JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES

Volleyball is a popular game played by millions around the world. It is a game that is not limited to advanced levels, but goes beyond that to being a physical, mental and psychological activity that aims to achieve the highest levels of health and entertainment for all groups and ages and for both genders. It was noted that the researcher, through his review of most of the sources, research and studies, did not address or lacked the idea of the research, which generated complete conviction in the researcher to delve into its details, as the researcher mentioned. He found, through his observation and follow-up of the fourth-grade students, as they are second-class referees, that it is necessary to determine the level of their mental ability. . Cognitive and psychological, using a set of tests and standards to obtain data that enables us to identify their standard scores and then the levels in a scientific and accurate manner. The game has basic pillars that must be in place to achieve success in matches, the most important of which is the refereeing body charged with managing and directing the match, which is responsible for raising and improving the level of refereeing and keeping pace with the times. The development that occurs in amending laws and interpretations related to the spirit of the law, as well as its enjoyment of the highest levels of mental, cognitive and psychological capabilities, which indicates a negative or positive impact. On their ability to make decisions, pay attention, and then focus in difficult and different situations.
The study aimed to:
The construction of a cognitive test includes the mechanism of formal hand signals as a judgment indicator from students of the College of Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala.

Time indicators play an important role in improving performance in hurdle running. Previous studies indicate that high-performance runners have better time indicators in some of the motor phases of obstacle running, such as the pivot phase, the flight phase, and the landing phase. This was attributed to the presence of deficiencies in special physical abilities and the lack of specialized training programs. Which prompted the researcher to prepare special exercises according to time indicators. The study aims to design a proposed device to measure some time indicators for 110m hurdles runners, identify the values of time indicators for 110m hurdles runners (U 20), and prepare special exercises according to the values of time indicators for 110m hurdles runners. (U 20), in addition to identifying the effect of exercises in developing some of the physical abilities and achievement of the cover man for the 110m hurdles runner (U 20), the researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem by designing a single experimental group. The research population was determined from track and field runners under 20 years old. For Baghdad Governorate, their number is (14), and (6 runners) were excluded due to some being injured, some being absent, and stopping training, leaving (8) runners. The research sample was selected using a comprehensive enumeration method, meaning that the same sample is the community, and those who train in the stadium of the College of Physical Education and Science. Sports\University of Baghdad, Ministry of Youth and Sports Stadium, Talent Care Center, and Al-Bayaa Youth Forum. Thus, the research sample constituted 100% of the community, and field research procedures included manufacturing a device for measuring the passing time of the designed cover man, its working mechanism, and how to use it, in addition to conducting physical ability tests that included ( Sprint test (30 m) from a flying start, speed increase test (3 hurdles), maximum speed test (5 hurdles), speed endurance test (8 hurdles), long jump test from a standstill on one leg, running test by jumping five steps, test (110 m hurdles) g. The special exercises were implemented on Saturday, 11/18/2023, and were completed on Wednesday, 1/10/2024. These exercises were implemented within the main section of the training unit and took 45-50 minutes ( 3) One unit per week for a period of (8) weeks, as the number of training units reached (24) units, and the duration of the training units is (8) weeks, with two intermediate courses, and (3) training units in one minor course. The researcher concluded that the training is according to the characteristics The time indicators have developed each of the physical abilities under study for the members of the research sample, and that training according to the moment in time (plyometric, ballistic, and speed training), training according to time frequency (fast strength training), and training according to length of time (speed endurance training) have an impact on the development of speed. Special for hurdles running, explosive power, speed, and special endurance. The researcher recommends emphasizing the adoption of training according to time characteristics and indicators in the training units and training programmes, and adopting the device designed to measure the time of crossing the barrier, as well as using it in training as it gives an indication of the crossing time

The research aims to prepare and apply a questionnaire of small games for primary school students from the point of view of physical education teachers in Diyala province and to identify the nature of the relationship between small games and bullying. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the survey method and correlation relations, and the research community reached (1221) teachers distributed over the districts and districts of Diyala, and the sample of the exploratory experience is (16) teacher and teacher and the sample of numbers amounted to (250) teachers, while the application sample amounted to (140) teachers. The researcher followed the necessary steps in preparing the small games questionnaire consisting of (4) areas according to scientific foundations, as well as adopting the school bullying questionnaire prepared by the researcher (Ithar Qasim), and the two questionnaires were applied to the loved sample and the data was processed statistically using the statistical program (SPSS). The researcher reached the preparation and application of the small games questionnaire according to scientific procedures and verified its effectiveness from the point of view of the sample. And the existence of an inverse moral relationship between small games and school bullying. The researcher recommends providing various means necessary to provide sports activities within the school in order to facilitate the work of .

