Albayan University Journal for Legal Studies and Research

Electoral systems are crucial factors that affect the performance of the legislative branch in any political system. This research aims to explore the relationship between electoral systems and the effectiveness of legislative performance, by analyzing how different electoral designs affect political representation, popular participation, and the stability of governments. Several types of electoral systems will be discussed, such as the proportional electoral system, the majority system.

Abstract
Legal formalism is one of the most important principles that are concerned with taking into account the organizational aspect of laws when contracting or judicial procedures when filing lawsuits before the judiciary, whether in terms of determining the judicial jurisdiction of the competent court to consider the dispute or the procedures and deadlines that should be taken into account when filing the lawsuit.
In fact, there is another type of formalism, which is the contractual formalism that the contracting parties agree upon. It is known that formalism plays a major role in maintaining order in general and preserving and taking into account the organizational aspect of applying the law and taking into account its procedures.
But the law has been enacted to preserve rights from loss and protect the weak party in transactions and regulate the relationship between people to regulate procedures, whether they are legal formalities that regulate contracting or procedural formalities that regulate litigation procedures.
Violating this formality results in the invalidity of the procedure and thus the loss of the right for which the formality was enacted to preserve and regulate its procedures, and thus the means prevail over the goal.
Here lies the importance of the research in setting controls for the formality to benefit from it without resulting in obstructing the judicial claim or slowing down the procedures or invalidating the action through what we will explain in our research.

Abstract
The research topic is of great importance as the topic of mediation is considered one of the alternative means of resolving disputes to the judiciary and the research topic needs legislative and judicial regulation in addition to the fact that it has become the talk of the hour in all aspects, not only on the legal side, but there is a judicial and economic dimension.
The judiciary is considered the primary means of resolving disputes in addition to being approved by the state and there is an obligation to implement its rulings, followed by arbitration and it has some characteristics of the judiciary, but there are many other mechanisms for resolving disputes and our discussion will be limited to mediation as one of the mechanisms for resolving commercial disputes, as mediation is considered one of the alternative means of resolving issues through a mediator who determines responsibilities and reaches a solution that satisfies both parties, so mediation is considered one of the means of resolving disputes that has achieved positive results in the recent period. However, mediation needs more legislative regulation and judicial approval of its results and enforceability, in addition to defining the powers of the mediator so that he can perform his role and contribute to settling the dispute according to his powers. Then comes the talk about neutrality, integrity, transparency and the characteristics that the mediator should have, which are generally considered one of the guarantees that inspire confidence in mediation in general and the mediator in particular in order to achieve the desired results from mediation, whether at the level of individuals by resolving commercial disputes between them or at the judicial level by strengthening the role of justice and reducing the burden on the judiciary in considering many cases, which achieves confidence in mediation as a means of resolving foreign investment disputes in addition to attracting foreign investments and achieving economic growth.

The law of personal status occupies a significant and sensitive position in human societies in general, as it is closely linked to the formation and organization of relationships within family life. It also relates to an individual\'s beliefs and social status within society, meaning that any change or amendment to such a law can profoundly influence society, dividing it into proponents and opponents. This is exactly what we are witnessing today in Iraqi society, following the proposal for the amendment of the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959, which was submitted to the Council of Representatives. The proposal has sparked tensions and widespread disagreements, stemming from contradictions between the proposed amendments and existing legislative provisions beginning with constitutional provisions and extending to the Civil Code, which serves as the foundational framework for private laws, including the existing Personal Status Law.
This ongoing conflict among different groups in society over the proposed amendment is an important issue, as it not only threatens the family system in Iraq but also endangers social, economic, political, and security stability. The amendment reinforces nationalism and sectarianism, whose negative effects have plagued the Iraqi people for centuries. Additionally, the proposed amendment affects the rights of the most vulnerable groups in society that are women and children whose rights shall not be overlooked. Thus, this research focuses on its main themes (namely sectarianism and underage marriage) within the framework of legal provisions and juristic opinions, approached objectively and through an analytical legal methodology.

