Alnoor Journal for Legal Studies

The topic of sustainable development has captured the attention of the world in general and the attention of legal scholars in particular, as developmental sustainability has become a school of thought in the economic, social and environmental arenas alike, and legislation must play a role in organizing it and achieving its goals according to legal mechanisms that work to transfer ideas, visions and theories to tangible practical reality, which necessitated the holding of many conferences, seminars and workshops and redirecting economic activity to meet the urgent development needs of individuals and prevent negative damages. Sustainable development is a development with the ability to continue and stabilize in terms of its use of natural resources, which takes environmental balance as a basic axis for it, to achieve raising the standard of living in all its aspects in addition to the economic and social aspect, while working to organize its role and work to develop and implement it through the role of legislation and reformulating the texts of laws in a manner consistent with the trends and developments specific to the concept of sustainable development.

This study addressed the legal challenges associated with cybercrimes and the mechanisms to combat them، focusing on current laws and their effectiveness in confronting the growing phenomena in the digital space. The results showed that the lack of specialized legislation، challenges related to international cooperation، and weak public awareness are among the main factors that hinder efforts to combat these crimes. The study also provided practical recommendations that include updating legislation، enhancing cooperation between countries، and increasing community awareness to ensure a safe digital environment. This study reflects the importance of developing comprehensive legal strategies that contribute to improving cybersecurity and enhancing trust in the digital space.

The legal status of the expert is characterized as a procedural legal center that has several characteristics, it is a center organized by law, which is a continuous and unitary center, has its own legal adaptation, which distinguishes it from other legal centers, so the expert status is not delegated and is not considered in the center of the witness, despite his approach to the latter, but it is one of the judicial assistants who provides technical and scientific assistance in matters before the judiciary, which the judge uses them to express their opinion This center has conditions that require availability for the possibility of the expert enjoying it from those conditions, which is a general condition such as the condition of nationality, the age requirement and the expert's precedents, including what is a special condition such as academic certificate, sex and taking an oath to carry out his work, if these conditions are available, the expert is in a procedural legal center that gives him a set of rights and entails a set of obligations, as this center does not give those who gained immunity against his mistakes and breach of what is imposed on him on On the contrary, there is a responsibility that entails the violator expert that takes several forms, as they may be criminal, they may be civil, and they may be disciplined.

The practice of commercial business is not limited to those with full legal capacity; it extends to include other categories, such as minors authorized by a court or those who inherit a commercial project or company, thereby placing them in the position of a de facto merchant. Given that commercial activities are subject to profit and loss, this could result in a minor ceasing to pay their debts, placing them in a state of bankruptcy. Conversely, this situation legally establishes a group of creditors against the minor, leading to a conflict between the financial rights of both parties: the creditors, who are owed debts, and the minor, whose financial capacity is limited. The minor's invested assets in the trade may not suffice to settle these debts. Accordingly, this situation presents a problem of conflicting interests between the two parties.

The concept of the more favorable law is familiar in criminal law as an exception adopted by its provisions, while it is absent from private law. However, indicators of the existence of the more favorable law in conflict of laws rules suggest its presence among several conflicting laws. The rapid development occurring worldwide across various fields has led to advancements in the mechanisms of international transactions between parties, as well as to the complexity of the problems individuals face. This development necessitates a corresponding evolution in legislative aspects by creating a legal framework suitable for these types of transactions. Since issues of conflict of laws involve more than one country, it is essential to select the most favorable or best laws to govern these matters.

After the legal adaptation of the professional sports contract ، it is of great importance to determine the effects resulting from this contract ، through which the legal rules to which it is subject are known ،which prompted jurisprudence and the judiciary to search for it and subject to that ، two trends emerged ، some of them see that the player is independent while practicing any sports activity ، so them see that the contract concluded between the sports institution (the first party) and the athlete (the second party) is a contracting contract ،and some of them see that there is relationship of dependency between the player and the club and the player does not enjoy independence ،so they see that the contract concluded between them is a contract work based on dependency status

The Nigerian legal system is an intricate blend of three coexisting legal traditions: English Common Law, Islamic Law (Shari’ah), and Customary Law, collectively forming what is commonly known as the \"tripod\" legal system. This paper provides a comprehensive reappraisal of this unique legal framework, critically assessing its role in the administration of justice across Nigeria.
The study begins by tracing the historical development of the tripod legal system, rooted in Nigeria’s colonial past, and the subsequent fusion of indigenous legal practices and religious norms. By examining the structure and interaction of these legal traditions, the paper explores the complexity of legal pluralism in Nigeria, where jurisdictional boundaries often blur, leading to tensions between traditional, religious, and statutory laws. A key focus is placed on how each component of the tripod system influences contemporary legal practice, particularly in areas of family law, criminal justice, and human rights. The paper scrutinizes the friction that arises from conflicting principles within the system, particularly between customary laws and international human rights norms, or between Shari’ah law and constitutional guarantees. Furthermore, the research highlights the challenges of jurisdictional overlap and legal inconsistencies, which frequently lead to delays in the judicial process and unequal access to justice, particularly for marginalized groups, such as women and ethnic minorities. Through a critical analysis of landmark case studies, this paper identifies the strengths and limitations of the Nigerian tripod system. It argues that while the system reflects the country\'s rich cultural diversity, it also requires significant reforms to enhance its efficiency and fairness. The paper concludes by proposing recommendations for harmonizing these legal systems, advocating for judicial reforms that strengthen the rule of law, uphold human rights, and ensure greater coherence in the administration of justice across Nigeria.

Judiciary activism is a form of judicial restraint which is used to represent proactive and courageous disposition of the judiciary in the enforcement of rule of law and protection of fundament rights
It operates for the benefit of the various segments of the society to ensure that those whose rights has been or likely to be infringed upon are judicially and judiciously determined. In this context, judicial activism within the context of Nigerian constitutional law concerns the role of courts which are designed to ensure compliance with the values, norms, principles and constitutional law even when not specifically covered or mentioned in the constitutional text but which nevertheless stands as an integral part of the text by necessary implication. For this purpose, various constitutional provisions justifying judicial action and selected judgments of the Supreme Court having impacts on enforcement of law and due process are examined. The bottom line of this paper is potentially important because it involves the courts scrutinizing the manner in which power has been or is proposed to be exercised is in compliance with requirement of due process. The Nigerian judiciary as represented by courts has been playing significant role in this respect within its constitutional powers to advance rulthe law in Nigeria with regards to the other organs of government (that is the legislature and executives).

The introduction of modern technology in the development of the performance of public utilities is a public demand before a new method of electronic management, for the achievement of electronic management of public utilities of many advantages for citizens and the state alike, but this method is not without the shortcomings and risks that will affect citizens The damage to which the State is required to pay adequate compensation under the legal rules is the responsibility of the Administrative for its actions.