Diyala Journal of Human Research

The reformist trend in the poetry of Abu Ishaq Al-Alberi
375- 460 AH
During the reign of Granada Bani Ziri, a historical and literary study
There is a close relationship between poetry and history, as they are two important forms of human knowledge, and two essential elements in the formation of culture and heritage for every nation, and the deep connection between them can be seen through the spiritual connection that links them. Orientalist contact Franz Runthal in his book The Science of History among Muslims by saying, Poetry is a closed history.
Based on the foregoing, poetry has become a source of documenting historical events, preserving them and not forgetting them, because it arouses in the listener the pleasure of following up and coexisting with those events. Homer did not write his historical epic The Iliad and The Odyssey except in poetry, and ancient Iraq through his immortal epic Gilgamesh in poetry, and most of the epics that are made The history of peoples in poetic detail .
Through our research, we will shed light on a political epic led by the poet of political reform in Andalusia, Abu Ishaq al-Alberi, which was the spark that sparked the revolution against Yusuf bin Ismail al-Naghil and his followers because of his conspiracy against the prince and the people of Granada during the era of Ibn Badis, and it was behind the success of the people of Granada to change the regime Bani Ziri, who tasted the Andalusians, and it was true that Alberi's poetry was described as a tool for reform, as this prompted him to follow through it the path of preachers and reformers.
Through our research, we will shed light on a political epic led by the poet of political reform in Andalusia, Abu Ishaq al-Alberi, which was the spark that sparked the revolution against Yusuf bin Ismail al-Naghil and his followers because of his conspiracy against the prince and the people of Granada during the era of Ibn Badis, and it was behind the success of the people of Granada to change the regime Bani Ziri, who tasted the Andalusians, and it was true that Alberi's poetry was described as a tool for reform, as this prompted him to follow through it the path of preachers and reformers.
The research included: an introduction and a preface to introducing the biography of Abu Ishaq al-Alberi, and two topics:
The first of them: a historical study of the origin and transformation of Granada Bani Ziri.

This study aims to examine the effect of the graduated difficulty strategy on developing divergent thinking among fourth literary grade students. To test the validity of the null hypotheses formulated by the researcher, an experimental design with partial control was employed (experimental group and control group) using pre- and post-tests. The study sample consisted of 60 students, divided equally into two groups (30 students in each group). The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in variables such as (parental academic achievement, students' chronological age calculated in months, final history grades for the 2022-2023 academic year, intelligence test scores, and divergent thinking scale scores).
The study tool was a divergent thinking scale prepared by the researcher, consisting of six sub-tests, including general and historical questions. The validity and reliability of the tool were verified. The researcher used the T-test for two independent samples of equal size and the T-test for two dependent samples.
The results indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-application of the divergent thinking scale, demonstrating the growth of divergent thinking among the experimental group students. Based on the results, the researcher recommended that teachers adopt the graduated difficulty strategy due to its effectiveness in developing divergent thinking.
As an extension of this study, the researcher suggested conducting a comparative study between the effect of the graduated difficulty strategy and another strategy on the variable of creative thinking

This research deals with building the pictorial scene within the complete poetic collection of Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati. it takes it upon itself to show the structural features on which the pictorial scene proceeds while linking it to the elements of dialogue. The research aims to clarify what is meant by building the pictorial scene in the poetic poem, reveal the aspects of this construction, and clarify the most important artistic and creative mechanisms that poets follow in constructing such scenes, and apply that to the poems of the poet Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati. It also aims to clarify the role of dialogue in building these pictorial scenes and what it introduced with its various transformations within this framework.
The research relied on the steps of the descriptive analytical approach in monitoring the phenomenon and analyzing it to reach the results. On the other hand, it was divided into two sections. The first section discussed the build of the pictorial scene by talking about the meaning of the scene and its relationship to the image. In contrast, the second section was applied to the collection of poems of Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati within the discussion of the construction of the scene from the point of view of one of the interlocutors and the discussion of the angle of scenic focus and escaping from the focus of the dialogue. The research ended with the presentation of a set of results

This study aims at identifying school bullying and its relationship to speech anxiety among the primary school students in the Kalar District, Sulaimaniyah Governorate. It also seeks to determine statistically significant differences based on gender (male, female). The researcher employed a descriptive correlational research design, suitable for the nature of this study. A sample of 400 students from primary schools was selected. The researcher developed a school bullying scale consisting of three dimensions: verbal bullying, physical bullying, and social bullying. To achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher adopted Al-Akidi's (2013) scale for speech anxiety. Validity and reliability were established using statistical methods such as chi-square, Pearson correlation, one-sample t-test, and t-test for two independent samples. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in school bullying and speech anxiety among the sample. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of school bullying, with males exhibiting higher levels. Conversely, females exhibited higher levels of speech anxiety. A significant correlation was found between school bullying and speech anxiety