Abstract
Investment in general is the main driver of human, economic, social and environmental development and contributes to the development of countries and the welfare of peoples, and enhances the state's infrastructure towards increasing national and national income and the flow of national and foreign capital, and eliminating poverty and combating unemployment, which were among the goals of (sustainable development). According to this general perspective, real estate investment is an important part of comprehensive investment. This type of investment has an effective role in addressing the housing problem and reconstruction in Iraq, employing workers, increasing production growth and exchanging experiences. Investment still represents a challenge to the steps of sustainable development in light of the increase in population growth and the problems of contemporary society.
Hence, this research revolves around real estate investment and its role in promoting sustainable development through Investment Law No. (13) of (2006) and its amendments.

Abstract:
The legal regulation that encourages investment is not merely represented by increasing the advantages it gives to investors, but rather by reducing the potential for risks, and providing security and trust in investments relations. If capital is by nature aimed at achieving profit, then it works to achieve aforesaid goal in an environment of security and guarantee, because no matter how much the host country lavishes foreign investment with exemptions and advantages, this is of no benefits as long as there no real guarantee against government procedures that strip the foreign investor of their ownership, especially government procedures deprive the ownership, such as confiscation and nationalization. Investment laws have included many guarantees that stipulate that investors` money shall not be seized except in accordance with what is stipulated by the rules of international law. This means that legal protection is not primarily represented in the extent to which the laws provide objective guarantees to protect foreign investments, but in the extent of the effectiveness of laws when disputes arise between them and the host country. Also, specifying the rules for objective protection is not sufficient to reassure the foreign investor, but rather, for this reassurance to be sufficient there must be procedural means to settle disputes. Between them and the host country, and in this research we will study the nature of the investment contract and the mechanism of oversight of investment projects and study the legal effects of the investment contract in public property and we will address the types of oversight and their effects on investment projects and also the alternative and judicial means to settle disputes over public works contracts within the alternative means to settle disputes over public works contracts and the role of the national judiciary of the state and the Arab Investment Court and we have reached the conclusion that all the facilities, exemptions, advantages and guarantees proposed by the legislators must, from my point of view, be focused on and addressed if there are disputes or disagreements over investment contracts, especially disputes arising from Investment operations and their place in the Iraqi Investment Law, as the legislator imposed a series of obligations on foreign investors with the aim of regulating the foreign investment process in Iraq. There is no incentive for foreign investors and any obstacles to invest in the country, and we call for the acceleration of the issuance of regulations and directives to facilitate the implementation of Law No. 13 of 2006, which details the advantages and guarantees granted to foreign investors, as well as the obligations, that foreign investors must comply with.

