AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This is the third and final section of the book (Explanation of the problems of Abu Tamam's poetry) by Abu Hamed Ahmed bin Mohammed Al-Bashti Al-Kharaznji (d. 348 AH). May Allah make it easier for me to publish the first and second sections. Section We have collected what we have lost from this important book mentioned by the books of literary criticism of ancient and pointed to its importance in explaining the Court of Abu Tammam and interpretation.

In this way, we have served our glorious Arab heritage and the revival of the loss of it to the extent that it has facilitated us, including an addition to the scholars of the Abbasid poetry in general and Abu Tammam's poetry in particular.

Our last prayer is that Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, that he is the Lord and yes

The speaker and the listener form the basis of the communicative process, this study came to highlight the impact of the listener in directing the meanings of letters in The Holy Quran, and the changing connotations that they have, and its role in responding to the listener and achieving communication, taking into account his conditions.

The clause of the verb is what indicates the time and the event, and in the reading of Aban bin Tghlib in raising the verb indicated the case, such as his reading, Farad fought their condition is to fight, and among the accusative cases is the deletion of the noun from the verb and that is a request for mitigation, and the argument for his reading in the constructive is that he built the verb subject.

Anti-binaries are among the topics that raised the efforts of researchers and scholars in Arab literature, both ancient and modern, and took a literary and critical dimension alike, because of their philosophical value, in which poets' ingenuity and the value of their literary product are shown, and it is in this spirit that we deliberated in this research on monitoring the youth / gray dualism In the poetry of Ali Bin Al-Hassan Al-Bakhrazi and how he managed to employ this dichotomy with unique poetic versatility and high stylistic sobriety, and we worked to bring out the most clear texts in a poetry and the most brilliant in its meanings, as the poet has a high poetic, suggestive language and a tyrannical symbolism, and the topic of youth / gray poetry in his poems is from Ok T diodes presence and manifestation, and most simulation of the reality of social life and psychological .

I hope that I have succeeded in transmitting the testimonies of some foreign writers and orientalists about Baghdad, which remained resistant to the colonialists and occupiers in all their forms and nationalities, and resisted and confronted all kinds of destruction and sabotage, and preserved its bright face throughout the ages to be the capital of Arab culture, because its roots and cultural and civilizational legacy extend in the subsoil of the earth. And as the French orientalist “Andre Clough” said, “The earth rotates according to the time of Baghdad… These orientalists and writers I met and spoke to me a lot about Baghdad in addition to their writings, which I transferred a small part of due to lack of time. And the role of translation in the transfer of this legacy and cross-fertilization with civilizations.

One of the facts that is indisputable that the human being, he does not do anything except for an urgent need, as they said: that necessity is the mother of invention. So, the ancient man deliberately exploited all the resources of nature for serve him or recruiting or re-forming it as according to his wish, in order to benefit from it in his daily life. He deliberately used stones for a very long period of his life, and then he was guided to making pottery made of clay, because it was easy to work with it, and it is better than solid stones that require very much effort in manufacturing. The ancient man discovered means and materials that could be manufactured and converted from their raw state to a new state, so that he can used it better. Among the many discoveries that man invented was glass.

The collapse of The Berlin Wall on 9rd- November – 1989,an important milestone in ending the Fragmentation and declaring German unity on 3rd of October 1990, the beginning of new phase for the stability of Turkish immigrants, Continuing and claiming German Citizenship continues, and the committed the German government to that .

The study of social history is one of the important historical topics for providing us with information and pictures on the nature of social life that people lived in the Arab Islamic State, and sheds light on the most important social aspects of Islamic societies, which have not been used in the past enough efforts to reveal it and make it visible.

The Fatimid state witnessed a boom in the economic life in Egypt. This is evident in the manifestations of the extravagance and luxury experienced by the state, especially after the arrival of the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu'izz Dinullah (341-365 AH / 952-975 AD) Fatimid to Egypt. This is because of the money and gems that Al-Mu'izz's religion campaigned with him when he came to Egypt.