The study focused on examining the impact of housing orientation on the residents' sense of comfort within the housing unit according to the "Olgyay’s classification". It relied on statistical analysis of the study’s data, organized into tables and graphs, based on field observation to measure the climatic elements in the Maki Housing complex, including temperature and humidity. Measurements were taken using electronic thermometers to determine temperature and relative humidity. The findings of this study revealed that the best orientation within the limits of thermal comfort during the morning observation is the northwest orientation; while the optimal orientation during the evening observation is the north orientation.

The research aims to evaluate the trends of climate change in the temperature element within the semi-arid region of Iraq, in order to identify the repercussions of global warming, and an attempt to show the patterns of spatial and temporal variation of these thermal changes over that climate range. The research relied on official government data selected from the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring within its time series for half a century (50) years for the period (1973 - 2022) within six climate stations representing the semi-arid region of Iraq, which are the spatial crescent stations extending from the Rabia climate station, then Sinjar, then Mosul, Kirkuk, then Baiji, and finally Khanaqin. The research found a trend towards increasing minimum and maximum temperatures for all climate stations, this trend is represented by the increasing temperature in all six studied stations, which is an important trend from a climatic perspective. The coefficient of increase in minimum and maximum temperatures according to the Mann-Kandel trend test (M.K) and the value of (Sen’s Slope) shows positive trend coefficients witnessed by the stations of the semi-arid region with a statistical confidence of (0.01) 99%. The highest percentage of change in the minimum temperature towards the rise and based on the results of the line equation according to the Mann-Kandel trend test (M.K) and within the value of (Sen’s Slope) was recorded at Rabia station with a change rate of (35.6+)% and the lowest at Sinjar station with (13.1+), while the highest maximum temperature is recorded at Sinjar station with a change rate of (12.1+)% and the lowest at Kirkuk station with (7.4+)%. The interpretation of this thermal change is given by the coefficient of determination R2, in addition to what is shown by the modeling of the spatial dimension of the semi-arid region of Iraq and the differences in the changes in the results of the T. test.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on the dimensions of historical culture in the achievement and development of historical motivation among fourth-grade literary students in the subject of history. The researcher followed the experimental method. The research community consisted of fourth-grade literary students in middle schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education for Diyala Governorate. The research sample consisted of (38) students, with (35) students in the experimental group and (33) students in the control group. The researcher prepared an achievement test with (27) paragraphs and a historical motivation scale was prepared with (25) paragraphs. Their validity and stability were confirmed. The results indicated the superiority of the students of the experimental group in the achievement test and in the post-historical motivation scale. There were statistically significant differences for students of the experimental group in the pre- and post-applications in favor of the post-application.

This study investigates the "Net Solar Radiation in Nineveh Governorate," which is located between latitudes 34° 00' N to 37° 53' N and longitudes 41° 25' E to 44° 25' E, at an elevation of 223 meters above sea level. The study aims to determine the amounts of net solar radiation in Nineveh Governorate, based on climatic data from Nineveh stations spanning forty-two years, from 1980 to 2022, and data from neighboring stations to complete map production. The research revealed clear spatial variations in the estimated amounts of net solar radiation based on the results of mathematical equations, physical laws, astronomical factors, climatic data, and statistical analysis methods. These methods were used to assess the relationships between environmental components and other factors involved in the study, to estimate net solar radiation. After completing the mathematical and statistical analysis, the study identified the best mathematical model for predicting net solar radiation based on spatial constants. Among the research findings, a mathematical equation was derived to calculate net solar radiation (Rn) from all solar radiation components, with a determination coefficient (R²) of 1.00 and a correlation coefficient (r) of 100%, indicating a perfect positive relationship. Additionally, various predictive equations were established between net solar radiation and radiation and climatic elements

This study is based on establishing the concept of rhetorical systems, as parts that form in their interconnection - with each other and with the rest of the elements of the poetic structure - a system that leads to the completion of the poetic image in a distinctive and influential way on the reader. The discovery of these systems leads to understanding the overall meanings, as the role of rhetorical systems is not limited to formal improvement, but extends to the structure and content of the text. This research is considered theoretical, as it examines the origins of the term (rhetorical system), and implicitly reviews the opinions of critics.