Abstract
The main purpose of enacting penal laws is to confront criminal phenomena and establish objective and procedural provisions to hold perpetrators accountable and impose a deterrent penalty on them. This penalty is determined according to the severity of the crime. It is no secret that promoting negative alien ideas is one of the topics that constitute an important and fundamental dilemma in confronting societies. Researching the topic of the Iraqi legislator's policy to confront the promotion of Zionist ideas as a crime that affects the internal security of the state is of great importance because it is one of the important and sensitive topics that greatly affect the security of the state and society as a whole. The danger of these ideas has increased after the development that occurred in the world of communication and social networking sites. Because of the loss of life and property and the terror caused by these ideas in Arab society in general and Palestinian society in particular, which aims to control the Arab land after establishing control over the occupied Palestinian land, which leads to a major disruption of the security of the state, its entity and its system, in addition to the seditions that these ideas lead to, and the truth is that these ideas were not born of the moment, but have existed since ancient times, although their emergence began when these gangs occupied Palestine, then they tried in various ways to seize all neighboring lands to achieve their spread in the Arab world and not just in Palestine. Therefore, we find that the Iraqi criminal law has become aware of the seriousness of this crime, criminalizing it in the Penal Code, and then allocating a special law to criminalize normalization with the Zionist 2022 of 1. No entity.
In order to clarify the details of the issue of promoting Zionist ideas as a crime against the internal security of the state, it was necessary to address it according to a plan in which we defined Zionist ideas in general, which we concluded to be (a group of ideas and opinions followed by the Zionists to justify their brutal presence in the occupied land, adopting various means of terror, exclusion and racism to distance the Palestinians from their lands). Zionism worked in various ways to spread and create the idea of the Jews’ right to exist in the occupied Arab lands, and these ideas were not devoid of a policy of racial discrimination against the Arabs, since their greatest goal from these ideas was to reach their greater state (according to their claim), using political and religious thought in addition to the method of speculation with false theories and ideas, which leads to intellectual and civilizational pollution with the aim of controlling educational and pedagogical institutions, which clearly affected security within the occupied Palestinian territories. In order to clarify the concept of crimes against the internal security of the state, the state usually aims to protect its basic interests, which are necessary to achieve progress and advancement. Therefore, the legislator seeks to protect these interests, and because harming the entity of the state from within has become one of the most dangerous and specific acts on the security and stability of society. Therefore, we find that the Iraqi and comparative legislators have also allocated special protection to internal state security crimes in order to achieve public order from a political, social and economic perspective. Since each crime has elements on which it is based in order to be achieved, the crime of promoting Zionist ideas has elements, including the material element, which is achieved by achieving its elements represented by criminal behavior, criminal result and causal relationship, in addition to the moral element represented by general criminal intent (knowledge and will) and special intent. The criminal behavior of this crime was not specified by the Iraqi legislator, so it is achieved in any form of criminal behavior that achieves promotion. Promotion may be verbal, written, in pictures or by publishing in the media or social media programs. As for the criminal result, it is represented by what affects the security and safety of members of society through the statements or writings circulated by the perpetrator as a result of encouraging individuals to do so regardless of the means. As for the causal relationship, this crime does not have a causal relationship because it is a crime of danger and the material element is achieved as soon as the act of promotion occurs. As for the moral element, which is represented by the general intent (it is achieved by the realization of knowledge and will (i.e. the promoter knows what he is doing to promote Zionist ideas and this act is against the law. And that the promoter has the will to promote those ideas to others freely and without coercion, as for the special intent / it is embodied by the promoter’s intention for members of society to adopt those ideas and be convinced of them .
Since every crime has a punishment, the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 criminalized normalization with the Zionist entity in Articles 200 and 201, in addition to that, the law criminalizing normalization with the Zionist entity No. 1 of 2022 criminalized it in Articles 6, 7 and 8 and increased the punishment for this crime due to its seriousness.

Abstract:
Combating administrative corruption is achieved by subjecting the activities and work of the administration to transparency, as this principle constitutes a fertile environment for administrative and political reform, which is positively reflected in all developmental and humanitarian fields.
The administration's reliance on the principle of transparency in its work contributes to raising the rates of development and progress in various fields, and it also has a major role in achieving administrative reform and preventing administrative corruption, and that adopting it requires the state to adopt effective legal rules to access information and participate in the management of public affairs, and it is a right of citizens towards the state, and a duty of the administration towards them.
The research problem arises in defining the meaning of transparency in the work of the administration and its most important applications, and accordingly we will divide this study into two requirements that examine the meaning of transparency and its basis, and its most important applications in the work of the administration and the exceptions to it, by adopting the analytical and comparative scientific research method.

Abstract
The prevailing legal concept in the constitution that predominates among individuals concerning the form of the state, the nature of the system of government, the organization of the powers of the authorities, and the rights and freedoms of individuals. Thus, it represents the philosophical foundation of the system of government and the legal framework for all activities carried out by the public authorities in the state. For this reason, it is sometimes referred to as the governing idea, and at other times as the legally accepted concept in the state. The constitution determines this prevailing legal concept among the members of the political community—explicitly or implicitly—and accordingly, all actions taken by the various state authorities must align with it. The legal system of the state is built upon it, and thus, the constitutional rules derive their importance and supremacy from being a reflection of this idea. If this prevailing idea pertains to the desires and aspirations of the members of the political community regarding the fundamental legal-political system of the state, then it is not fixed, but rather dynamic and subject to change, due to the succession of generations and changing circumstances, according the rights and freedoms recognized in the civilized world.