The article is a study of the Ecole des annals' impact on the first generation of Iraqi historians and historiography during the 20th century. The Ecole des annals had emerged as a reaction of the 1st world war disasters and its destructive results which implicated on the political, economic and intellectual situations in Europe during the interwar period. The school had founded in 1929 by two French historians: Marc Bloch (1886-1944) and Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), and published its first journal " Annales d'histoire économique et sociale", in addition to publications of the school which concentrated on social and economic history, and kept away from the political history which was the main interest of "École méthodique" (Methodological school) since late 19th century and its journal " Revue historique" at 1876. The annals school had important influences on the European and American, and then world historiography since its rise up to present. The school had moved the historiography from political and diplomatic aspects to social, intellectual and economic issues.

This research aims to study the geomorphological assessment of the determinants of urban expansion in the city of Ramadi, as these determinants are represented by the Euphrates River from the north, the Warrar Regulator, and the water storage lands of Lake Habbaniyah from the south. And the edges of the western plateau from the east and southeast, and the swampy lands of the marshes from the west and southwest, in the area of the Eighth Brigade, the former army camp, and the Shiraa area, in addition to a number of short valleys that penetrate the intermittent edges of the western plateau towards those low lands. As it appeared through this research that the impact of the geomorphological determinants on the city of Ramadi resulted in several problems, the most prominent of which was the large urban sprawl on agricultural lands in the vicinity of the city of Ramadi, most notably agricultural lands in the Al-Sijaria, Al-Sofiya, Al-Humaira and Al-Tash areas. The study showed that the city of Ramadi cannot continue with the endless longitudinal expansion along the old and international highways towards the 35 kilometres area. And that the city will have to expand in the direction of the southern region, where the plane lands were submerged by the waters of Lake Habbaniyah before controlling the waters of immersion and storage in the lake. This requires the extension of a road network that works to bypass these geomorphological determinants and add new areas by expanding towards the Al Mashhad plateau in its southeast. It has also expanded towards the Jarayshi and Tharthar plateau after linking with a network of roads and bridges towards the centre of Ramadi city.

Many urban buildings in the city of Baladruz suffer from the effect of saline weathering, which is highly active, due to the availability of appropriate conditions for that, such as moisture and rain, high temperatures and evaporation rates, which work together on the activity of salt weathering, after the evaporation of moisture acquired by the walls of the buildings from rain and humidity Atmospheric salts take crystallization in them, then the weathering process begins to appear in the form of whitish spots in the walls of buildings, and develops to become in the form of salt flakes, then the walls begin to peel and push the cement material covering those walls, which is known as (Ficus), It erodes little by little after the crystallization of the salt increases more until large parts of the building materials for those buildings collapse until their walls become deformed, and the process of salt weathering in the walls will not stop as long as the conditions are prepared for that, as it is not limited to peeling the walls and removing the cement materials (Ficus). which not only covers it, but continues its activity, leading to the erosion of the bricks on which those walls were built, especially the brick material that was used in their construction, which was produced in the Baladrooz brick factories, which is a building material that contains a high percentage of salinity due to the fact that the soil from which the bricks are made is very salty And this is what was shown by the results of the analysis of samples of building materials affected by salt weathering, As the results were limited between (25.2-78.3 dsm), which is considered a very high percentage according to the American classification of salinity affected soils, and the walls of many buildings in the city appear distorted due to the activity of the salt weathering phenomenon in them.

Lakes are among the important water resources projects, the presence of which has some advantages and disadvantages that are reflected in the environment and surrounding areas. Despite the many positives of Lake Habbaniyah, at the same time it causes a comprehensive reversal of environmental conditions. As is well known, nature has eternal rules and regulations, and it does not give more than what it used to do without charge.

The surface area of ​​Habbaniyah Lake changes according to the incoming water expenses, which ranged between (128 - 389) km2 for the period (2000-2019) and this rise and decrease in water levels has environmental impacts on agricultural lands and residential use with high levels of groundwater in the residential areas adjacent to the lake , While the low water levels led to water pollution, especially colon bacteria of (1337) cells / ml, and the high percentage of salts by approximately (1080) mg / liter.

