Hammurabi journal for studies

Abstract:
The United States took advantage of its progress in the field of oil technology, and its ability to extract shale gas to produce large quantities of it, and enter the energy markets to compete with the Russian Federation, but the operations of transporting American gas to Europe have many difficulties, perhaps the most important of which is its distance from consumption centers, as well as the inability to supply pipelines, so the transportation of liquefied gas to Europe will have much higher costs compared to gas piped from Russia.
The research included an introduction and three topics, which dealt in the first topic energy ... the cornerstone of the Russian Federation in achieving an international balance, and touched in the second topic to the Russian-American geo-energy competition, while the third topic referred to the Russian strategic energy performance in the vital fields, and in End of the conclusion and margins.

China established its relations with African countries on the basis of old relations, which gives African countries a new priority, and cooperation with the countries of the South took place, through Chinese official visits aimed at non-interference in the internal affairs of these African countries, and China contributed greatly to the development of human resources in the African continent, as the aim of the Chinese presence in Africa is to deepen economic cooperation, control energy and mineral resources, and open African markets to Chinese goods and investment in the region.
The research included an introduction and four axes, which dealt in the first axis driving characteristics of the Chinese presence in Africa, while the second axis referred to the economic goals of the Chinese presence in Africa, and touched on the third axis to the opportunities and challenges facing Chinese interests in Africa, and the fourth axis included future scenarios of the spaces of Chinese interests in Africa, and at the end of the search conclusion and margins.

The importance of the research is to show the role that the BRICS bloc plays in the international system, especially since it was based on the logic of combining the assumptions of realistic theory and liberalism to establish balance and cross-regional institutions that support peace towards the quiet modification of the international system.
The research is based on the hypothesis that each action has a relative equal reaction to it in the amount and its reversal in the direction, the economic crisis of 2008 and the imbalances of the American policies to control the international system pushing the Brix powers to amend them by establishing steps after the steps towards establishing new institutions to evaluate the global economic performance, and the move to create an international system which is different from the current regulator with a quietly.
The structure of the study was divided into three axes as well as an introduction and a conclusion that included the inference reached. The first axis singled out BRICS and the realistic-liberal approach, and the second axis covered BRICS and its active forces in it. The third axis included BRICS resistance to American hegemony.

The momentum of separatist calls has increased in Europe, from the financial crisis, from 2008 to the present. The voice of those calling for independence from their countries in Europe was raised with the austerity policies imposed by the European Union on the countries most affected by the financial crisis. The research structure was divided into an introduction and two Researches. The first topic dealt with the Basque Country. The second topic dealt with Scotland, and then the conclusion and margins.

The research included an introduction and three demands, which dealt in the first demand with the development of the concepts of civil and domestic society in Arab political thought, and in the second demand touched on the reality of civil societies and NGOs in Jordan, and in the third demand referred to the role of civil societies in political action in Jordan, and then Conclusion and margins.

The research deals with the identity struggle in Turkey between the secular and Islamic forces, which continues and leads to the overwhelming ideology and ideas adopted by the Justice and Development Party and its employment of a new vision of secular principles to implement the party\'s values and ideas.
The research was divided into an introduction and two requests, which dealt in the first demand with the history of the conflict between secular and Islamic values in Turkey, while in the second demand we dealt with the position of the Justice and Development Party on how to align between secular and Islamic values, and then the conclusion and margins

The importance of the research is to clarify the role played by Iraqi satellite channels in promoting and developing a culture of protest and demonstration, and the branches that follow, changing the direction of the individual according to the issues of protest and demonstration, as well as developing the national identity of the individual to defend his rights and basic needs. In addition to clarify what the role of these channels embodies in terms of supporting the interests of the citizen, as well as being an effective way to influence, in addition to forming a link between the citizen and the government to solve any problem or gap that exists or is generated in the course of action between the two parties. The targeted research aims to study the population of the central city of Baghdad with its districts (Al-Karkh, Al-Rusafa, First and Second Sadr City, Al-Adhamiya, Al-Kadhimiya) among those ages (18-years and over), as its population reached, according to statistics in 2019 of the National Central Bureau of Statistics - the Iraqi Ministry of Planning (5,768,812) Five million, seven hundred and sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and twelve, male and female, and a sample was taken from them using the multi-stage (cluster) method, and a sample of (817) respondents was chosen to represent the research community. At the end of the research results and conclusions.