Abstract:
Today, the world is experiencing remarkable progress in communications, information technology, and computing, leading to the rise of robots as one of the most influential—and potentially hazardous—applications of artificial intelligence. As robots become more integral to various sectors, their role in delivering essential services to humanity becomes increasingly important. However, alongside these advantages, robots also present significant risks due to their diverse applications in areas such as the military, education, humanitarian aid, security, and law enforcement.
Criminals have begun to exploit AI-driven devices for illicit purposes, highlighting a troubling side of the AI revolution. The crimes committed by robots vary based on their technical capabilities, ranging from offenses against individuals and property to terrorism and beyond. The use of robots in criminal activities creates a major legal challenge for lawmakers, given the severity of such crimes and the complexities of proving, identifying, and assigning criminal responsibility, primarily due to the advanced and unprecedented nature of these technologies.

Absreact
Humans robot are a branch of artificial intelligence and are humanoid robots that try to imitate humans in everything. Giving Humans robot legal protection is an attempt to formulate a new system of criminal liability that recognizes not only the responsibility of the natural person, but also the responsibility of the legal person, and the responsibility of the human being. Criminal responsibility for Humans robot has raised many questions: What are the reasons for the criminal responsibility resulting from humankind? Several questions arise from it, the most important of which are: What kind of criminal protection is prescribed for Humans robot? Does it take the protection afforded to the human being, the protection afforded to property, or the protection prescribed in the intellectual property law, or must it be recognized as protection of a special kind? What are the models of perceived criminal responsibility for Humans robot? What is the legal basis for human criminal responsibility for Humans robot crimes? What are the legal implications of criminal liability for Humans robot?
In order to achieve the purpose of the study in trying to formulate a special system of criminal responsibility for Humans robot, we had to follow in our study the comparative approach in reviewing the jurisprudential and legislative opinions that have recently appeared in the system of criminal responsibility for Humans robot, which recognizes a special system of criminal responsibility for Humans robot that combines the responsibility of the human deputy for humanity, and giving the legal personality of the Humans robot being to impose criminal responsibility on it.

Abstract:
Political crime in Iraq is considered a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, influenced by the country’s political and social history and interacting with regional and international developments. This research highlights the importance of studying this crime to understand its legal, social, and political dimensions and to identify effective mechanisms to mitigate it. The study revealed that the current Iraqi legislation on political crime requires further development and modernization to ensure its comprehensiveness and effectiveness in addressing growing challenges. It also emphasized the need to strengthen judicial independence, provide adequate guarantees for defendants' rights, and develop mechanisms for international cooperation in combating terrorism and organized crime.

Abstract
Corruption is a widespread global phenomenon with roots that take on broad dimensions and are involved in various factors that are difficult to distinguish between It has existed since ancient times, not just in this era Almost every society, whether ancient or modern, is free of it, and corruption will be the most important challenge that governments and societies will find themselves facing and fighting against. Corruption as a term includes a wide range of suspicious and questionable political, economic, administrative and financial practices. Corruption may be financial or administrative. But both are intertwined and intertwined, and there is no difference between them. Both are corruption, as administrative error leads to financial error. Financial error results in administrative error. It is a complex phenomenon with complex causes, diverse effects, and includes different forms and patterns. Promoting and spreading the values and principles of integrity and achieving loyalty and belonging between the individual and the state, It is noted that the law is not the only deterrent to corruption. Rather, there must be a culture of integrity and preserving public money. It is necessary to identify the supervisory authorities represented by the responsibility of the official authorities in the state, the independent supervisory institutions, and the means supporting the supervisory bodies to spread and disseminate the culture of integrity and combating corruption in society.