This research deals with estimating the depth of runoff using the (SCS-CN) equation of the American Soil Conservation Services, as well as estimating the potential surface runoff volume of Lake Sawa, which is one of the important and common methods for calculating the volume of surface runoff. Estimating the volume of runoff of the basins that feed Sawa Lake is very important; to estimate the amount of water that can feed the lake through the surface runoff that subsequently enters the groundwater to feed the groundwater aquifers represented by the formations of the Euphrates, Dammam and Al-Ras. The equation was applied by making a classification of the land cover in the study area and this classification of the land units must be identical with the classification of the American Soil Conservation Service and the corresponding values (CN). Then he created a soil texture database that relied on the field survey of the study area, and took samples of soil for the purpose of analyzing its texture, on the basis of which a map of the hydrological groups of soil (A, B, C) was extracted, which reflects the nature of its texture and permeability, the amount of the volume of surface runoff, and the more The soil was soft-textured and less permeable, the greater the volume of runoff, represented in the study area by the hydrological group (C), while group (A) was considered to have high permeability, and represented a lack of surface runoff. The depth of the surface runoff in the case of dry soil was (0.22 mm), while in the normal case of soil moisture, the depth of the runoff was (0.68 mm). As for the volume of surface runoff in the dry case, it amounted to (0.83 million m3), and in the second case the normal surface runoff volume was (25.38 million m3).

The course of the old Tigris River is located between three governorates (Wasit - Maysan - Dhi Qar) as it is surrounded from the east and north by the current Tigris River, from the west by the Gharraf River and from the south by the Euphrates River. The area of the study area is (16473.2 km2). Tigris in the selected study area was characterized by its instability in its course through time, from the Pleistocene to the Sassanid era. Its last change was at the end of the Sassanid era, when the stream moved from its original course in which it was running through Kut to Nassiriyah to its current course from Kut to Amara.

The research dealt with the irrigation and drainage systems in the districts of Hit and Al-Qaim, and the research included the types of the main irrigation systems in the study area and the calculation of the irrigated areas in each system in the two districts, as well as the drainage system in the region as well, the lengths and types of trocars, and the relationship of the irrigation and drainage systems to the growth and reproduction of pests and jungles in the study area The research found that the most common type of irrigation system contributing to the spread of pests and jungles is the intermediary irrigation system, and the least contributing to the spread of pests and jungles is the drip irrigation system, as for the drainage system in the region, it works on the spread of pests and jungles in a clear way and is a focus for spreading them in the neighboring farmland.

Hydro morphometric studies are one of the main and recent trends in the study of river basins which is concerned with the quantitative (numerical) analysis of the characteristics of the land shape and finding the mathematical relationships that link the topography and water drainage networks.

The study aims to use the GIS technology to reveal the hydrological characteristics of the Badush Valley Basin and the secondary valleys, which are represented by the spatial, morphological and topographic characteristics and the characteristics of the drainage network, as well as the drainage patterns to build a digital geographic information base for the basin.

The study relied on finding the hydro morphometric characteristics of the secondary basins of the Badush Valley Basin based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and using the Arc Map program in the Arc GIS v.10.8 system, and the analytical approach was followed for the valleys of the study area, and the method Quantitative, which aims to apply quantitative criteria and standards in the analysis of hydrological processes, and a map of the river network was produced, which was classified according to the Streller method into its river levels for the basin of the study area.

The total area of the basin reached (329.95 km2), and the number of river ranks reached six river levels. The network of waterways varied in their numbers and lengths according to their ranks and lengths, While the total network of waterways is (734), and its total lengths were (711.06) km, and its lengths are due to the discrepancy in the processes of its formation and emergence, as well as the variance in the terrain characteristics of the Badush Valley Basin.

This paper aims to firstly analysis the geographical distributions of palm trees, their productivity and the Dubas bug and Batrachedra amydraula in the middle Euphrates provinces, then detect the values of change in climatic elements. Secondly, demonstrate the linkage between spatial climatic change and insect pests of palms. The paper found that; the climatic conditions, as general averages are optimal suitable for growth of date palms and their production in study area. However, the long-term changes in the climatic elements, especially the temperature and relative humidity, as well as their extremes, contributed to creating an appropriate environment to activity and spread of the Dubas bug and Batrachedra amydraula in the study area. It was also found that the lack of take care in palm trees and not development any government integrated pest controls strategies led to wide spread. That has led to cumulative reduction in the number of palm trees and date production in the middle Euphrates provinces.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the performance of fourth grade students in departments of Geography in drawing geographical maps and identifying geographical phenomena in a precise scientific manner, with emphasis on the need to use (map elements) in drawing.

The map of Iraq was the sample used in the research.

