Journal of Historical studies

The research aims to highlight the most important features of the development of the Palestinian issue since the Campbell-Bannerman Conference in 1907, which established the idea of a buffer state separating the east of the Arab world from its west, until the Oslo Accords of 1993 AD, from which the Palestinian self-governing authority emerged over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
The research reached a number of results, most notably: The Campbell-Bannerman Conference of 1907 AD was in support of the decisions of the First Zionist Conference (Basel 1897 AD) to establish a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine, separating the East of the Arab world from its West and preventing its unification for fear of harming Western interests, and emphasizing that Solving the Palestinian issue in accordance with its three principles: 1 - The liberation of all Palestinian lands 2 - The right of the Palestinian people to self-determination 3 - Their right to establish their independent state with Jerusalem as its capital, is the key to peace, stability and advancement for the Palestinian people and for all the peoples of the Arab and Islamic region, and it is the only way to improve Arab relations. The West and its development, and that the Oslo Agreement of 1993 AD was closer to giving up the constants of the Palestinian issue to the extent that it was reduced to a Palestinian autonomous authority that was limited in area and deprived of decision-making and sovereignty.

Hormuz Island, with its unique geography at the entrance to the Arabian Gulf, was subjected to Portuguese occupation, which had a significant impact on it, especially since the policy and administration of its ruler, Hormuz, was under the umbrella of Portuguese rule and control. Therefore, another force had to emerge to wrest this occupation from the island and liberate it from it. The Ottoman Empire appeared on the scene, and in turn planned and tried to reach the island and establish its hegemony over it by sending several military naval campaigns aimed at removing Portuguese influence, getting rid of it, and uprooting its control over it. Despite all the attempts, preparations, and military plans, all the Ottoman campaigns were defeated and were unable to achieve their desired and hoped-for goals and objectives in Hormuz Island. Therefore, this island remained under Portuguese control until 1622 AD and did not leave it until after the cooperation that took place between the Persian and English sides, which resulted in a strong union that was able to end the Portuguese presence in Hormuz after a long occupation that lasted for more than a century, during which the Portuguese were able to exploit the island's wealth and resources, in addition to the strategic exploitation of its location in many military operations. The island's suffering from the Portuguese occupation was not an easy suffering, but rather resulted in several deep aspects that negatively affected it and its inhabitants for long periods.

The study aims to reveal the colonial ambitions of European countries (Britain) in the Arab region by shedding light on the circumstances of the Hejaz railway arose in the period between (1900 and 1908 AD) and addressed from several aspects such as: The political motives behind the adoption of Sultan Abdul Hamid II The idea of establishing the Hejaz Railway that connects the Levant to the Hejaz, Britain's position on the establishment of the railway and the reason for its fear of extending it and the measures taken by Britain to obstruct work, the stages of implementation of the railway The material cost of work, the economic importance of the extension of the Hejaz Railway, the position of the Arab tribes on the extension of the Hejaz Railway, based on the British secret reports submitted by the British Ambassador in Astana Sir O'Connor (OCnnor) to the British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey, which was called "British India Documents", and other Arab sources, including the Arab press.

This study aims to investigate the interest of the Mamluk sultans, whether Circassia's or Burjis, in birds, and the motives that led them to take care of domesticated birds, encourage hunting wild birds, and allocate special positions in the royal court to supervise the hunting, purchase, and care of those birds. Some of them filled the royal kitchen, and others were for the purpose of entertainment, amusement, and boasting.

The research explores the economic and trade relations between India and the Arab Gulf states (Oman and Qatar as examples) and their impact on the development of political relations between the two sides, as well as India’s reliance primarily on energy resources (oil and natural gas) in the Arab Gulf states in general and in Oman and Qatar in particular, in addition to the extent of mutual investment between the two sides. The study also addresses the factor of Indian migration to the Arab Gulf countries (Oman and Qatar) and its impact on the development and sustainability of political relation.

This research sheds light on the nature of American policy towards the small Asian country of Nepal, which has been characterized by a friendly nature since the United States of America recognized it in 1947, and then the American administration began in 1951 to provide economic aid to it for economic development and later its continuity after... that. The Nepalese regime was activated in 1959, and adopted a representative government. In return, the Soviet Union invested and was surprised by its openness to Nepal and strengthened various relations. That American administration took advantage of its commitment to the Nepalese government, and this was part of the different Cold War conflict.