Pilgrims from the Eastern Islamic world encountered a range of risks and obstacles during their pilgrimage. These challenges stemmed from both political and natural causes. Politically, the pilgrims faced threats from the Qarmatians, bandits, and thieves, as well as sectarian conflicts. Natural disasters also posed significant risks, including thirst, drought, cold, rain, snow, and earthquakes, all of which were influenced by climate factors impacting the pilgrims' journey

The study aimed to reveal the relationship between complex thinking among educational counselors and their professional compatibility, and the level of both complex thinking and professional compatibility, as well as to identify the differences in the two variables of the study according to the variables (gender, years of experience), and the sample reached (150) counselors and counselors,
The study found a positive correlation between composite thinking and professional compatibility among educational counselors, and the results revealed a high level of both complex thinking and professional compatibility among educational counselors, and there are differences in complex thinking in favor of males, while there are no differences in the level of professional compatibility according to the gender variable, as well as there are no differences in the level of complex thinking, depending on the variable years of experience,
While there are differences in the degrees of professional compatibility and in favor of years of experience more than (10) years, the study came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to show the characteristics of the young demographic population in Iraq for the year 2023 geographically, as well as know their size within each age group, according to the type and the environment.
It was found through the research that the size of the youth population in Iraq reached (19616544) people, distributed a different distribution, and there is a spatial contrast in the size of the youth population from one governorate to another, as Baghdad Governorate topped the arrangement and the highest size for the young population reached (4253744) people, and at a rate ( 21.7%), while Al -Muthanna Governorate recorded the lowest volume of (412301), with a rate of (2.1%). The arrangement topped the age group (15 - 19 years), with relative importance (23.7%), and the age group (40 - 44 years) came the lowest percentage (11.8%), and the number of young population in Al -Hadr (13942805) people, while their number in the countryside reached the countryside (5673739) people.

This study, titled The Addressee and Their Role in the Grammatical Interpretation of Objects in "Al-Bahr al-Muhit" by Abu Hayyan, aims to explore Abu Hayyan’s attention to the pragmatic contexts of the addressee in his grammatical interpretation of objects as analyzed in his exegesis, Al-Bahr al-Muhit. The study examines the five types of objects (the direct object, the object of purpose, the absolute object, the object of time/place, and the object of accompaniment) and how Abu Hayyan approached their grammatical interpretation, taking into account various contexts of the addressee. This influenced whether he marked, omitted, advanced, or delayed the objects in sentence structures. Al-Bahr al-Muhit is considered an essential reference in exegesis, benefiting grammarians, linguists, and rhetoricians due to its insights, where Abu Hayyan sometimes followed his predecessors and, in turn, influenced later scholars.
The study is structured into an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion.
Given the subject's nature, the research required examining Abu Hayyan's exegesis, identifying objects, and analyzing their grammatical interpretation to reveal his pragmatic approach to grammatical direction as it serves the meaning. Accordingly, the study employed both the inductive and analytical methods.
The conclusion presents the key findings of the study, the most significant of which include: highlighting Abu Hayyan’s careful attention to the interpretation of the five types of objects and the impact of the addressee's contexts on the grammatical interpretation chosen by Abu Hayyan. This influence is seen in his preference for grammatical direction based on meaning or the addressee's context, as well as in his resolution of grammatical issues through reliance on meaning and the addressee's context.