The researcher adopted the field study (tests) in the department of Geography in three colleges at University of Baghdad, namely (Arts, Education (Ibn Rushd), and Education for Girls). The sample size was about (125) students in each department, so the total number of students was (375) students, which contributed to give a clear picture about students' performance.

The main point at which the research reached is that there are good aspects in drawing maps and identifying geographical phenomena, but not at the required level. Still some other aspects are met with a great failure due to a number of reasons such as adopting old methods, the lack of financial support, and the lack of new scientific programs which contribute in raising the level of students' performance in drawing maps. Another reasons why students are not at the required level is ascribed to the fact of not adopting the tests in drawing maps, and also the absence of specialized professors as in the Department of Geography (College of Education for Girls).

In circumstances that have been characterized by violence and insecurity since the beginning of the protests against successive governments since 2003, Women's participation in protests has been steadily increasing and during their participation in October 2019 Protest they showed a great strength and courage, these women challenged the typical gender norms and the direct and structured Political violence against them. Women’s Participation in October Protest has been categorized by being out of Political and Partisan bias and also outside the accounts of the civil society organization in general. They adopted the slogans of revolutionary protests to counter the deterioration of the economic situation of a large segment of Iraq society, the corruption which is spreading in all branches of the government and the fragility of the polity with the illegal armed factions (militias groups). At the same time, women, especially young one’s have struggled to raise slogans of equal rights, defying relationships and dynamics (gender), and confusing the Patriarchate and its perceptions that women are not active and intruders in politics. During October 2019 protests, women and girls challenged traditional notions about the gender presence of women that the society restrict it into the private sphere, Despite the excessive use of force by security institutions and gender-based violence directed against women, their participation continued at the same pace and they supported the momentum of protests at the most difficult times. Individually and collectively, women have demonstrated their effectiveness, strength of mobilization, great impulse on demand and have played various roles both in the front lines with the security forces and in the back lines with their participation, support and encouragement for the protesters in the protests arenas. Women protesters, and especially young ones adopted new and diverse methods and strategies to demonstrate their presence and right to participate in the public sphere, which has long been considered an exclusive area of special interest to men. The stories of women confirmed the association of women's participation in October protests with the problem of stereotypical roles and the visible and public presence of women in the public sphere. Despite the apparent support of society for their participation, many women nevertheless faced significant constraints and challenges that affected their level of participation in the protests. Family consent to participation was the first challenge faced by women, especially young women, the stereotype of limiting women's role in care-giving within home to their lack of rational political awareness and decision-making power has been used as justification to prevent their participation in protests. Education, age, local social contexts, women's time in the public sphere and State violence all overlap and influence women's decisions and choices to participate in political life. Political violence against women has also contributed significantly to reducing their ability to participate in public and political life. It is increasingly clear that violence against women not only affects them in the private sphere, but can hamper their participation in the public sphere and in party-political life. Violence and political violence are used as punishment for women/victims to challenge the traditional boundaries of the public sphere, but regard all these boundaries the society puts, women proved their presence in October Protest and they used virtual reality and the webspace to express, share and confess their political views and perspectives, and so they changed the norms about their traditional political participation. Many women who have been interviewed confirmed that Social Media sites were a virtual space parallel to the protest arenas and it gave all women space and opportunity especially those who have been denied effective participation in protests due to discriminatory gender restrictions.

The research dealt with speech problems among children in general and primary school pupils in particular, especially in the Iraqi society, and explored its depths, indicating the pupils' speech problems, their types and manifestations, their causes, and how to qualify and train students.

Al- kindi did not write a special book to study the topic of beauty, but it is the first music of great importance due to its great influence on the emotions of the soul and its tendency if most of his aesthetic views came within his musical compositions Al-kindi did not write a specific book to address beauty, however he allocated special importance to music due to its great impact on the emotions. therefore, most of his aesthetic views were included in his musical compositions. Al-kind indicated that the aesthetic taste is changeable and differs from one person to another due to the different weather and social conditions. Al-kindi defines the aesthetic taste as a sensual process that depends on the impact of aesthetic works on our souls through their effects on our feelings and emotions. Furthermore, al-kindi stresses that music is the art that is the closest to the spiritual aspect because the sense of hearing is the closest to the inner self and more field to the inner world of humans than the other senses.

