political issues

The state is considered the highest form of integration for the development of human societies، as it still has patterns of relative sovereignty، power and independence. This study shows the most important outcomes of the state in Iraq since its establishment، from geopolitical perspective in addition to its morals and the culture of its society. In a period that lasted more than hundred years، a great deal of major events happened to the system، the state and the society in all its types، in a frame of uneven paths، these developments have a pace and cumulative effect due to regional and state variables.
And considering what the state went through in these three stages، and from these accumulations and the established society traditions، it have forced the state to live in reality of non-compliance in the crises that it has experienced (further away from obedience) from authority، as it is an independent entity that is not a result of the society and therefore does not represent it، only in the amount of independence to provide living requirements (as the authority holds such requirements)، either by a job manager that must be pleased، or a tyrant governor that should be avoid to get safety from، and in both situations the relation is not even (healthy).

Human security has become not limited to the political, social and economic dimension only, but cultural security has become one of the important pillars in human life, society and the political system, and political culture represents one of the human manifestations regarding the political system and its impact on national security.
As far as Iraq is concerned, the political change after 9/4/2003 revealed a cultural structural problem, and this problem may reach the point of a crisis, if the political cultures in Iraqi society mix, and most of them are traditional and submissive cultures that do not allow the establishment of a democratic civil society which led to a defect in the Iraqi national security.

This study seeks to shed light on the goals and motives of American-Russian competition in the Eastern Mediterranean region. At the beginning of the study, I addressed the Russian-American motives and goals regarding their position in the global energy market. The study attempts to explain the security motives and national security requirements of the United States of America and the Russian Federation in the Eastern Mediterranean region, as well as shed light on the geopolitical motives related to global competition in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The study also shows the roles that both countries play in the Eastern Mediterranean region in achieving their political, military, security, and economic interests.

The Cable News Network (CNN), which has been operating 24/7 since 1980, had a significant influence on the foreign policy behavior of the United States of America in the late Cold War period. While the free press, in its role as the "Fourth Power" had an enduring influence on policymaking in representative democracies at the end of the last century, many have argued that the reach, depth, and speed of the then new global media (at that time) — CNN — created a new kind of influence qualitatively different from those that preceded it. Since the role it played in US foreign decision-making was clear and important, everyone (societies and decision-makers) looked with interest at its coverage of many events outside the United States - such as the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989, the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the first Gulf War, and the Battle of Mogadishu - and as being strongly influential in bringing these images and issues to the direct interface of American political consciousness and then influencing public opinion and decision-makers in a direct way. In addition, specialists have argued the effect of CNN that as the driving power behind the use of force by the US military during the Bosnian war 1992-1995, and other events and other issues.
In this research paper, we will try to provide a scientific framework for analyzing how the complex processes of media input are integrated into the foreign political decision-making process, as well as reflecting the role of journalism and television in the policy formulation stage. Most importantly, clarifying how the media, particularly the CNN news channel, has become an integral part of foreign policy decision-making and international policy interactions.

The impact of the negative oil shock on the budgets of oil rent countries is an important subject that deserves analysis. The budgets of these countries depend largely on oil revenues, and therefore any change in oil prices or production could severely affect the state\\\'s resources and its ability to finance public spending and implement development programs.
Many oil rent countries depend heavily on oil revenues to finance their budgets. When a negative oil shock occurs, such as a drop in oil prices or a decline in production, state revenues drop dramatically. This decrease leads to a budget deficit and may require austerity decisions and spending cuts.
In short, the impact of the negative oil shock on the budgets of oil rent countries could be disastrous for the economy and the social and political stability of these countries. Therefore, these countries must take measures and policies to diversify revenue sources and strengthen different sectors to ensure strong financial and economic stability in light of the changing oil challenges.