The reformist trend in the poetry of Abu Ishaq Al-Alberi
375- 460 AH
During the reign of Granada Bani Ziri, a historical and literary study
There is a close relationship between poetry and history, as they are two important forms of human knowledge, and two essential elements in the formation of culture and heritage for every nation, and the deep connection between them can be seen through the spiritual connection that links them. Orientalist contact Franz Runthal in his book The Science of History among Muslims by saying, Poetry is a closed history.
Based on the foregoing, poetry has become a source of documenting historical events, preserving them and not forgetting them, because it arouses in the listener the pleasure of following up and coexisting with those events. Homer did not write his historical epic The Iliad and The Odyssey except in poetry, and ancient Iraq through his immortal epic Gilgamesh in poetry, and most of the epics that are made The history of peoples in poetic detail .
Through our research, we will shed light on a political epic led by the poet of political reform in Andalusia, Abu Ishaq al-Alberi, which was the spark that sparked the revolution against Yusuf bin Ismail al-Naghil and his followers because of his conspiracy against the prince and the people of Granada during the era of Ibn Badis, and it was behind the success of the people of Granada to change the regime Bani Ziri, who tasted the Andalusians, and it was true that Alberi's poetry was described as a tool for reform, as this prompted him to follow through it the path of preachers and reformers.
Through our research, we will shed light on a political epic led by the poet of political reform in Andalusia, Abu Ishaq al-Alberi, which was the spark that sparked the revolution against Yusuf bin Ismail al-Naghil and his followers because of his conspiracy against the prince and the people of Granada during the era of Ibn Badis, and it was behind the success of the people of Granada to change the regime Bani Ziri, who tasted the Andalusians, and it was true that Alberi's poetry was described as a tool for reform, as this prompted him to follow through it the path of preachers and reformers.
The research included: an introduction and a preface to introducing the biography of Abu Ishaq al-Alberi, and two topics:
The first of them: a historical study of the origin and transformation of Granada Bani Ziri.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on the strategies of de Bono's theory in the collection of history among fifth grade literary students
Where the researcher followed the experimental approach to suit it with the nature of the research, and the research sample consisted of fifth grade literary students, numbering (66) students by two groups (34) students in the experimental group and (32) students in the control group and after the preparation of tools and the application of the research showed the results of the superiority of the experimental group in the collection of the control group and this is due to the use of the experimental group experimental program based on the theory of Debono

Conflict talk plays an important role in conversation analysis of pragmatics. There are two types of conflict talk: implicit conflict talk and explicit conflict talk, as well as direct conflict and indirect conflict talk viewed from different perspectives. However, implicit conflict talk and indirect conflict talk sometimes need clarification. Although they have some similarities, implicit conflict talk and indirect conflict talk differ in some respects. The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between implicit conflict talk and indirect conflict talk.
Conflict talk is a form of conflict communication in which, when two parties are engaged in conflict, one turns, and talks to a third party on the scene, but the purpose of their conversation is to threaten the face of the other party rather than that of the third party. Through the analysis of examples, the paper concludes that implicit and indirect conflict talk have two points in common, two points in difference, and one link. The two things they have in common are that they both belong to conflict talk and face-threatening acts. There are two distinct types of conflict talk: implicit conflict talk occurs between two parties in interaction, and indirect conflict talk occurs between one of the two parties and a third party at the scene. There is a common link between implicit conflict talk and indirect conflict talk, which is that implicit conflict talk may develop into indirect conflict talk.

This study aims to examine the uncivil strategies used by Arabs in movies and their implementation. Previous literature has extensively studied uncivil strategies of different groups, but none in the Arab field. The results showed that only four types of expressions by other characters towards the protagonist appeared: overt rudeness, active rudeness, passive rudeness, and sarcastic or feigned rudeness. However, politeness did not appear in either of the two films. The most common uncivil strategy used by characters in Arab movies was positive impoliteness, which appeared in 29 of the 73 data (38%). In turn, the results showed that each type of negative impoliteness was implemented in some way and each type had its specific implementation method. Overt rudeness was achieved through direct, clear and unambiguous statements. positive rudeness was implemented in two ways: moving away from the other person and using taboo words. On the other hand, Negative impolite was expressed in the form of condescension, contempt or ridicule. Fake politeness could only be achieved in the form of insincere politeness. Using taboo words was the most common impolite strategy used by Arabs in movies such as Black Honey and Supersize, followed by Bald on record impolite. The third was condescending, contemptuous or ridiculing, followed by sarcasm or false politeness. The least common impolite strategy was to keep a distance from others. However, explicitly attributing a negative image to the other person by using inappropriate identity characteristics, invading the other person's personal space, remaining silent or not saying thank you, etc., did not appear in the film. The results of the study indicate that readers should be aware of bald on record impolite and their implementation in Arab films. It is expected that readers will become more aware of rudeness by controlling his rude remarks and behaviors.

This study delves into how Audre Lorde’s poetry shapes and asserts Black female identity, using a feminist stylistic approach to uncover the power of her language. Lorde’s work captures the layered oppressions—racial, gendered, and social—that Black women face, as well as their struggle to maintain visibility and self-worth. The study explores the tools she uses—like naming, deixis, and transitivity—to build a voice that is both strong and independent within a system that often tries to silence it. By drawing on Jeffries’ model of textual analysis, this paper highlights Lorde’s poetic choices that convey resilience and community, showcasing her dual impact as both a feminist and a powerful advocate for Black women.
The findings suggest that Lorde’s language not only claims space for Black female identity but also pushes back against dominant societal narratives, making her poetry a blend of personal expression and a call for justice. Through her deliberate stylistic choices, Lorde reaffirms the power of feminist stylistics to illuminate vital issues of identity and agency.