When an individual believes that he deserves more than others in his surroundings, this belief will make him focus on his needs only and will reflect negatively in his dealings and his relationship with others through conflicts and divisions in his own environment, unless this belief is related to factors, performance or skills that push him towards (merit) which is considered the other side of the deserves, if this is found with the personal struggle that is positively linked with many positive psychological variables, then the performance and sense of the individual will be the pinnacle of positivity, and the individuals who have a personal struggle, perseverance, and clear achievement goals will have more prestige and moral value than others. If the research sample is represented by educational counselors who are an important part of the education system and a mainstay are not characterized by psychological merit, and who enjoy the high personal struggle, this will help build future generations. The success of an educational counselor in his work depends to a large extent on the extent of his personal struggle. If his struggle was high, his activity, perseverance, and achievement would be higher, and on the contrary, his activity would decrease. The current research aims to define psychological entitlement and its relationship to personal struggle among educational counselors and to know the correlation between them according to the gender variable (male and female counselors). In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, a scale of psychological merit and a scale of personal struggle were constructed, and indicators of validity, reliability, and discriminatory power were extracted. The two scales were applied to a sample of (200) male and female educational counselors from the Second Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad governorate, and after processing the data statistically, the research reached a set of results, including that the research sample did not enjoy psychological entitlement, and there were no statistically significant differences between male and female counselors in that. Although the sample being distinguished by personal struggle and in all its fields, there are no statistically significant differences between male and female educational counselors in this regard, and there is no correlation between the two variables. The researcher reached a set of recommendations, including preparing training and guidance programs that help improve and develop the personal struggle. The researcher proposes to conduct a study on the psychological entitlement and personal struggle of educational institution directors.

The present Research aims at knowing the following;

the flashbulb memory among the research sample.
the probabilistic Approach among the research sample.
correlation Between flashbulb memory and the probabilistic Approach among the research sample.
In sample of the test consists of (180) university Lecturers. Where males are (90). females are (90). the order to achieve the objectives of this research the has constructed two scales

The first is used for measuring the flashbulb memory and the second for measuring the probabilistic Approach.

The Research Reached the following results:

The university Lecturers characterizes with the flashbulb Memory.
the university Lecturers used weakly the probabilistic approach.
there is an inverse Relationship between the flashbulb Memory and the probabilistic Approach.
Finally in the light of Results the Research has arrived at a number of Recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims to identify (the impact of the idea gardens strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in the subject of psychology and the development of their logical thinking)

To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher developed the zero hypotheses. The researcher adopted the experimental approach with the two experimental and controlling equal groups and selected a sample of literary fifth graders in Samarra intentionally and chose a school Dubi and Al-Zahrawie in a simple random way.

The experimental group and the number of its students is (30) students studying the subject of principles of philosophy and psychology with the idea gardens strategy.
The control group and its number of students is (30) students studying the subject of principles of philosophy and psychology in the traditional way.
The researcher rewarded between the two research groups in the variables (intelligence, temporal age, grade point average for the previous year for the fourth literary grade, father’s academic achievement, mother’s academic achievement, logical thinking), and after the researcher identified the scientific subject to be taught that included the subject of principles of philosophy and psychology for the class The literary fifth, to be taught for the academic year (2020-2021). In light of this, the researcher prepared behavioral goals of (79) goals according to Bloom levels (remember, understand, apply, analyze) and prepared educational plans with (16) daily plans for each of the two research groups.

The researcher prepared a test for acquiring concepts of the type (multiple choice) consisting of (30) paragraphs after specifying (10) concepts for the subject matter and a test of logical thinking skills, amounting to (28) paragraphs within four skills or areas which are (logic of cases, logical mental trial, Deductive groups. thinking, the relationship between probability and realism) has been verified for its honesty (apparent and content), its discriminatory strength, its difficulty factor, and the effectiveness of wrong alternatives, while persistence has been extracted in the two methods of the Koder-Reedhardson-20 equation and the (Alpha-Kronbach),.

The procedures of the experiment continued (10) weeks, at the end of which a test for acquiring post-concepts was applied. After two days, the test was applied to measure logical thinking skills. The researcher used the appropriate statistical means and the study yielded the following results:

The experimental group that studied the strategy of gardens of ideas gained superiority over the acquisition of concepts over the control group that was studied in the traditional way.
The experimental group that studied the "Gardens of Ideas" strategy by logical thinking is superior to the control group that was studied in the traditional way.