Artificial intelligence is one of the modern sciences that has been linked to humans since the past five decades, and digital economic policy has become an integral part of society, because it has violated most areas of human life. This is what encouraged new technological policy makers to think about how to employ it to serve their highest economic interests, regardless of making efforts to think about human economic interests, regulate them, and monitor generative artificial intelligence. The majority of countries have realized the necessity of setting restrictions that limit innovation in generative artificial intelligence, and taking into account the economic laws of countries, especially since some artificial intelligence programs are used as a platform for illegal content, and negatively penetrate the economic aspects of the country, and without major companies thinking about steps to prevent misuse. Its platforms.
The countries sponsoring major artificial intelligence companies have been keen to limit the regulation of the development of economic innovation, claiming that this restricts the freedom to develop technological thinking. Therefore, today and in the future, all countries of the world face fears and harmful repercussions on their societies from humanitarian, economic, and even health aspects, which contributes to changing many individuals’ behaviors and thoughts, leading to a world that generates nonsense, especially after the capabilities of controlling it have failed, and it has become the interface for artificial intelligence applications and programs. It is to achieve prosperity and well-being for mankind, but the reality proves to be a threat to humanity. The source and starting point of artificial intelligence is the human mind, but the way humans think is different from the way artificial intelligence thinks and works.
Therefore, the countries of the world are seriously thinking today that they are on the cusp of a global threat that has no limits or restrictions, and they have no choice but to confront it by holding international conferences, exchanging ideas through dialogue, listening to dissenting viewpoints, and establishing international rules and laws and treaties that guarantee the national interests of countries

Ronald Dworkin develops his theory of justice within a frame of reference of liberal theoretical attempts - which John Rawls had begun in the 1970s - to reform political philosophy and the theory of justice in particular in order to enhance the legitimacy of the liberal political and economic system, to be reconsidered and formulated on the basis of justice (justice Redistribution of resources).
Through his theory of justice, Ronald Dworkin tried to reconcile, on both the theoretical and practical levels, the concepts of liberty and equality. At the theoretical level, no political theory can be worthy of attention unless it acknowledges the complementarity of these two values. One of them is indispensable for the other, but on the practical level, the political reality is not characterized by political legitimacy unless it achieves liberty and equality, as it cannot achieve the requirements of its citizens if one of these two values is given priority over the other. Therefore, the long struggle between advocates of equality on the one hand, and Liberty advocates, on the other hand, regarding the priority of any of the two values over the other is baseless, and based on the above, this study deals with Ronald Dworkin’s theory of justice based on the unity of the concepts of liberty and equality, in what he called “the unity of values thesis,” and how to employ it in the political and economic field.

Despite the multiplicity of wars that the world witnessed after the Cold War phase, the Russian-Ukrainian war posed a serious challenge to the stability of the international system led by the United States of America and gave indications of the beginning of its transformations. Perhaps this is due to the location of Ukraine, which represents the intersection of the geopolitical calculations of both the United States of America and the Russian Federation, as Russia sees in Ukraine a political symbolism as it is located in its close neighborhood, which must be contained if it wants to regain its position as a global power.The use of Russian military force against Ukraine was not based on declared options, as much as it is increasing pressure on the international system and demonstrating the state of failure that surrounds it, in addition to sending clear messages towards the United States of America and the Western system in order to review the current international system through positive cooperation, or to undermine it. Through the military threat, and therefore the possibility of changing the international system remains on what Russia will offer to strengthen its position rejecting American hegemony and the western expansion of NATO, as the war did not create a single possibility for the future of the international system, but rather created many possible images.

We conclude that it is wrong to judge the future of political Islam as failure and decline after the blow that the Brotherhood’s rule received in Egypt. It is true that the military coup against Morsi put the movement in real distress, especially since the failure this time fell on the group that represents the head of the organization, and in the central state of the organization. However, political Islam still has strong elements inside and outside Egypt, and the political Islam movement will not end so easily. It will remain a movement supported by societal forces, states, and media, economic, and security institutions, which have vital interests in ensuring its continuation.
Moreover, the organizations of political Islam, led by the Muslim Brotherhood, are diverse organizations with a deep-rooted intellectual and cultural background, and have their own connections, relationships, and external support. Therefore, it is not expected that political Islam will disappear so easily