The researchers touched on the introduction to the research and its importance which lies in studying of legal knowledge to the Futsal referees in the Iraqi futsal professional league. The research problem in the refereeing positions was one of the most important and biggest problems facing the referees during the course of the match, as the researchers found through their experiences and their visual observation and their field and practical follow-up to the performance of referees in the Iraqi futsal Professional League, The lounges that there is a great variation among referees lack of knowledge and at the highest levels. The research aims to Preparing an electronic program according to the Kahoot! Application on legal knowledge for futsal referees in the Iraqi Professional Futsal League. The researcher used the experimental approach to suit the nature of the problem. The research community included (70) referees and the research sample consisted of (20) referees, and the sample was chosen in random manner. The main experiment (the electronic program according to Kahoot! Program has been applied and its effect on the legal knowledge making on Monday 07\08\2023. The researcher used the statistical bag (SPSS) to extract the scientific foundations and the research tested. the research results were, the researcher concluded that the time it took to implement the vocabulary of the electronic program was sufficient and the use of electronic programs and modern teaching methods had a positive impact of an evolution in the legal knowledge to the referees. The researchers recommend to use electronic programs and modern educational methods to explain the laws and how to apply them during matches, to establish courses and development camps for referees, and to adopt the electronic program designed prepared by the researcher in referee’s preparation courses

The importance of research lies in Brain exercises and their effect on some motor abilities and rope skills in rhythmic gymnastics for girls
brain exercises and their effect on rope skills. The objectives of the research are to prepare brain-style exercises and identify their effect on some of the motor abilities of third-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Mustansiriya University.
Identifying the effect of brain exercises on the motor abilities under investigation for the research sample in pre- and post-tests.
As for the research method, it was experimental for one group with a pre- and post-test, and the research sample was female students of the third stage. Conclusions and recommendations - Using brain exercises that positively affect the gymnastics skills and motor abilities of the research sample.
The pre-test outperformed the post-test in terms of differences for the research sample As for the recommendations Using brain exercises in skills other than rhythmic gymnastics and other sports.

The research aims to: identify the most important physical abilities in the
The research aims to identify the most important physical abilities in the research sample, and to identify the relationship between the most important physical abilities and the scoring skill of stability and movement in the research sample, and the percentage contributions of the most important physical abilities to the scoring skill of stability and movement in the research sample. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of a correlational survey study for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community was drawn from youth club players in Sulaymaniyah Governorate for the season (2022-2023), who participated in the tournament open by the Football Association in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, under the age of (20) years, who numbered under the age of (20) years. (223) players from (11) clubs, namely the clubs (Sirwani Novi - Sirwan Halabja - Shirwaniya - Khalati Penguin - Qardagh - Aashti - Sulaymaniyah Peshmerga - Darbandikhan - Bazian - Halabja Al-Shahid - Qalat Diza), as for Ayn. The search turned out to be (4) clubs They were chosen by random lottery, and they are the clubs (Shirwana - Sirwan Halabja - Darbandikhan - Bazian). The research sample reached (84) players, with a percentage of (37.67%) of the research community. As for the means of collecting information, the researcher relied on special tests for the specific physical abilities after they were presented to Experts and specialists compiled a questionnaire, as well as verifying the scientific foundations of the tests and the researcher relying on a percentage of (50%) or so of the physical abilities and their tests. After obtaining the raw scores, they were processed statistically using (SPSS), and the researcher reached several

The current study aims to evaluate the behavior of bullying in the workplace among the administrations of central sports federations in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee. The study is prepared based on two aspects. The first aspect has dealt with the theoretical framing of the dimensions of the study and its variables, while the second aspect contains the methodology of the study and its applied framework. The importance of this study is embodied in the fact that it examines one of the important topics that is absent from the list of administrative research in the field of sports management, and it sheds light on a negative behavior that we realize in our sports institutions (bullying in the workplace). The problem of this study indicates that there are cases of bullying in the workplace in sports institutions among members, which leads to some workers not taking their role in participation and leadership within the central sports federations. The researchers have adopted the descriptive approach in completing this study, and the research sample represent heads and members of the administrations of central sports federations. The researchers have also adopted a questionnaire form to obtain data, which is processed statistically and the results were discussed. Then some conclusions are reached, the most important of which is that bullying in the workplace is deviant behaviors, which have a great relationship with the success of administrative work, and that members of the administrations of central sports federations do not have bullying behavior in the workplace, and this thing results from their cognitive, cultural, administrative and social backgrounds. The study concludes with a set of recommendations and proposals, the most important of which is that it is necessary for the establishment of the Iraqi National Olympic Committee as the sports federations are responsible for investing the results of the evaluation of bullying behavior in the workplace within the administrations of central sports federations in a well and thoughtful way to ensure the success and distinction of the sports career.

