, China, has many implications for international relations and their diverse patterns (cooperation, competition and conflict), We will be talking about the consequences of the pandemic for international competition, post-pandemic has created an arena for competition among countries on the distribution of international aid to reach entrepreneurial roles, competition around the manufacture of a vaccine and find a cure.

The roles played by states vary according to the elements of power on which they are based، which determines the position of this state among those، and in the era of the increasing importance of the economic factor as a pillar of state power، this paved the way for prominent roles for many small powers today، and there are many criteria and indicators that We can refer to it in describing a country as small، and thus many studies have been issued that attempt to establish the basic rules for this term. In addition، there are many economic، political، and military goals that small countries are trying to achieve، and these roles may conflict with the policies and goals of actors in the system. States are stronger than small countries، and this is what necessitates us to review the most prominent obstacles to the foreign policy of these countries.

Societies that are characterized by ethnic، ethnic and religious pluralism، such as Iraq، are considered the societies most in need to achieve the principles of peaceful coexistence and peace building after the defeat of the so-called terrorist organization ISIS in 2017، because of the advantages and positives that it achieves which have a good effect on the the whole society، and to achieve the peaceful coexistence and peace-building in Iraq it needs among what it needs، to realize the effects of a number of factors affecting the promotion of peaceful coexistence and peace-building، foremost of which are the political and legal factors، including، for example، strengthening good governance in state institutions، rejecting sectarian quotas، combating terrorism and building trust among the components of the Iraqi people، and the success of the national reconciliation project، and spreading a culture that is void of discrimination and shows respect for the law and solving some constitutional problems related to the issue of federalism ، so this study's objective lies in investigating and verifying the hypothesis that says that there is a close relationship between peaceful coexistence and peace-building and many political and legal factors in Iraqi society، so this study will attempt to answer a number of questions include: What is the impact of political factors on peaceful coexistence and peace-building in Iraq? How have the legal factors affected peaceful coexistence and peace-building in Iraq? Is it possible to reduce these political and legal factors and provide possible solutions that contribute to promoting peaceful coexistence and peace-building in Iraq? This research used several approaches in order to address and become familiar with all aspects related to the subject، such as the historical and comparative methods altogether، in addition to the analytical method. The research concluded that strengthening political and legal factors in Iraqi society may positively affect peaceful coexistence and peace-building، which may contribute in the future to strengthening national cohesion and stability of Iraqi society. The research also recommended adopting the good governance concept within the institutions of the Iraqi state via the management of public affairs in a specific manner characterized by rationality، equality، rule of law، integrity، transparency، and response to citizens' demands as well as the promotion of national reconciliation، and the need for a dialogue among all sects and nationalities based on common interests، and adopting the rule of law in resolving internal disputes، which is considered as the most significant gauge of civil peace stability in the country.

Terrorism is a product of intellectual extremism, which is the first enemy of humanity, and that there must be a comprehensive treatment of this phenomenon based on education. It requires spreading and strengthening the culture of positive thinking, practicing the values of tolerance and pluralism, strengthening the principle of moderation and the values of moderation, and strengthening the role of women in the family, family upbringing and parental care.

Russian-American relations in the modern era have gone through several stages, dominated by the nature of conflict and competition, more than cooperation, which has not yet risen to the level of strategic partnership between the two parties. If the US-Soviet relations had left an impact on the international balance of power during the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the birth of the Russian Federation ended what was known at the time as the Cold War, to start a new phase in the international system called the unipolar world, expressing the uniqueness of the United States in hegemony over The world, especially after Russia came out burdened with heavy economic burdens and commitments that made it in a weak position affiliated with the United States, especially in the first half of the nineties of the last century. One of the events in the Middle East, which has come under American hegemony and influence to a large extent, resulting in wars in which the United States occupied Afghanistan and Iraq The Middle East was and still is one of the most vital regions in the world that has witnessed rounds of US-Russian competition, especially in the Syrian crisis, because of its important strategic location, and the huge natural resources it contains, the most important of which are oil and gas, which are the most important sources of energy in the world, and who controls them. It controls the fate of the world today.

This paper analyses the water relations between Iraq and Turkey by applying the Framework of Hydro-hegemony, which reveals that their comprehensive bilateral political relations shape their hydropolitical ties to a great extent. After World War I, Turkey approached Iraq to ally against the rise of Soviet power and cooperated in the water field to sign the 1946 agreement. When the Justice and Development Party came to power, particularly after the American invasion, Turkey employed soft diplomacy. In its foreign policy towards Iraq, Turkey employed a blend of soft power and material power, mainly military might. Thus, this was reflected in their water relations. Furthermore, Turkey used water as a strategic tool for dealing with Iraq. It neither negated water cooperation with Iraq nor elevated this cooperation to an institutional formula embodied in an explicit agreement.

The eastern Mediterranean has emerged more than before since 2010, driven by the large estimates of natural gas reserves in this region, and since this region constitutes a permanent point of conflict between the major powers overlooking it - notably Turkey and Greece - these natural resources have ignited tension In the region again, and brought to the fore many historical contracts that the victorious countries established in the First World War and related to sharing the legacy of the lost Ottoman Empire in that war, and these events prompted the Turkish decision-maker to try to establish its rights there according to a Turkish vision that serves its interests primarily .

Turkey has many political, economic and military opportunities in this region, driven by its strategic importance, and its military superiority over most of the countries surrounding this region, in addition to an effective foreign policy and deep-rooted relations with many global powers, on the one hand; On the other hand, the magnitude of the challenges facing this region increases with the increasing influence of world powers and their aspiration for economic and strategic gains in the eastern Mediterranean, and this raises the level of the region's importance from regional to global importance.

The system of government in both Iraq and Lebanon is one of the distinctive and rare systems of government in the world, with systems of government close to them in some countries of the world. It is based on the consensus of the political forces emanating from the social components of the people. Constitutional texts or agreements have been agreed in advance that are close to unwritten constitutional customs, Lebanese and Iraqi experience has proved to the extent that it is a system

that can be followed in countries with multi-ethnic pluralism to manage the demands and needs of social components. Therefore, we can say that it is one of the important and effective strategies in how to build the system of government, its form, consolidate its foundations and ensure that no political forces encroach on the system of government and is unique, because each political force has a social reference that returns to its sub-identity to achieve its needs and interests. Political consensus came to balance the similar and opposing interests of those components. But the Iraqi situation, despite the recent application of this regime in it, there are signs that the behavior of Iraqi citizens in some of his areas is directed towards the inclusive national identity, especially in elections, by recommending those who are more efficient and exceeding those sub-identities.

The reluctance to attend the parliamentary elections in Iraq is one of the most important issues facing the democratic system since the change of the political system in Iraq in 2003. Electoral benefits، including the parliamentary elections 2018 and the 2021 parliamentary elections، and in order to enhance political participation and try to avoid the crisis and study the reasons for reluctance (political، economic، and social)، there must be a set of means that help activate political participation as a necessity to ensure the provision of the basic requirements and needs of citizens and enable them to contribute to the election and deepen the practice Democracy by respecting the opinion of the citizen، raising the level of political awareness، and enhancing the citizen's confidence in the importance of his participation، which allows the individual a degree of readiness to participate in public life.