The study attempts to shed light on the methodology that the teacher and learner should adopt and follow in its footsteps, because randomness and failure to follow the controls does not bear fruit and does not reach what is desired except in rare cases. The research was limited to highlighting this methodology according to what was written by the scholar Abdul Rahman bin Khaldun. Through his book, the introduction (Al- Muqaddimah), in which he formulated the best scientific theories and made them a summary of his experience in this field, we ultimately reached conclusions based on the fact that being harsh on learners is incorrect and brings counterproductive and undesired results, and is the main reason for the emergence of vile traits. Moreover, He said the professions, like science, require a teacher, a lot of practice, and experience that increases with time, and that practice and hard work is what takes them from the realm of power to the realm of action and true existence

It is too crucial to point that this research is trying to study the Homo Sacer in the state of Exception, Which the Italian Thinker Giorgio Agamben theorized in his political thought. Agamben thinks that this state is representative the core in the Western political thought, It has great rule in the theory of sovereignty and the establishment of state. Finding the Homo sacer who lives in a situation where his rights are violated. By disrupting the work of normal laws. It's what the state of exception does. The research was divided into three sections. The first discussed the state of exception and the paradox of sovereignty. The second section dealt with the Homo sacer and the bare life. The last topic was about Homo sacer and the crisis of contemporary Western democracy.

Energy diplomacy is one of the most important tools used by oil and gas-producing countries, including Qatar, to enhance their access to global markets, in addition to developing the sustainable production and use of energy in line with the objectives of foreign policy.

Since the discovery of the North Field gas field in Qatar in 1970, which is one of the world's largest gas fields, the Qatari government has adopted a partnership approach with major international companies to invest in its gas fields to secure global energy demand. After more than a quarter century, Qatar has become one of the leading countries in the world in the production of liquefied natural gas, accounting for about a quarter of global exports.

This research, which uses a descriptive, analytical, and historical approach, systematically examines the efforts of the State of Qatar in the field of energy diplomacy, which has had a major impact on securing gas supplies for more than 25 countries. The research is divided into four sections. The first defines energy diplomacy, while the second sheds light on Qatar's gas sector in terms of natural gas reserves or production capacity, and exports of liquefied natural gas. The third section reviews the characteristics of Qatari gas diplomacy, which focuses on diversification of the export base, sustainable supply to importers, flexibility, transparency, and credibility in the supply of liquefied natural gas. The fourth section focuses on the conclusions and recommendations reached.

The Al-Aqsa Flood Operation led to major changes in the balance of regional powers, and demonstrated a large aspect of the material tension between soft power and hard power. These events were reflected in the structure of international relations between the Arabs and the Zionist entity, and achieved many indicators at the level of Palestine and the Arab countries or on the national level.” And to a greater extent it affected the type and nature of relations between the Arab countries and the Zionist entity. At the forefront of those countries is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for reasons that are continuing on the path of normalization similar to Egypt and other countries. Looking in this direction may explain a dialectic based on indicators of soft power. And the hard power at the same time, which was reflected in its relations with the United States of America .

I have conducted this research after a number of books and studies that I wrote in defense of the Christian presence in the East, and against the discrimination and eviction operations which they were subjected to in many countries of the region.
Primely, this sensitive issue was provoked and expanded terrifyingly by the US occupation of Iraq in 2003, and the rise of sectarian and religious divisions. The situation worsened further with the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011, where the historical paradox occurred, the Arab Spring turned into an autumn for Christians, which inspired the title of my book, "Christians and the Arab Spring - On the Challenges of Democracy and Cultural Diversity in the Arab World" (2012).
In 2013, after contacts, inquiries, and comments from readers regarding the situation of Christians, I wrote a new book entitled “Christians are the Salt of the Arabs,” which is also meant as “Salt of the East.” This metaphor is taken from Jesus Christ (peace be upon him), who addressed his disciples, “You are the salt of the earth”.
According to the Holy Quran, Christ (peace be upon him) is “the Holy Spirit” and “The Word of Truth,”, So how is it justified to sever the necks of individuals in the name of 'Islam'? And how are Christians considered "infidels" as some 'Islamic' fatwas, particularly from terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Jabhat Fatah al-Sham “Al-Nusra”, and their affiliates, claim? "
Christians are not strangers, they existed in the region before Muslims. Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem, and with his birth the Gregorian calendar began, and from Palestine, Christianity spread to all corners of the globe Thus this is Christianity, the offspring of the Arab region, and perhaps fanaticism and extremism aim to eradicate Christians from the cradle of Christianity.
The research Discusses the plight of Christians in several Arab countries: Sudan, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Palestine (under Israeli occupation), and address the severity of the idea that sought to portray Christians as a fifth column, echoing the tragedy of the loss of the Arab Jewish presence in many Arab countries under the same ideology.
The researcher focused on the necessity of rereading the Arab –"Israeli" conflict, not as a religious conflict, but rather as a national struggle to restore Palestinian and Arab rights, and it is a struggle on earth and not over the values of heaven.
The researcher concluded the study by calling for solidarity with Christians, protecting their rights, and emphasizing the importance of rebuilding the nation-state based on equal and equitable citizenship, and the enforcement of the rule of law against any form of discrimination. It is essential to recognize and embrace diversity in terms of nationality, religion, language, and ethnicity

