Hammurabi journal for studies

Any research or scientific study to reach its wish and goal, it must focus on a scientific method, and because of the nature of the topic, the researcher relied on (the descriptive approach) through reading the principles of the strategies used in the tracks of the Russian-Euro-Atlantic conflict, so as the researcher relied on the (analytical approach) In order to get acquainted with the reservoirs of the cyber tools used in the management of the presumptive Russian-Euro-Atlantic conflict. The research includes an introduction and three axes, which dealt in the first axis with Russian geo-cyber and the transition from theorizing to impulse, while in the second axis it touched on the contents of the ulteriors` doctrine in the Eur-Atlantic strategy, and the third axis included the tracks of the engagement and digital Euro-Russian rivalry, and then the conclusion of the research.

In the research, I examined a study that included the general meaning of the Middle East, the beginning of its emergence and the escalation of conflict in it, and what are the characteristics of conflicts in the Middle East, the Middle East conflict for regional influence, the role of terrorist groups in the Middle East conflict, and what are the most important terrorist organizations and groups most influential in Conflicts, the nature of Middle East conflicts between the national administration and regional motives, the cost of military spending and armed conflicts in the Middle East, the shape of conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and Libya, the Iranian position, the Turkish-Kurdish conflict, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict between ignition and extinction. Also the Egyptian conflict in Sinai, the conflict without endings, and the state of the conflict in Iraq - ISIS between cities and the desert and the advantage of brutality (desert or cities), and then a look at the future of the conflict, the nature of the water conflict in the Middle East, in addition to Israel and the water conflict, and finally a futuristic reading on conflicts in the Middle East.

After the end of the Cold War, regional powers were liberated in strategic environments, and Turkey need to define its position in the new era that followed the arrival of the Justice and Development Party to power as a central state in the Middle East, especially as the twenty-first century as former Turkish President Turgut Ozal described it as "the Turkish century", By leaving the isolation and stagnation of limited capacity to greater effectiveness.
The research included an introduction and four axes, which dealt in the first axis with the concept of change industry, and the second axis included the Turkish strategic directions towards the Middle East, while the third axis touched on the soft Turkish change mechanisms, and touched on the fourth axis the Turkish solid change mechanisms, then the conclusion of the research, and margins .

The Sino-American relations are considered as one of the most important interactions and the most influential in the international politics, because they both possess strengths of the two sides of the relationship, allowing them direct influence in many regions of the world, which have become clearly affected by the results and repercussions of this relationship, as the outputs of the interactions resulting from the nature of this relationship, and its complications, the limits of its influence do not stop in the interests and policies of the two countries only, but extend to the entire international system. The research structure is arranged and divided according to the following paragraphs:
First: the throes of the international system and the promption of multipolarity.
Second: The role of the BRICS Group and Shanghai.
Third: Chinese and American regional alliances.
Fourth: International arrangements for the United States of America.
Fifth: The future of the determinants of Sino-US relations and their impact on exclusivity or pluralism.

Religious extremism has become one of the main causes that distort the image of Arabs and Muslims, and offends Islam as a religion, and causes tensions and congestions between Arab ,Islamic peoples, and other peoples of the world, in addition to stirring up division within Arab and Islamic societies; what drains their effort, and diverts its focus from working for development and progress. The structure of the research has been arranged and divided according to the following paragraphs:
First: Religious extremism ... meaning and appearances.
Second: The methods of extremist groups to recruit their members.
Third: The causes of religious extremism.
Fourth: The relationship between religious extremism and terrorism.
Fifth: Islam attitude from religious extremism.
Sixth: Tolerance is the way to confront religious extremism.
Seventh: Reforming religious discourse ... necessity and areas.

Iraq was severely affected by the decline in oil prices, because it does not possess financial surpluses and at the same time it has urgent financing requirements, the most important of which is facing ISIS, which made the expansion of production through international companies and responding to its conditions a single option available to Iraq. We point out that the problem is not in the type of contracts concluded with oil companies, as service contracts are better than participation contracts despite the presence of many notes on them, but the problem lies in the low oil prices that made the expansion of oil production within licensing rounds lose its usefulness in achieving the goals for which they were concluded, and the problem will be deepen as long as oil prices remain low and contracts unamended. The research included an introduction, and the structure of the research was arranged and divided according to the following paragraphs:
First: Oil prices tumbling in 2014.
Second: What are the oil licensing rounds?
Third: The justifications for the oil licensing rounds.
Fourth: Reasons for choosing the Ministry of Oil (service contracts) as part of the licensing rounds.
Fifth: The positive contents of service contracts with foreign oil companies.
Sixth: The negative implications of service contracts.
Sixth: Iraq and oil companies: a vision of the available options.

Moderation and sobriety constitute the backbone of building society, as it is an approach that calls for tolerance and equality, and rejects discrimination and extremism, to reach over cases of difference and conflict in a way that achieves coexistence and national harmony. Hence the problem arises from the question about the role of the moderation and sobriety approach in achieving stability in Iraq? And what are the mechanisms for applying this approach intellectually and practically? The study is based on the hypothesis that there are realistic and balanced foundations and mechanisms that contribute to achieving stability in Iraq by embedding the values of sobriety and moderation in society, and that contributes to promoting integration and national unity. The study was divided into three main axes, the first of which dealt with sobriety and moderation, the concept and characteristics, the second was the problem of stability in Iraq after 2003, and the third was mechanisms for achieving political stability in Iraq, and then the conclusion of the research and margins.

The importance of studying the issue comes from the fact that Spain witnessed a successful and effective democratic transition process, and it can be considered as a more inspiring model in the stages of transition to democracy, given the specificity of its experience in reform from within, i.e. from within the system. Indeed, Spain’s experience is worthy of reflection. It is not a coup, revolutionary, or anarchic experience. On the contrary, the regime itself has led a long process of political reform that has led to the devoting of a strong democratic system. It started in its early years since General Franco appointed King Juan Carlos as his successor to lead an internal reform process, and marks a milestone on the path to peaceful and democratic change.
We found that this experience is suitable to study, as it closely resembles the Iraqi situation in the democratic transition, and the possibility of benefiting from it is very much in spite of our absolute conviction of the failure to reproduce the experiences of other peoples and nations, but learning from lessons and morals is the common sense to overcome any possible obstacles, especially since The Iraqi experience has been marred and still marred by many structural problems, which have hindered, until now, the transition to a true democratic system.

Countries that established their national identity knew political, institutional stability, and national unity, and as a result, they did not know a societal problem affecting the legitimacy of the state and its political system, and if they occurred, they would be resolved within a legal institutional framework that would not cause social tremors among its societal components. The issue of concern for the national identity and the issue of establishing it is one of the most important issues that require diagnosis and determining its nature, and then defining ways to consolidate it, because national identity is an essential pillar of building the state and achieving it leads to increasing the power and ability to solve the crises that society suffers from. Hence our interest in the subject of national identity in Iraq was because its crystallization and consolidation are considered the basis for the success of the political process in Iraq and the success of democratization, and without that it is difficult to talk about a successful and effective political process. The research included an introduction and three demands, the first of which is the awareness of the national identity and its meanings, and the second is the problematic of the Iraqi national identity, while the third is ways of consolidating the national identity, and then the conclusion of the research and the margins.