AL-AMEED JOURNAL

The importance of the roles of teachers in educational institutions makes it necessary for the education to pay close attention to their motivation, reflective thinking, and self-efficacy. The current study therefore investigated the connection between the motivation of the teachers, reflective thinking, and self-efficacy. 300 Iraqi language teachers, both male and female, took part in the study for this reason. As they the study sample, they were required to respond to the Motivation to the questionnaire, Reflective Thinking Questionnaire. The results of the data analysis for these three factors show that there is no significant association between the motivation of the instructors and the reflective thinking or between their motivation and self-efficacy. The results showed that there is a substantial correlation between teachers.

Most Orientalists have consistently slandered the members of the Prophet progeny . I have been astonished with the abundance of writings that delve into their lives, yet most of these are riddled with falsification, oversimplification, and ridicule. I have previously examined how Orientalists portray Imam Hassan (peace be upon him). Today, I am exploring some of their analyses based on weak or neglected hadiths.
Given the vastness of this topic, it is impossible to cover it comprehensively in a few pages. Therefore, I will present some examples driven by Ibn Saad, Ibn Hisham, and other compilers of hadiths and histories, which have contributed in one way or another to the defamation of Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her). Even though many Muslims consider these narratives insignificant, they have been extensively discussed by Orientalists such as H. Lammens, Laura Veccia Vaglieri, Bevan, Clohessy, and Massignon. These discussions include historical discrepancies regarding the birth of Zahra (peace be upon her) and the Night Journey, the alleged multiple wives of Imam Ali (peace be upon her) who remained hidden during Zahra's lifetime, the claim that she washed and shrouded herself during her illness and instructed that her body not be exposed, her complaint to the Prophet against Ali (peace be upon him), and Ali's alleged harshness and severity towards Zahra, which supposedly angered the Prophet. Additionally, they portray Zahra's life as a source of distress for the Prophet. I am not to deal with other issues such as ; her claim to Fadak and her burial.
It is easy to tarnish a beautiful image by introducing a few scratches here and there. Not only is the image torn to pieces but that it remains distorted in the memories of people. This is precisely what the Orientalists have done by taking up these weak and fabricated hadiths, reviving them through research, analysis, and documentation, even if this betrays the scholarly integrity. Here, we are not concerned with the deliberate slander perpetrated by the narrators against the Prophet, Ali, Fatima, and Hassan and Hussein (peace be upon them) through their manipulation of texts and false accusations against the Prophet. Such deceit cannot escape the discerning eye.

Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her) is one of the most brilliant human figures in Arab-Islamic history due to her lofty status and the fact that she is a descendant of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and his progeny), and because this figure left an impact on the political life in later eras.
This research seeks to shed light on the nature of the poetic image with a cultural dimension that Arabic poetry drew for this lady in the early Islamic eras. The research adopted the term (nucleus image) the image that was formed during the first and second centuries AH, considering that this image with its realistic dimension embodying the truth of the character is like the axis of the millstone for all later eras that were drawn by eras colored by the stream of politics and tinged with the dye of beliefs.
The current study concluded that the stage of forming this image dates back to a historical era in the line with the life of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her), and began to take an upward trend with the availability of political, intellectual and ideological climates that helped poets to draw a more expressive image, and encompass the personality of Lady Fatima al-Zahra.

Linguistic theories are continuously evolving since their inception and the extent of this evolution are evident in the new applications of these theories. This research seeks to highlight one aspect of these linguistic theories and its application to an ancient Islamic text, aiming to uncover the crucial role of a particular linguistic concept: the context of situation or situational context. Context is considered a fundamental and essential element in linguistic theory. Furthermore, the research aims to identify and demonstrate the impact of a specific linguistic technique, known as metalinguistics, on revealing the intentions of discourse. Therefore, the researcher combines the concepts of context and metalinguistics to explore the role of these tools and techniques in uncovering the intentions behind the discourse.
The research yields several findings:
1. Demonstrating the external contextual factors that play a significant role in uncovering new interpretive dimensions. Additionally, metalinguistic devices have a substantial role in Fatima discourse, actively contributing to the formation of the discourse and the understanding of its intentions.
2. Proving that Fatima discourse goes beyond the issue of Fadak, and in fact, it presents the most prominent evidence of the deviation of the Islamic community. Moreover, it suggests that Al-Zahra (peace be upon her) strove to correct this deviation, and Fadak was merely the occasion through which Al-Zahra (peace be upon her) contributed her insights to addressing the deviation in the community.