The current study investigates the types of acceptance and its advantages in English sermons. The current study aims to determine the acceptance types used in English sermons and its advantages. To achieve the study's aims, the study follows several procedures: Presenting a theoretical survey about acceptance, showing its types and the advantages of them., choosing four texts from English sermons in order to be analyzed ,investigating the types of acceptance and it's advantages. Four texts taken from English sermons were taken to be the current study's data. The data were analyzed following a model designed by the researchers. At the end of the study, it was found that Social and conditional types of acceptance are the most frequently used in the English sermons, the most widely used advantages were an increased potential for productive action and increased compassion and reduced blaming of others

The structure of groups, or the dynamics of "who collaborates with whom," is regarded as a vital factor in the realm of cooperative learning and teaching (Zamani, 2005, p. 1). A study conducted with 100 Iraqi EFL learners, classified into high and low proficiency levels based on a standardized English language proficiency test (IELTS, 2009) and a speaking task, involved the formation of two distinct groups: heterogeneous and homogeneous. Following a treatment phase comprising 12 sessions of 30 minutes each, where two types of tasks were implemented in the experimental group under instructor supervision, the findings revealed that learners improved their speaking skills through collaborative interactions, irrespective of whether they were grouped with more proficient or less proficient peers in a heterogeneous arrangement. Notably, the heterogeneous group outperformed the homogeneous group in oral tasks during the posttest, achieving average scores of 48.22 compared to 44.72, with pre-test scores of 44.72 and 40.92, respectively. Crucially, the data indicated that lower-performing learners did not experience setbacks in their development due to the presence of higher-achieving students; instead, the results underscored that cooperative interaction activities were especially beneficial for those with lower proficiency. It is expected that the findings from this study will offer educators significant insights into group composition within cooperative learning settings, thereby informing and improving their teaching methodologies.

This study investigates the multifunctional use of pauses in the sitcom “Friends”, with a particular focus on lexical and non-lexical pauses, as well as the less-examined category of false repairs. It examines how male and female characters strategically employ these pauses as communicative tools, revealing nuanced patterns in their discourse. The analysis identifies a spectrum of pause functions, some of which have been extensively studied, while others remain underexplored. Gender-based distinctions emerge as a central theme, with female characters exhibiting a higher propensity for pauses related to cognitive processing, speech planning, and turn-holding, indicative of a more reflective and deliberative communicative style. Furthermore, pauses serve as mechanisms for emotional expression and discourse segmentation, reinforcing the notion that female speech often prioritizes precision, cooperation, and audience engagement. In contrast, male characters demonstrate a comparatively lower reliance on pauses for these functions, reflecting a preference for direct and assertive speech patterns. These findings align with existing sociolinguistic theories on gendered discourse, particularly those emphasizing women's heightened sensitivity to conversational dynamics and social expectations. By examining these structures within everyday interactions in scripted dialogue, this study provides valuable insights into the intersection of language, cognition, and gender, illustrating how linguistic choices in fictional media both reflect and perpetuate broader communicative norms (Stenström, 1994; Clark & Fox Tree, 2002).

This investigation seeks to analyze the effectiveness of Fauconnier and Turner's (2002) Conceptual Blending Theory in interpreting the formation of meaning within chosen verses from Surah Al-Baqarah. The objective of the study is to deduce the intended message by integrating the available cognitive inputs. The results of the investigation indicate that the mechanisms of conceptual blending theory are capable of elucidating the meaning construction within the selected verses

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This paper deals with Harold Pinter the concept of communication and absurdity of human existence which show us silences and pauses.Harold Pinter has incorporated strategies just like pauses and silences to enable his audience how human being influenced by some obstacles which make him keep silent and nothing to say . Silence not as meaning characters are mute and the reader doesn’t get to listen to the words flying out of their mouths, but a moment which is so full of significations, that the reader fumbles to come to the final rhythmic of the written text. In other words, what might have been construed as silences in Pinter’s works are in fact vocal in their way. Once its saturation to be silent as a result to violence and the impact of war II, one needs to reflect deeply in that moment. And when there is no characters left whose language one can listen, a person has to take an inventory of his reveries. This paper focuses on the manifestation of the fear, uncertainty, menace, or even death to which the characters’ pauses or silence refer to in Pinter’s Silence and The Dumb Waiter. In in other words, it is how those moments of silence define a state of tranquility and how this state led to that of chaos and death