The present research aims to identify (the effectiveness of puppet theatre in education), and to verify the current research the researchers has formulated the following zero hypothesis:

"There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average grades of the students of the experimental group that are taught according to (puppet theatre) and the average grades of the pupils of the officer group that are taught in the usual way in the test acquisition of dimensional concepts of science".

The researchers adopted- in her experiment- the experimental design with partial control of the groups (experimental, and control) with the following experimental design for this research, and in light of this design the researchers selected a random sample of the first graders from the Kuwait Elementary Mixed School in Palestine Street, which is affiliated to the Directorate General of the first Rusafa, for the purpose of applying the present research, as the sample of research consists of (89) Pupils and pupils were distributed in two grades: one represents the experimental group including (44) male and female pupils, and the other represents the control group including (45) male and female Pupils. The researchers selected the random method of the division (a) to represent the experimental group that studied scientific concepts using the strategy of puppet Theatre, and (b) to represent the group of officers, which studied the same scientific concepts in the usual way. The equivalence of the two research groups was carried out in the following variables: (age calculated in months, intelligence, previous knowledge, parents ' academic achievement), and to conduct the experiment the researchers identified (12) scientific concepts within the last three units (fourth, fifth, and sixth) of the Textbook of Sciences For the first grade. The behavioural objectives have been formulated by the researchers in three levels of scientific concepts according to the process of acquiring them: (definition of concept, concept recognition, and application of the concept) with number of (36) behavioural goals used for writing the teaching plans in the light of the independent variable. The researchers also prepared the test of acquiring scientific concepts as the researcher's tool, the number of test items is (36) items in the light of the processes of acquisition of concepts.

The researcher confirmed the validity of the test by presenting it to a group of experts, and extracted the reliability of the test using the Quder Richader equation.

Before the end of the research experiment, the acquisition of scientific concepts was applied to the pupils of the experimental and the control groups in 10/4/2019 and the researcher used statistical means (T-test). With the use of the two independent samples, the result has been of statistically significant differences between the experimental group that is taught according to the puppet Theatre and the control group which is taught in the usual way, for the benefit of the experimental group.

The concept of values is one aspect of the personality that underlies motivation of attitudes and behavior and the current research aimed to identify the following: 1. Patterns of six personal values (theoretical, social, religious, economic, aesthetic, political) among state employees,2. Level of differences in personal values according to: A- gender (male, female), b- length of service (10 years and over ten years), c. Working in direct contact with the references (yes, no), and in order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted a measure (Abdul Sahib, 2008) On the perspective of Springer1928,. to measure personal values, and consisted in its final form of (21) paragraphs, and applied the measure to a sample of (400) employees working in the office of the following ministries (health, electricity, ages, housing, municipalities, public occupancy, justice) The research came to: 1. The individuality of the research sample has low personal values, 2. There are statistically significant differences in personal values, attributable to (male, female) benefit in relation to theoretical and economic values For the benefit of males, religious and social values in favor of females, there are no differences of political and aesthetic values, and there are no statistically significant differences to the service duration (ten years and less, more than ten years), and there are no statistically significant to the direct contact with the reviewers (yes, no) except for aesthetic values and for the benefit of (no), and the researcher came up with several recommendations, including: subjecting applicants to the standards of organizational values before they are appointed to build a successful institutional society.

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the idea-nomination strategy in the achievement of history by second-grade intermediate students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher used the experimental design of the two equivalent groups (experimental and control), as the two divisions (A and B) were randomly selected as a sample for the research of second-grade students The average in the mean of the meanings for the girls that were randomly selected, was done The two groups are equivalent in variables (age in months, intelligence, scores for the first course) and the t-test was calculated and the results were not statistically significant. The research sample consisted of (60) students, (30) students in the experimental group and (30) in the control group. The students of the two groups studied the history book for the second intermediate grade for a period of twelve weeks, at two lessons per week The students of the experimental group using the strategy of nominating ideas and the students of the control group studied in the usual way, the researcher prepared an achievement test, and their validity and stability were verified and applied after the end of the experiment. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the mean test scores in the history subject between the female students of the experimental and control groups and for the benefit of the experimental group students. In light of the results, the researcher concluded the effect of the strategy of nominating ideas on the collection of history for second-grade students, mediation, and recommended several recommendations, including the use of the strategy of nominating ideas in teaching and training teachers to use it.