The period of difficult circumstances that Iraq faced in the past years contributed to flourishing the Iraqi thinkers and encouraging the authors to present the history of their country. Many important figures with great abilities , who suffered from the unjust deprivation and exclusion, represent a strong and educated base. They became aware enough to face their crises because of the difficult social and politic situations the country faces . On the other hand, the poet "Fadhil Azez Farman" did not concentrate on the heritage events of the history in his work, but he depended on the political and social situation to be a source for his education. He created new pictures to change the real situation into artistic work. The study shows his relation with his homeland to express his feelings towards it and draw his society through artistic work and beautiful style.

Egypt is considered one of the important countries in the stages of Islamic history. It witnesses various developments and events due to its regional conditions, climate, abundant water resources, and its rich population. The study, following a descriptive-analytical approach, tackled the historical topic of Egypt, its conquest and Amr ibn al-As's ambition and instigation to take over it. It discussed the issues related to its conquest or reconciliation, examining what was mentioned in the history and clarifying it during the rule of Uthman and his removal of Amr ibn al-As due to his oppression and injustice towards the people of Egypt. Abdullah ibn Saad ibn Abi Sarh was appointed in his place, but he did not differ from Amr in his harsh treatment of the people, to the extent that they complained to the caliph and his anger towards him grew substantially after his mistakes and missteps became apparent in his actions and appointment. They aimed to remove him. For Imam Ali there was a prominent role in reconciling and bridging the divide, but Uthman's wrong approach and Marwan ibn al-Hakam's betrayal prevented reconciliation and reform, leading to a major turmoil that ended with the assassination of Uthman.

If a kindergarten teacher suffers from cognitive weakness, this certainly leads to his failure to perform duties and roles in society. Accordingly, the problem of the research focused on the experiences and the weakness the children suffer from, as we live in an era of rapid technological development. Here the cognitive weakness obscures the vision of the teachers and makes them closed to ideas that may be wrong and even dangerous. Such gives the researcher an interest to study these two variables. Is there a relationship between openness to experiences and cognitive weakness amongst kindergarten teachers? Therefore, the research aimed to identify “The relationship between openness to experiences and cognitive weakness among kindergarten teachers.”
The total number of the sample was (200) teachers, and after constructing and applying a measure of openness to experiences and a measure of cognitive weakness, the results showed the teachers` lack of openness to experiences, as well as a clear statement of the teachers’ cognitive weakness. The greater the cognitive weakness of teachers in kindergartens becomes, the less their openness to experiences will be. Where The calculated value was (-0.88), which is greater than the table value of (0.139) at a significance level of 0.05. Thus, the research recommended:
“Holding a training workshop in the Ministry of Education/Directorates of Education, to train teachers on ways to be open to and develop experiences and learn about experiences in the world.”

عندما تُصاغ نظريات العدالة وتُبنى متطلَّباتها لابدَّ أن تتطلَّع إلى المستقبل، ومفهوم العدالة بين الأجيال وليد العالم الحديث. وقد عرضت هذه ‌النظرياتُ -التي تمثِّل الاستجابة النظريَّة لمسألة التدهور البيئيّ، واستنزاف الموارد الطبيعية وتهديد الأجيال القادمة- قضايا جديدةً في مفردات الاقتصاد، بما في‌ ذلك نطاق العدالة بين الأجيال. ولما تقدَّم وكذلك لحداثة المفهوم، فإنّه من الضروري لتحقيق النظريَّة الإسلاميَّة بخصوص العدالة بين الأجيال تحديد أساسات هذه النظريات بشكل جيّد، عندها ومن طريق البحث عن ‌هذه المكوّنات في تراث أهل‌ البيت علیهم‌ السلام يتمّ تقديم النظريَّة الإسلامية، ومن هنا فقد عملنا على استخراج المكوّنات الرئيسة لنظريات العدالة بين الأجيال باستخدام الدراسات المكتبيَّة والمنهج التفكيكي (Deconstruction)، واستناداً إلى ذلك بيّنّا الأسئلة التي طرحتها نظريات العدالة بين الأجيال، وفي ضوء ذلك قدّمنا صورةً عن مفهوم العدالة بين‌ الأجيال بعد ‌ذلك، ومع البحث عن‌ هذه المكوّنات في التراث الإسلاميّ، نحصل على ‌رأي أهل البيت عليهم السلام حول العدالة بين الأجيال. ومن أجل‌ حماية كرامة الإنسان المتأصلة بوصفها هديَّةً إلهيَّة، يجب أن ‌يكون توزيع المنافع والمواهب بين الأجيال بشكلٍ ‌متساوٍ، لأنّ المواهب ملك للجميع؛ ولذلك فإنَّ جميع الأجيال القادمة شريكة في الموارد. إنّ هدف هذه ‌النظريَّة في الجانب العمليّ بناء مجتمع من دون فقرٍ على مرّ العصور، والنمط الموصى به هو الاستهلاك المتوازن للموارد الطبيعية بالقدر الكافي في ‌الجيل الحاضر.