This study analyzes the concept of the new non-alignment, discusses in detail the nature of the relationship between the new non-alignment and the Global South, analyzes the motives for the emergence of the new non-alignment in international relations, and anticipates its consequences in an unstable international system, by testing three research hypotheses, the first of which is the orientation hypothesis. The countries of the Global South adopt policies of active non-alignment and precaution with the aim of isolating themselves from the competition of dominant and rising powers in a current unstable and uncertain international system. This assumption is complemented by other assumptions that serve the purpose of answering the questions of the study, the most important of which is: the hypothesis of the Global South’s awareness of its position and importance in a changing international system. As a motivation towards active non-alignment, and the second assumption is that the complex international dependence on the one hand, and global and humanitarian challenges on the other hand, represent real obstacles to non-alignment policies. The study reached research results, the most important of which is: that the new non-alignment ((N-NAM) is not a return to The old Non-Aligned System (NAM), which by its nature does not represent an extension of the Cold War, but intersects with it in the founding countries and the idea of not engaging in the conflict of competing blocs. Unlike the old Non-Aligned System, the new revival of sovereign politics wasn't driven by nationalism, but rather by a non-partisan internationalism. It is biased, stemming from the necessity of returning to the United Nations Charter and building a democratic international system. Strategic hedging also represents the global South’s new non-aligned approach in the phase of global power transformation. It allows the Global South to engage with the parties to the conflict, to mitigate the possibilities of hegemony, and to diversify security, political, and economic partnerships to include it guarantees the national interest, without the need for alignments, alliances, or declaring neutrality. In addition, the study concluded that the Ukrainian war (2022) highlighted the existing political, economic, and cultural divisions in the world between the West and the South, and highlighted the lack of respect of the countries of the South for the international order. The prevailing liberalism and their pursuit of an international system that is more respectful of the values of the South and their right to manage the international agenda. The study concluded that it is not yet clear to what extent the Global South’s commitment in the future to the policy of non-alignment, as it bears a stable official orientation, and it bears being a temporary stage that ends with the end of a stage of Global power shift.

My research speak about three field ، poverty ، inequality & terrorism . When began to explain the poverty must show it causes & all figures many peoples suffering from them . Then Inequality related with poverty & terrorism ، when peoples feeling Inequality that must led them to terrorism .
The results of this words ، terrorism happening by to clear causes & most power to push any people suffering from many problems like poverty & Inequality led them to Terrorism .

One of the most important ecological issues currently affecting the planet is climate change. It has become one of the most important concerns for nations and international organizations because of its detrimental effects that cut across many industries and had humanitarian implications. Due to the research area’s as a part of Iraq, these adverse impacts were also plainly seen there. Thus, the purpose of this study, which is titled "Climate change and its impact on achieving sustainable development in the Garmian Area" is to draw attention to these detrimental consequences on the area study under investigation's ability to achieve sustainable development.