Language is the medium of communication between people and pragmatics studies the used language, meaning the study of the writer or speaker’s intended meaning. The oldest definition of pragmatism is the one by Charles Morris which states: pragmatism is the study of the relationship between signs and the users of these signs.

In (1975) Paul Grice gave his lecture at Harvard University in the form of an article titled (Logic and conversation) in which he stated his theory (The cooperative principle) on the bases of connection and understanding between the parties involved in the conversation. The first principle in this theory is the principle of quantity. Violation of this principle leads to the information being more or less than required. The violation of any of these principles leads conversational implications. This violation is in the form of ambiguity, exaggeration and metaphor … etc.

In this research, we have considered pragmatism and its relationship with semantics, meaning and the theory of the principle of cooperation and its meaning alongside correction, speech analysis and a few examples of violating the quantity principle in the play of Diwan Balkh.

This research sheds light on one of the linguistic phenomena, which is the phenomenon of "synthesis", in terms of its concept, origin, presentation, classification and controls. Then the research deals with the methods of formulating the composition, its types and functions in the three Semitic languages: Syriac, Arabic and Hebrew, by using the method of linguistic comparison between those languages. Composition is one of the sources of abbreviation in language terms and phrases, and what it means is: to combine two vocabularies with each other without deleting anything from them to form a new vocabulary that carries the meaning of the two terms in one form. Including the term (amphibious), (businessman), etc. Most of the modernists have been deluded by their counting of composition as a sculpture or sculpture as a composition, while the difference between them is clear. Sculpture eliminates the vocabulary that contributes to the formation of the new term: the sculpture, with a letter or two or more letters, while the two-vocabulary forming the composition remain the same without deletion. It should be noted here that what grammarians say and confirm about the composition, which is that: Contrary to the original, as the basic principle in the vocabulary is the singular, so a single word is not judged by the composition unless there is conclusive evidence for that. The composition is in the nouns and letters without the verbs. Ibn As four said: “There is nothing in the verbs that are combined.” The compound according to philosophers and logic people is what is indicated by a part of its pronunciation to a part of its meaning. According to grammarians, "what is combined from two vocabulary or more." And Sheikh Al-Attar mentioned in his commentary on the explanation of Al-Azhar that most grammarians say that the singular is what it is pronounced once, and the compound is what it pronounces twice. In fact, the compound does not utter it twice, but only once, like the singular, but because it pronounces each of its parts - and at least the compound consists of two parts - the uttering of its part is made to utter all of it, so when its two parts are pronounced it is as if it is pronounced twice. This definition is based on the definition of the people of previous logic, "what a part of his pronouncement indicates a part of its meaning." If the part of the compound indicates a part of its meaning, then it is as if the uttering of the two parts is pronounced twice. Each part has a meaning, so if the two parts are combined, their combination will have a new meaning that none of them had before the installation. This paper also sheds light on the most important types of synthesis in the three Semitic languages: Syriac, Arabic and Hebrew, such as: the synthesized compound, the laconic complex, and the numerical complex ilj. The research ends with a classification of the most important functions and roles that the linguistic structure plays in the Syriac language, as well as its two sisters in the Semitic language family: Arabic and Hebrew, which are summarized as follows: drafting grammatical and rhetorical methods, proliferation of buildings and meanings, formulation of invention names and scientific terms.

With its messages and content, media has become an effective force and an essential tool of foreign policies as the digital revolution and communication and telecommunication technology offered a momentum that amplified the capabilities of those means to achieve a great deal of harmony and coordination between the aims of the foreign policies of the governments and their goals. This is done by providing a framework to the communicative content expressing its position on the events and events which is in line with such objectives and goals in a gentle diplomatic manner.

This inspired the idea of studying the news contents on the websites of the US Embassy and consulates in Iraq to express the US Government position on specific issues and events. The US Embassy did not present its positions in an objective, abstract manner; rather, it delivered news content that expressed specific positions on issues and events within specific frameworks: humanitarian frameworks, consequences and ramifications frameworks, values and morals frameworks, and responsibility frameworks.