Abstract:
international agreement are considered the optimal legal framework for protecting the environment from the effects of climate change, as international agreements attempt to reduce pollution by treaties concluded between different countries and the resulting harmonize its national legislation with its international obligations, by including the environmental dimension in all national investment projects.
It has become known that human activity is the main cause of pollution, especially since it does not recognize geographical borders, in addition to climate change, which has become pushing people to migrate from their original homes in search of safe living areas, which necessitates the need to accelerate the adoption of a more advanced legal system to protect the environment from the deterioration that will befall it.

ABSTRACT:
The electronic arbitration agreement represents a significant development in the field of dispute resolution, allowing parties to resort to arbitration over the Internet, benefiting from the advantages of speed, efficiency, and low cost. The electronic arbitration agreement is similar to its traditional counterpart in that it is a binding agreement between the parties, but it is distinguished by being conducted through electronic means, which requires consideration of some unique characteristics. The electronic arbitration agreement must be in writing, and this may be done through the exchange of e-mails or its inclusion in electronic contracts. The agreement defines the scope of disputes to be arbitrated and specifies the rules and procedures to be followed by the arbitrators, and the agreement may also include specifying the law applicable to the dispute. Electronic arbitration allows parties to conduct hearings, present evidence, and exchange memoranda online, which facilitates the arbitration process and makes it more flexible. The electronic arbitration agreement aims to provide an effective means of dispute resolution in the digital age, taking into account the legal and technical challenges that may arise from the use of electronic means in arbitration.

Abstract
In a solidarity company, each partner is obligated to provide his share in the company and share the profits and losses between them according to the proportion of their share in the capital, and the partners' share system in a solidarity company aims to incentivize the partners to contribute to the success and prosperity of the company, and provides a fair distribution of profits and losses among the partners, in addition, the partners' share transfer system helps in creating a cooperative environment and effective participation that contributes to the achievement of the company's objectives.
The partners' shares in the Tadamun company are a key element in the establishment of the company, because the share determines the percentage of ownership of each partner in the Tadamun company, which is one of the most important commercial companies, and it is also one of the preferred companies for families, and therefore the Iraqi Companies Law No. 21 of 1997, as amended, regulated how to distribute and divide the shares of the partners in the Tadamun company.
The share of a partner in a solidarity company or a shareholder may be in cash or in kind, or both, and the partner's share may be a “work” in exchange for a percentage of the profits whose amount is specified in the company's articles of incorporation. The founders or partners may also provide shares or shares in the company's capital to a person in exchange for his work or services that benefit the company and achieve its objectives, but his share may not be based on his reputation or influence, nor may the partners' shares be represented in negotiable instruments.
Accordingly, one of the most important characteristics of solidarity companies is the inability of the partner to waive his share “all or part” or trade it, subject to the restrictions stipulated in the company's articles of incorporation, and any agreement to waive the shares without the prior approval of the company or the board of directors is void, and this waiver must be registered with the “Registrar of Companies”, and on the other hand, the partner may waive to third parties the financial rights related to his share in the company, and this waiver has no effect except between the two parties, to ensure the rights of all parties. The partnership is also terminated by death, unless it is agreed that the deceased's share will be transferred to his heirs.

Abstract
The crime of wife swapping is one of the crimes that can only be committed with positive behavior, and positive behavior is represented by sexual contact between the two parties. As a result of the development and social contact between societies, this has led to the emergence of crimes and illegal acts, including (wife swapping), as it falls within the scope of criminalization in some cases after the direct text on it in the amended Anti-Prostitution and Homosexuality Law No. (15) of 2024, which criminalized those illegal sexual acts. In some cases where the text on the crime of wife swapping does not apply, the judiciary resorts to adapting the crime according to the most applicable penal text, as well as verifying the elements of the specific crime as the subject of the crime, such as consent, positive behavior, the consent of the other spouse, and eligibility, and the general elements of the crime, which are represented by both the supposed element of the crime and the material and moral element required by the Iraqi legislator for the legal description to apply to the crime.