The summary of the research is to shed light on some of the efforts of the Imam, peace be upon him, in caring for the human being, and he considered him the origin and basis in the process of human development as a main premise in building and progressing any people and any state, and his vision and approach, which is an extension of the Qur’an and Sunnah in building the human being in a correct way to build a society based on sound and solid foundations well-established, and the importance of the scientific and educational aspect in building the active person in his society

The Days of the Arabs represent the covenants and pacts that the Arab tribes concluded between themselves or between them and the Persians, and they agreed upon or were bound by them after the occurrence of the wars and disputes that led to them, which were later called the Days of the Arabs, which occurred for multiple and different reasons, each of which had its own importance to the Arabs. What concerns us from the Arab days is reaching the covenants or pacts that were agreed upon. Therefore, the research was divided into an introduction and two sections, the first included the concept of days among the Arabs, and the second included Arab days and their impact on the Yemeni kingdoms before Islam..

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, independent countries emerged that were previously under its banner. Among the countries that gained independence are the Central Asian republics (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan). The recent independence of these countries, along with their economic problems, led these countries to look abroad to resolve their problems. In return, the eyes of competing regional and international powers turned to them. Turkey was among the active powers in Central Asia, coming in first place compared to the Iranian, Russian and Chinese roles, as Turkey enjoys a relative advantage, which is the ethnic, linguistic and cultural ties shared with these republics. Turkey sought to benefit from this advantage and achieved great results thanks to it in penetrating these republics to achieve political, economic and strategic goals. The research deals with the strategic importance of the Islamic republics in Central Asia, the methods of Turkish orientation towards these republics in order to achieve Turkey's political and economic goals, the policy followed by Russia towards the Central Asian republics, and the nature of Turkish-Russian relations during the period under study since the announcement of the collapse of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991 until the Justice and Development Party assumed power in Turkey on November 18, 2002. The research was divided into four axes:

This research focuses on the early spread of Christianity in the Sasanian Empire, using Ctesiphon as a case study. The research traces the main areas of Christian expansion, particularly Mesopotamia, which was more open and receptive to Christianity due to the persecution faced by Jews there, unlike in Palestine. Christianity entered from the northern regions (Edessa) and surrounding areas such as Nisibis, Adiabene (Arbil), and Kirkuk, then spread to central areas including Kish, Ctesiphon, and Al-Hirah, eventually reaching the southern regions.The researcher's work centers on tracking the spread of Christianity within the Sasanian Empire, focusing specifically on Ctesiphon, its key missionaries, and the relationship between the Sasanian kings and the Christians there.

The military cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union during World War II was one of the greatest ironies in history. The two countries had very different ideologies and were locked in a bitter struggle for supremacy during the Cold War. But during the war, the two countries found common cause in their determination to defeat Nazi Germany. The significance of this cooperation was far-reaching. Together, the two countries destroyed the German military power and liberated occupied Europe, under the Lend-Lease program. This is what I will focus on in this research on American-Soviet cooperation during World War II through the Lend-Lease program.

The Municipality of the Capital succeeded in implementing the basic design of the city of Baghdad in 1971, as the focus was on developing the capital’s areas as a first step, and then the general planning of the city was reviewed based on the results, designs and field survey work carried out by the cadres and engineers of the Polish Pol Service Foundation, which supervised the development of the design. The basic design and the report attached to it included comprehensive explanations of the different land uses, their proportions and the density of each, as well as proposals for methods of controlling implementation and the stages associated with it The design specified the locations and areas of all services in the capital, including industrial, service, residential, and commercial areas. The design also required preserving religious and heritage buildings, increasing green areas in Baghdad, and creating a green belt around the capital.

There are many studies that have dealt with the topic of the motives of the Islamic conquests through the vision of the Orientalists, but they fell between exaggeration and negligence, between rejecting all the opinions that the Orientalists came up with, due to their prior judgments on those opinions, especially the opinions that are described as bold, so we call them hostile. For Islam and Muslims, it was necessary for them to respond to it , refute it, and he whom resigned to all the opinions that came from the Orientalists regarding the history of Islam due to fascination with the products of Western civilization without scrutiny and check.
Therefore, it has become necessary to read the writings of Orientalists in a careful and objective manner, and not to rush to judge them except after discussing them carefully. The researcher does not deny the existence of extremist tendencies among a number of fanatical Orientalists, but we must not turn a blind eye to discussing our heritage, which is not devoid of shortcomings. We must work to correct it by reading it scientifically and objectively.