The researcher discussed in this study the nature of university students' exposure to recreational programs and the gratifications that these programs can achieve for them, and the current research problem lies in how Iraqi university students are exposed to TV entertainment programs and the patterns of that exposure and the verifications obtained from it, and the importance of the research stems from the fact that it deals with an important quality And dangerous TV programs, which are entertainment programs that have received great popularity and high interest in the audience for their follow-up, especially from the current study category, and they are young people who are clearly interested in pursuing such programs as competitions Singing, variety, music, comedy movies, sports, The research aims to determine the most important drivers of exposure, the type of entertainment TV programs and the attention that Iraqi university students attach to entertainment programs. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: -

1- Most of the respondents prefer exposure to film and series programs as well as cultural programs in addition to entertainment programs, as well as exposure to satirical and lyrical programs, among other types of entertainment programs.

2 - The motivation to fill the free time ranked first in the motives of the viewers watching the entertainment programs.

3- The feeling of joy and happiness is on top of the rest of the gratifications achieved by entertainment programs on satellite channels.

The good scholars throughout the ages have been interested in the Qur’an and its sciences, and science varies and differs, and scholars compete and struggle, even if each has a rank and destiny. The modest research found several things, including:

The scholars are unanimously agreed that the seven recitations are continuous to the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and only a few deviated from this consensus.
It is permissible to recite in prayer and others with each of the seven readings.
There is a difference between the seven letters and the seven readings, which we explained in the research.
A portion he had heard contained many frequent readings

The term of mind image is one of the common terms today that its use by the success on the universities, individuals and other increases in many fields such as policy , media , social , economic , cultural institutions levels that contribute in forming the relations among the people .The relations becomes comprehensive between the image and the university learning .The study of mind image is considered a mirror that reflects the social situations .University consideration is one of the most important in the society development and an important reason in raise the society level in all culture, thinking, social, economic and aspects .The university learning is considered one of the methods of development , skills , building and preparing the material and human abilities which all sectors need to cope with society and technology development .The main objective of the university learning is to graduate the students with great abilities to serve the society and in the work market as the information are acquired by the student from the teacher and introduces it to the society in which he works in .The most important problems that confront the developed and developing countries is the problem of learning for various studying levels for the learning outputs as they are considered of the basic and educational problems in the learning system .It is one of the phenomena that threat the societies entity specially when the problem is on the level of university learning and in achieve the targeted objectives of the universities and the society in general .

The university learning element are the teacher, methods of teaching, student, curriculum and study courses. The researcher used the survey method and description study that is considered one of the most suitable courses for the study scale represented in a sample of internal population such as the employees, professors and students. This study aims to learn the image of public and private universities

In this project, we try to do justice to the grammatical phenomenon of the current German language, which we want to explain in this research.

This study deals with the topic of attribute theorems as a prtotypic type of relative clauses in contemporary German, not only from the grammatical or syntactic level, but also from the semantic level.

The presented work thus covers the most important rules of the relative clause as an attribute with regard to:

a) Construction and formation of the attribute theorem as a prototypical type of relative clauses in German.
b) Meaning and use of attribute theorem as a prototypical type of relative clauses in German.

The present study aims at finding out the difference in the number of errors made by the students at the college level in relation to the use of idiomatic and literal phrasal verbs. To achieve this aim, a test of 30 items has been conducted to a sample of 150 students at college of Education, English department, University of Diyala. After analyzing the data statistically, it has been found out that the number of errors committed in the recognition part is nearly similar to that of the production one and the students have committed more errors in the use of the phrasal verbs that have idiomatic meaning.

The abuse of women is an issue that persists throughout the ages till the present time because people are still living in a world of a dominated idea which is known as man is the self and woman is the other. So the objective of this research paper is to argue this global issue using Van Dijk's Ideological Square (1998) as a framework so as to examine the ideologies that underline the use of language in The Handmaid’s Tale. It is hypothesized that the ideology of oppression is exposed in the novel throughout using the ideological strategies of positive- self presentation and negative-other presentation. Ultimately, it concludes that the novelist employs both, male and female, characters to consistently ridicule and offer negative coverage about women and to increasingly align and offer favorable comments about men to present the world of patriarchy from a different perspective.