Absreact
There is a noticeable discrepancy between the French law and the Egyptian and Iraqi laws in the formulation of texts on information forgery, whether in the place where the crime is located or in the elements of the crime, and this discrepancy had an impact on determining the contemporary criminal policy in the legislation of those countries, the French legislator's plan appeared clear from the beginning in addressing information forgery in the French Information Fraud Law No. 19/88, and the modern Penal Code 1992 and addressed The information editor along with the traditional editor has the same provisions as the traditional crime of forgery.
On the contrary, the Egyptian legislator's plan to criminalize information forgery has not yet been clearly reflected through its provisions in the Electronic Signature Law No. 15 of 2004 or in the Anti-Cybercrime and Information Technology Law No. 157 of 2018.
The same is the case in Iraqi law, where the Iraqi legislator did not clearly stipulate the crime of forgery in the Penal Code, and what it brought are attempts to fill the legislative vacuum in addressing the crime of information forgery in the Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012, as well as the draft law on combating information crimes of 2013.
Therefore, we wonder about the appropriateness of the legislative plan in both the Egyptian and Iraqi laws in addressing the crime of information forgery in modern penal policy? It seems appropriate to follow the comparative analytical scientific method to find out the general legislation plan in French, Egyptian and Iraqi law, to extract the common denominators and legislative differences between them, in order to stop the shortcomings and deficiencies in addressing information forgery in Egyptian and Iraqi legislation. With a focus on the analytical approach based on the analysis of those legal texts and the opinions of jurists and court rulings in this regard.

Abstract:
Foreign investment is one of the prominent phenomena that dominate our world today, as it plays a vital role in the flow of capital and scientific and technical expertise, which contributes to the social and economic development of all countries.
This type of investment helps host countries exploit their natural resources, enhances the development of their infrastructure and industries through the capital, technology, technical and administrative skills it provides, and also contributes to enhancing the development of local production of goods and services, and works to create job opportunities and employ workers, which helps reduce unemployment rates.
Therefore, countries, especially developing ones, are moving towards attracting this type of investment at the present time. However, the success of these investments depends on providing a stable investment environment and precise legal regulation that defines its rules and provisions. In this context, Iraq seeks to create an attractive environment for foreign investors by granting those guarantees and protecting them from the obstacles they may face.
Through this study, we seek to shed light on the protection of foreign investment in accordance with the applicable legislation, and to demonstrate the great importance that foreign investment plays in enhancing economic development in Iraq.

Absract
With the increasing calls to protect the rights of women and children within the family from domestic violence to which they may be exposed. In an effort to preserve the family, legal legislation protects the entity and members of the family while defining the rights of each individual in a clear manner and prevents any assault or transgression on these rights, whether the infringement is directed at the wife or children.
This study will shed light on the concept of family and the rights of the wife and children after the establishment of the family within the sacred social contract which is marriage. The obligations of the spouses towards each other or towards the children as well as the duty of society towards the family to preserve it and prevent any aggression against it and then define the meaning of violence directed at the family whether towards the wife or towards the children. Because it represents a reason for the collapse of the family and society at the same time, and in return, we will discuss the specific legal texts for crimes against the family and its rights and the legal protection of these rights in each of the legal legislations in force, including the Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959, Civil Law No. 40 of 1951, Penal Law No. 111 of 1969, and Juvenile Law No. 76 of 1983, with the help of what was stated in the draft law regarding violence against women voted on in the Kurdistan region of Iraq in 2011 and presented before the Iraqi Council of Representatives for a vote. The study explains the extent of the impact of these legislations on preserving and protecting the family entity, its rights and eliminating domestic violence. From another perspective, how these calls have led to an increase in divorce cases, the harm to the family entity, the achievement of material gains for women, and the loss of the child between the divorced mother and the divorced father and then come up with a conclusion of the most important results and recommendations.