The research aimed to prepare force propulsion exercises according to kinematic applications for players of the Handball Sports Talent Nurturing Center, and to identify the effect of kinematic applications of force propulsion exercises on the development of jumping and leaping in terms of (EMG) for players of the Handball Sports Talent Nurturing Center. The experimental approach was adopted by designing one experimental group. On a sample of (11) players who were intentionally selected (100%) from their community, represented by handball players from the Sports Talent Care Center under the age of (20) years, who are continuing their training for the sports season (2023/2024), the conclusions and recommendations were that preparing strength training exercises According to the kinetic applications, it was suitable for handball players at the Sports Talent Care Center The exercises of pushing force according to the Kenyan applications help increase the top of and reduce the time of signal (EMG) for both the straight and right thighs, the right and the left, the moment the force is pushed with the two men with handball players to give a sign of the development of the capacity of the horizontal jump and their vertical jumping, and it is necessary to pay attention to planning and applying the training curricula That takes into account the Kennetic applications to develop the capacity of the horizontal jump and the vertical jump of the players of the sport sport care center, to increase the top of and reduce the time of signal (EMG) for each of the straight thighs right at the moment of pushing the force with the two men, because it has a positive role in developing the capacity of horizontal jump and the vertical jumping at Handball player.
Keywords: Kinetics applications, force push training, jump and jumping in terms of (EMG), handball.

The game of volleyball, like all other sports, has introduced new amendments to it, the most important of which is a system not a free player system in 1998, which gave added importance to the skills of receiving the transmitter and defending the stadium Being an important skill where the law allowed the free player to move and position in the rear positions of the stadium mainly limited the support defensive skills. So as to make the state of stability and balance between defensive and offensive skills, which helps to develop the game and make it exciting and enjoyable for players and the public. So the researchers saw the highlight by identifying the contribution rate of the free player A libro according to the play areas (1, 5,6) and here lies the problem of research in identifying the role of the liberal player and his contribution to the development of defensive skills ( Reception and defense of the stadium) during the game to create a state of balance and stability between the attack and defense . Through the research procedures, which included conducting some personal interviews by the researchers with some of the trainers in the game of volleyball and academic specialists in the field of the game about the role and importance of the player Liberal in an attempt by the researchers To find out the most productive areas for the liberal player and the best skills he has, where the research aims to identify the contribution rate of some defensive skills of the liberal player according to the play areas (1,5,6) either imposed the search there was a discrepancy between The contribution rate of some defensive skills of the free player according to the play areas (1,5,6) and the researchers dealt with some similar studies that have to do with the research topic, either the research methodology and field wages were through the use of the researchers descriptive approach either The research community identified the teams participating in the Premier Volleyball League for the season (2022_2023) the second stage with the participation of 8 teams, while the search sample consisted of 8 players, which is the free player (Lebiro) in the search sample (1,5,6)
The order of the playing centers according to the proportion of the contribution of the skill of receiving the transmitter to the liberal player in the sample search according to the following (1,5,6) either recommendations were
1- Use the arrangement of the play centers according to the level of contribution rate of the skill set to defend the stadium and receive the volleyball transmitter in the search sample when developing training programs for players
2-Relying on the play centers when evaluating the special training curricula of volleyball players because they give accurate information about the training status of players .
3-Conduct studies on other skills because of the contribution rates of positive results in the latest adaptations and development of skill performance among volleyball players

The research boils down to preparing complex massage sessions in order to know the effect of these sessions on functional variables (pulse, blood pressure, oxygen consumption rate (SPO2), troponin and SPK enzymes), as well as the degree of pain according to the previously prepared scale and to know its impact on the accuracy of aiming with an air rifle from a distance of 10 meters. Determine the research population, which is the national shooting team players, who number (12) players. The sample was tested randomly from 10 players and two players were excluded for the sake of the exploratory experiment. The researchers used the experimental approach with two equal groups, and they concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group due to the combined massage sessions. The researchers recommended the necessity of applying complex massage sessions to various games to benefit from them.

The research aimed to build a measure of the organizational culture for managing sports tournaments for male and female physical education lesson teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate, and to identify the differences in the organizational culture for managing sports tournaments and job commitment among the research sample according to the gender variable. As for the research hypotheses, it stipulated that male and female physical education lesson teachers have In Salah al-Din Governorate, there is a moderate level of organizational culture for
There are statistically significant differences in the organizational culture of managing sports tournaments between male and female physical education teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate according to the gender variable. The researchers used the descriptive approach in both styles (survey and correlational) to suit the nature of the research problem. The current research population consists of (374) male and female teachers. Specialization in physical education in secondary schools in Salah al-Din Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024),
The researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) to reach the results of their research, and the researchers reached several conclusions in light of the results of their research, the most important of which is the difference in the level of organizational culture for managing sports tournaments between male and female physical education teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate. In light of the research results, the researchers recommended adopting training programs and workshops. Qualification and development for male and female physical education teachers to develop their knowledge, skills, and administrative, organizational, and cultural experiences.