The geographical nature of Mesopotamia made it a haven and a place of stability for many who roamed ancient Iraq. As a result, various human groups migrated to Mesopotamia from different directions, most notably from the western regions of the upper Euphrates and the Levant Valley. These migrations occurred at different times, with large movements originating from the desert. Some migrated peacefully, while others used force, heading toward the capitals of Sumerian cities.
The class and social divide, as well as the superiority of the urban structure that characterized Sumerian society—an agricultural society built on cooperation among its members—contrasted with the nomadic lifestyle, which was based on constant movement and migration. This class disparity, particularly between the city-dwellers and the nomadic peoples migrating towards the cities, influenced the customs and cultures of both groups, fostering a sense of superiority among the urban population over the Bedouins.
This social tension is reflected in the texts of ancient Iraqi myths and epics, offering a socio-historical portrayal of individuals' lives and relationships in one of the oldest civilized societies in human history.

The research aims to shed light on one of the societal security problems that the Islamic community in Medina suffered from during the era of the Messenger of God, which is the superficiality of religiosity, as many members of society were unable to get rid of the sediments of their ignorant environment, in which they grew up and were raised in thought and behavior, and faith did not deepen in their hearts. Their main problem is the shallowness of their knowledge of monotheism, as the society surrounding the Prophet was not at the level of understanding the personality of the Messenger of God and was not an ideal society free of problems. This does not detract from the mission of the Prophet and the mechanisms he followed to advance them from what they were in. Rather, many of them were not at the level of ambition to change their intellectual and ideological assumptions. This only indicates the weakness of their belief in prophecy and what it brought. Rather, many of them did not rise to the level of understanding the tasks and aspirations of prophecy, which produced most of the societal problems that harmed the societal peace of the state of the Prophet. Therefore, it was necessary for us to diagnose them. And studying it to stand on the truth and reality of society at that time. We adopted an analytical approach to historical texts, and carefully interpreted them to stand on a clear truth about what society was suffering from in terms of deviations resulting from unconsciousness and lack of understanding of religion correctly.

The research aims to study the Iraqi _ Syrian relations in the field of water bilaterod negotiations, which started at 1962, and the relations of the political disagreement on chance for the normalization of these relations, in spite of the nature of relations and historical bonds between the two countries.
The bilateral disagreements between the two governments inhibits the solution for feir dividing of Euphrates river water ، which lead to crisis when the two countries reach the edge of war after a long discussion for twelve years, and cause appoint of weakness between Iraq and Syria Inrested by turkey for blackmail them .

The Qajar era in Iran witnessed the spread of modern education in primary schools. The basis of the educational method that had been used in primary schools throughout the previous century to teach children to read and write was the result of the theories and use of new educational methods in the Qajar era. The most important development in primary education came with the spread of modern schools. Only after primary schools in Iran used this new educational method, it became possible for education to become a public affair and eventually become part of the state education system.
The formation of modern education in Iran was influenced by several factors: the study of Iranian students in scientific centers in Europe and Russia, the acquaintance of Iranian intellectuals with foreign languages and the alphabet of foreign languages, and the observation of the experience of the transformation of the educational system in the Ottoman Empire.

The research aims to shed light on the position of Filastin newspaper on the waves of Jewish immigration between the years (1921-1939), as the aforementioned period witnessed the issuance of a set of laws and procedures by the British Mandate Authority in order to facilitate the process of immigration and settlement in preparation for the establishment of a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine, which He pushed the Palestine newspaper to confront the unjust laws, which had a direct impact on the Palestinian people in general and the farmers in particular. The Palestine newspaper adopted a comprehensive approach represented in bringing the Palestinian and Arab people closer together, regardless of their religious orientations and beliefs, as it called for solidarity and jihad for the Palestinian cause.
In addition to the above, the position of the Palestine newspaper in rejecting these procedures and laws and joining the national movement was an important factor in alerting the Palestinian people to the dangers of these laws, and knowing the position of the Palestinian people and their reactions through the newspaper.