Abstract
The “right to a healthy environment” is one of the modern rights that have been attached to the constitutional human rights group to ensure the protection of the right of individuals to live in a healthy environment. The environment is the vital medium in which a person lives; However, as a result of the pollution that befell the environment, which has caused life-threatening effects from the pollution of water, air and land to its devastating impact on the health of humans and the planet, which required the United Nations to approve it within international declarations and include it within the range of other human rights, and due to the importance of the human right to a healthy environment, the matter constitutionally required, In order to obtain the protection prescribed for all other human rights contained in the constitution, given the superiority and superiority that the constitution enjoys over the rest of the laws in the state.
While some of them referred to it implicitly in the constitutional texts related to rights and freedoms, so this study aims to identify the human right in a healthy environment and the position of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 and some of the constitutions of comparative countries to demonstrate the effectiveness of the guarantees established for this vital right.

Abstract
The world is witnessing a rapid transition toward renewable energy as a primary means to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental legislation is a fundamental tool to guide and support this shift toward clean energy sources. This research analyzes the role of Iraqi environmental legislation in promoting the use and development of renewable energy, considering international standards and global legal frameworks. The study highlights Iraqi legislative efforts and evaluates the laws' and policies' comprehensiveness and effectiveness in supporting clean technologies—such as solar, wind, and hydropower—and their alignment with international environmental agreements and resource sustainability. It addresses several key aspects, including the current legal framework in Iraq concerning renewable energy, factors influencing the implementation of environmental laws, and practical challenges such as limited funding, inadequate infrastructure, and societal awareness. Furthermore, the study examines successful international experiences in renewable energy legislation, offering recommendations to improve and develop the Iraqi legal framework to align with environmental sustainability and economic development goals.

Abstract:
The topic of environmental conservation is considered one of the important topics in the current era because of its great impact on
the development of countries and their preservation from pollution and climate change, as the topic of the environment and
its preservation through the development of sustainable development has become one of the important and necessary topics that governments of countries and local governments alike seek.
Therefore, the legislative authority, along with government policies, has a major role in preserving the environment from pollution and developing the development and sustainable development movement, because preserving the environment is primarily the responsibility of the state through the existence of necessary and strong legislation that contributes to preserving the quality of life within the state.

Abstract
The judiciary in most Third World countries suffers from a real crisis whose essence of which is how to issue its rulings on the facts that raised without influence. And the source of this problem does not go back to parties external to the legal structure of the authorities in the state, but rather from those authorities, whether they exercise legislative or executive powers, especially the executive authority, which often persists in its work and exceeds its powers drawn up for it, if it does not establish these powers by itself, as happens in military coups when the coup governments establish a constitution that embodies their passion for maintaining power and actual control over all the details of governance in the state under names that show democracy and hide tyranny and the elimination of the other.
In this regard, legal jurisprudence predicts what might happen to the judiciary in countries that suffer from democratic transformations and the accompanying disturbances and imbalances that negatively affect the independence of the judiciary, since every emerging democracy in which democracy has not matured and these principles have not settled in the conscience of the nation, the executive authority is the strongest of all authorities, the legislative authority penetrates and controls it, and the judiciary is undermined and its independence is diminished. The effective remedy for this situation is to work on strengthening the judiciary, and one of the most important factors of its strength is working on its complete independence in the face of the executive authority. It also needs the support of the constitutional institutions in the state in strengthening its independence in the face of other authorities, especially the constitutional judiciary.
In Iraq, we find the prominent role of the constitutional judiciary is represented by the Federal Supreme Court, in establishing this principle through many of its decisions that addressed the principle of the independence of the judiciary in the face of other authorities, based on its conviction that the existence of an independent judiciary blocks the path of rulers or those holding power in their attempts to undermine public freedoms and rights, which are often within the reach of their goals to reach the mechanism that ensures their continued rule. Moreover, the existence of an independent judiciary limits the issue of achieving justice and equality among people to judges and no one else, as they are qualified to carry out this task due to their impartiality and integrity.