The educational process and its methods still occupy the minds of many researchers and those interested in teaching methods and motor learning, and therefore several opinions have emerged in this field aiming to find the best formulas for learning in general and motor learning in particular.
“Teaching itself is purposeful and seeks to make an impact and change the personality of students, in addition to being a means to achieve the goal of education. The process of choosing a specific method of teaching depends on foundations according to what Muhammad Ezzat Abdel Mawjoud describes” (Muhammad Ezzat 1981, p. 20)
“The teaching strategy is a set of teacher actions that occur on a regular and sequential basis and which aim to achieve the prepared teaching objectives. This means that the teacher, although he is following his own style of teaching to implement the desired teaching method, is following a strategy with specific steps according to which he is proceeding to implement the objectives of the lesson.” (Issam El-Din Metwally, 2006, p. 70)
The researchers decided to use special exercises designed according to the listening triangle strategy, which works to develop and learn the skill of moving with the feet and motor coordination of the students’ left punch at the direction of the teacher. It is one of the direct methods in teaching methods and with intense repetitions, taking into account rest times. The researchers assumed that there are differences. Statistically significant between the pre-post tests of the experimental research game in learning the skill of the ready stance, movement of the feet, and motor coordination of the left punch.
The researchers used a single experimental approach to solve the problem. The sample represented 12 students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the second stage. The exploratory experiment was conducted and the tests related to the research were applied. After that, the researchers designed special exercises to learn the skill of moving with the feet and the motor coordination of the students’ left punch. .
For a period of (4) weeks, at the rate of (1) one lesson per week, and after obtaining the results, the researchers processed them by using nonparametric statistics, and after analyzing the results, the researchers reached conclusions, the most important of which is that the exercises used with the listening triangle strategy have a positive impact on learning the skill of moving with the feet and Motor compatibility of students' left punch.

The research aims to design an aid that helps in developing motor response speed and learning the skill of scoring in futsal, as well as preparing exercises using the designed aid, knowing the effect of exercises using the designed aid.
The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature and problem of the research. The selection of the sample always depends on the representation of the original community and the possibility of matching the results of the community chosen from it. The community of origin consisted of middle schools for boys in Diyala Governorate, District (Baqubah - Markaz) for the academic year (2022-2023), as the number of The population of origin is (4142). As for the research sample, they are second-year intermediate students, numbering (111) students. From among those people, the researcher chose, in a random manner and by lottery, Division (A, C). They were divided into two groups, experimental and control, that is, by (40) students. The number of the control group was (20) students from Section (A) and the number of the experimental group was (20) students from Section (C), and thus the sample percentage of the research community constituted (40%), which is an appropriate percentage to truly and honestly represent the research community.
In light of the results reached by the researcher, it was concluded that exercises prepared with designed aids have a significant impact on the motor response and learning the skill of scoring in futsal for students by investing time and focusing on the nature of performance. To complement the research conclusions, the researcher recommends making improvements and changes to the aids designed to increase Effectiveness in learning basic skills in futsal.

The importance of the research is to study human engineering and know its level by applying the human engineering scale to physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala.
The problem of the research is the lack of a standardized measurement tool for the level of human engineering for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala.
The research aimed to codify the human engineering scale for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method to suit the nature of the problem. The research population included (1595) and the research sample consisted of (250) teachers and schools. The sample was chosen randomly, and then it was The human engineering scale consisting of (35) items was applied to the research sample, and the sample’s answers were corrected using the statistical package (SPSS).
Conclusions: The ergonomics scale for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala is a valid tool for use to measure the level of ergonomics for physical education teachers. Physical education teachers in the General Directorate enjoyed good levels, and the researcher recommended the possibility of adapting the ergonomics scale and applying it to other sports institutions.

The importance of the research is to study human engineering and know its level by applying the human engineering scale to physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala.
The problem of the research is the lack of a standardized measurement tool for the level of human engineering for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala.
The research aimed to codify the human engineering scale for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method to suit the nature of the problem. The research population included (1595) and the research sample consisted of (250) teachers and schools. The sample was chosen randomly, and then it was The human engineering scale consisting of (35) items was applied to the research sample, and the sample’s answers were corrected using the statistical package (SPSS).
Conclusions: The ergonomics scale for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala is a valid tool for use to measure the level of ergonomics for physical education teachers. Physical education teachers in the General Directorate enjoyed good levels, and the researcher recommended the possibility of adapting the ergonomics scale and applying it to other sports institutions.