Regional changes have greatly influenced Turkish foreign policy, and as a promising regional and international player on the international scene, Turkish foreign policies moved towards creating areas of influence, whether at the regional or international level. The Arab countries were the focus of attention of Turkish policy makers, especially the countries that witnessed what is known as the Arab Spring. The most important of them is the state of Libya, as Turkish policies towards Libya were based on the fact that the latter is located in an important geographical location and also possesses natural resources, the most important of which is oil. Libya is also considered, in Turkish economic policies, a good market for the sale of all Turkish products, especially products of a military nature, and an important source of oil and gas. Libya is the starting point for Turkish influence in the Arab regions, seeking to achieve economic goals such as obtaining oil and natural gas. Turkey took advantage of the division that Libya witnessed to achieve its policies that it had drawn up since the events of the Arab Spring and to expand its influence significantly, as Turkish intervention in Libya came in three stages, the first with the beginning of the Libyan revolution. And the overthrow of the (Gaddafi) government through its support for Libyan groups. This phase extended from 2011 to 2012. The second phase began in the wake of the failed Libyan elections between 2012 and 2016. The third phase was characterized by a significant increase in Turkish intervention in the Libyan crisis as this extended. The stage from 2016 until the preparation of this research in the last quarter of 2023, and thus the Turkish intervention in Libya came through the use of two tools. The first tool is military force by sending Turkish soldiers and its support for some armed groups in order to fight in Libya, while the second tool is represented by work. The diplomat concluded the agreement between Turkey and the Government of National Accord as internationally recognized to justify the legitimacy of Turkey’s intervention in Libya and the legitimacy of the agreements between them that stipulated the establishment of a Turkish military base and allowing Turkey to explore for oil and natural gas in the Mediterranean Sea.

Turkey seeks to become an influential force in North Africa and a major actor in the events it is going through. It is also trying to search for new partners in the region, especially after its repeated problems with its traditional allies, in addition to creating new economic circles, securing sources of energy, and advancing trade exchanges. With North African countries, relying on its historical relations with them, and on the humanitarian and cultural diplomacy that it uses through its governmental and non-governmental organizations. However, its military intervention in Libya made fingers point towards it as a crisis maker and a cause of instability in the region, and Turkish foreign policy became exposed to many intertwined challenges regionally and internationally.

The research paper deals with the impact of Turkish-Israeli relations on the Palestinian issue. Relations between the two sides have always been affected by the ups and downs of the peace process, although the Palestinian issue occupies a major place in Turkish policy towards the Middle East. But Türkiye was the first Islamic country to recognize the Zionist entity (Israel) in 1949.
The aim of this paper aims to analyze the nature of the relations between Turkey and Israel and identify the factors that affect these relations and their development between the two parties. Which culminated in many security and military agreements over four decades, and their direct impact on the Turkish position towards the Palestinian issue.

This study explores the dynamics of Turkish soft power in the contemporary era, focusing on the post-Justice and Development Party period. Turkey's increasing influence on the regional stage, driven by a strategic expansion of its soft power, forms a crucial aspect of its foreign policy. This research aims to comprehensively analyze the concept of soft power within the Turkish context, shedding light on its dimensions and role in achieving political objectives regionally.
The study is structured into three axes: the first delves into the theoretical foundations of soft power, its dimensions, and its integration into Turkish foreign policy. The second axis examines the diverse resources and components constituting Turkish soft power. The third axis specifically focuses on Turkey's strategies for deploying soft power in the Middle East. The study employs a systematic approach, combining descriptive and analytical methods. The descriptive approach elucidates shifts in Turkish foreign policy since the ascent of the Justice and Development Party. Simultaneously, the analytical approach seeks to dissect the consequences of employing soft power, offering insights into its potential future impact.
Concentrating on cultural collaboration and Turkey's initiatives to disseminate its language, literature, and arts in the region, the study aims to unravel Turkey's role and influence. Additionally, it investigates the impact of Turkish arts, media, and scholarships on enhancing understanding of Turkish culture among students and researchers in the region. This research not only contributes to the understanding of Turkish soft power but also holds implications for broader international relations.

The research was attempts to diagnose the most important indicators of transformation and change which affected the concepts of power ,conflict and wars in international relations and international system in general. By identifying the most important reasons leading to that transformation in those concepts including the massive technological and information revolution. The multiplicity of non-state actors and, consequently, the multiplicity of patterns of cyber-attacks witnessed by many countries, which drew attention to the necessity of adopting new strategies to manage new patterns of wars and conflicts.