Abstract
Financial markets have developed rapidly in various countries of the world, and the volume of trade in them has increased and the number of participants has increased, whether at the level of investors or at the level of activities operating within the capital market. As a result, the legal regulation of work in these markets has become an obligation to enter new horizons represented by setting controls and familiarity with all the data that achieve public and private benefit and ensure the smooth running of these markets.
These markets are one of the most important parts of the economic system of the state. If the capital markets within the state have major economic powers, the state is economically advanced, and vice versa if the capital markets are weak, the state is backward.
The stock exchange, which is one of the most important components of the capital market, is one of the most important indicators of measuring the size of a state's economy, and represents the lead in the field of economic progress and prosperity and plays a vital role in it. The stock exchange is one of the most important motivations for countries to formulate economic legislation that contributes to motivating institutions and individuals to collect their savings and attract investment in a safe manner, as it provides the necessary liquidity to drive the process of developing the economy and converting savings into an investment process. Therefore, legislative bodies, regardless of their legal positions, are working to improve the functions of the capital market and strengthen the legal framework in principle to provide support and protection. The liquidity provider system is one of the systems operating in the capital market in the stock exchange in our current era, especially after the many financial crises surrounding us, the latest of which is the outbreak of the Corona crisis (Covid-19), which affected the global economy in general and in particular on companies operating in the stock exchange as a result of weak liquidity on the one hand and investors’ fears on the other hand. The liquidity provider system came to address this, which was adopted by some legislations such as the UAE law and other legislations that adopted it, but did not make it independent of the market maker, while we find that Iraqi legislation did not adopt this system, but rather adopted other similar systems that could be adapted to their rules, and this system could be adopted in Iraqi legislation.

Abstract
Legislative policy is a plan adopted by the legislative authority in the state, through which it aims to translate the general policy adopted by the state in various social, economic, political and cultural fields. The importance of this policy lies in the electoral laws, as they ultimately lead to the arrival of real representatives to the elected councils. It is noted that legislative policy with regard to electoral laws in Iraq has suffered from a fundamental problem represented in a phenomenon unique to the Iraqi experience, which is its instability, and the tendency of the House of Representatives to change it continuously after each electoral cycle, which has negatively affected the nature of representation, as well as the rates of voter participation, and this is what we will discuss in our research.

Summary
Environmental legislation is one of the fundamental foundations for achieving sustainable development, as it contributes to protecting the environment and ensuring the rational use of Natural Resources. In Iraq, despite the existence of some environmental legislation, the implementation of these legislations faces several complex challenges, which hinders the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in light of accelerated climate change. He highlighted the challenges in the weak implementation of environmental laws due to the lack of coordination between the concerned institutions, in addition to the lack of financial resources, as well as the lack of environmental awareness among citizens and the private sector to implement environmental policies.
On the other hand, there are great opportunities that Iraq can benefit from by promoting sustainable environmental policies and taking advantage of technological innovation to improve the efficiency of using natural resources. Regional and international cooperation and building partnerships with international and local environmental organizations can also contribute to improving the implementation of environmental legislation. It is necessary to update the environmental legislation in Iraq in line with the accelerated climate changes, and to strengthen the mechanisms of effective implementation of these legislations. Promote community participation to achieve sustainable development goals and protect the environment for future generations.

Summary
Rights are established for individuals as individuals and members of the society of the state to which they belong and hold its nationality, as their being national individuals in the state results in their enjoyment of public and private rights, and public rights are many, including political rights enjoyed by both original and temporary nationals who hold its nationality and the nationality of their original state or hold with it the nationalities of other countries . There are also many private rights, including the civil rights necessary for the person as a member of human society, such as the right to life, freedom, the right to work and ownership, and their purpose is to satisfy individual needs. Are people of multiple nationalities able to exercise all these rights, whether civil or political, in the state, or do they not obtain them, since many countries do not stipulate in their laws the phenomenon of multiple nationality Because it is a major problem, jurisprudence has tried a lot to reduce it and they have developed some preventive solutions aimed at preventing this phenomenon from occurring in its entirety by making reforms in the nationality legislation that suffers from this phenomenon.