Hammurabi journal for studies

The study attempts to define the general concept of biological wars with an indication for the nature of the relationship between these wars and the epidemics that prevailed in the world during different periods of history, and the extent to which such tools can be represented by epidemics as a method of warfare, up to Corona and its economic, social and military repercussions and the developments of it`s outbreak months that were not familiar at the global level, and researching for the tools of the American soft power and the possibility of exploiting it for such a crisis, leading to determining the role of armies in combating them and the shape of future wars after the wars of the fourth and fifth generations, in addition to their effects on the military and combat performance of the armies.

يعد فيروس كورونا من الأحداث الكبرى التي شهدها العالم مثل الحربين العالميتين الأولى والثانية وانتهاء الحرب الباردة وانهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي، وكذلك أحداث 11 سبتمبر عام 2011، والتي شكلت تأثيرا كبيرا على العلاقات الدولية بسبب تداعياتها السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية الضخمة.
وبما أن أزمة فيروس كورونا تحولت إلى أزمة عالمية، فهذا يشكل فرصة سانحة لإعادة النظر في العلاقات الدولية وجعلها أكثر توازنا وخدمة لكافة الشعوب. وإذا استخلصنا الدروس من الوضع الحالي، فأن وباء كورونا سيساهم في بناء علاقات جيوسياسية جديدة، خاصة وأن العالم مقبل على أزمة اقتصادية عميقة لا يدرك أحد نهايتها . ولأزمة كورونا تداعيات كبرى على النظام الدولي المعاصر من عدة جوانب.

The world was greatly affected by the Corona pandemic at all economic social, and political levels, as we find that states relations were clearly affected, and Iraq is one of the countries that was greatly affected by the Corona crisis, hence it is for decades, once it deposited a problem until it received a new one, until its crises became a chain with unbroken loops. As Iraq suffers from many crises at the political, economic and social levels, which have greatly affected the country and its capabilities in facing these crises. And now it is facing a new and unusual crisis that threatens the lives of Iraqis. Will Iraq be able to face it and get rid of it while there are previous crises that it suffers from?
In this research, it has been determined what is the nature of this crisis and how it spread quickly in most of the countries of the world until its arrival in Iraq, and how it affected the world in general and Iraq in particular with the presence of crises that it suffers from, and what are the most important measures taken by the Iraqi government to confront This crisis, and how these measures affected the numbers of injuries, deaths and recovery cases, and how they affected the Iraqi society from the beginning of the crisis, as well as the Iraqi community’s handling of this crisis and reactions to it and the community’s dealing with government measures taken to address the disease, which led to the division of society into groups and the reasons for its division.

The High Committee for Health and National Safety To combat New Corona Virus in Iraq has succeeded to some extent in forming a public opinion in solidarity with its decisions and positions that it followed to confront the pandemic of the new Corona, by employing all available means that it has, material and moral, and this work comes in line with the trends and decisions of The World Health Committee, It has been able to create a community environment that responds to its decisions by repeating many messages that contributed to drawing a mental image among Iraqi citizens for the importance of responding to all decisions, the most important is the commitment to curfew as important solution to confront the emerging virus through what is known as domestic quarantine, in addition to creating a culture of Joint work between The administrative bodies responsible for implementing the decisions, and the citizens, and so this reflected in the creation of a public opinion, which is somewhat consistent with the directives of the committee.

The international embargo, according to the traditional concept, is the prohibition or proscription imposed by a state in its ports, and within the legal spaces of its coasts, with the aim of preventing the departure of ships, or with the aim of prohibiting certain types of goods belonging to the target country, and it is of several types, which are: economic, or military , Or oil, or a ban on all types of air, land, marine and postal transportation, or that it be a comprehensive ban. The international ban was clarified after the end of the World War I in 1918, and the formation of the "League of Nations", as Article 16 of the League's covenant stipulated the imposition of ban against the state that resorts to war in violation of the laws of the League that prohibit resorting to war, except in certain cases. After the formation of the United Nation Organization in 1945, and in accordance to the provisions of Chapter VII of its Charter, it imposes measures of international embargo against any country that threatens international peace and security, or that it undertakes any act of aggression, and all members of the organization must implement international embargo resolutions.
After the collaps of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the establishment of the new unipolar international system, the United States sought to interfere in affairs that are in the core of the internal authority of states, and to impose sanctions against countries that oppose American politics, and has used more modern types of sanctions that affect political and social leaders. In light of the Corona-Covid-19- pandemic, many countries have sought to detain ships and airplanes in ports and airports as a precaution to prevent the spread of pandemic, and at the same time, the United States imposed new sanctions on Iran and Syria despite the urgent need for health materials to address the epidemic in a marked decline in oil prices globally.

Human history is governed by power. Rather, it is it`s real body is the outcome of the struggle of forces, and The expressive result of this conflict in various stages of human development. But it is the forms and manifestations of force that differ from one age to another, Military power was the ruler, and even the most prominent manifestation of power, as economic power began to increase to govern international relations during the Cold War. Since the end of the Cold War, the concept of power has witnessed a number of changes to keep pace with developments in the field of international relations, and a distinction can be made between two levels of change in the concept Power, A special level for the subject who possesses power, especially with non-state actors possessing some sources of power and influence, and a special level for the elements that make up the force and the different forms that force takes, and then this research seeks to study the changes that affected the forms of force –power-. And because of the important impact of cyberspace on the development of the exercise of power and influence, and because of the important impact of information on the strategic performance of countries, this study has addressed the issue of "cyber power" as it has become an important component in the strategic performances of countries, and because the concept of power is a cornerstone of international relations, especially in its tough and violent form, the military ability is one of the most important elements of the state’s power, Whether this force is used directly or indirectly through threats or punishment, as the international community made great efforts to regulate and control the use of military force, and with scientific and technological development it is no longer acceptable that military power is the ruling element in international relations or even within the political system itself, changes have to be made to the concept of power to cope with the changes of the modern system, What clouded with the emergence of the Internet and the spread of information and its overwhelming impact on making significant changes in the political values and attitudes of state and non-state actors. Power is no longer a monopoly concept of state actors, as new actors have emerged that have been able to give the concept of power another dimension that is not limited to the physical dimension, but extends beyond the moral and cyber dimensions.

Multi-track diplomacy represents a qualitative change in resolving international disputes because it depends on unconventional ways to achieve international peace and security. Though it adopts the governmental track and considers it the major one, it has created other tracks which are no less important than the governmental one. These tracks include the non-governmental organizations, business men, activists, religion, communications and media….etc. This kind of integrative approach could respond to the complexities associated with international relations which are based on mutual international dependency. Accordingly, the state is no longer the only active force but there are other active forces, the matter that requires the production and adaptation of multi- track diplomacy which aims to a strategy of multiple roles and unity of objective.

The Central Asian region is characterized by an important strategic position at both the international and regional levels, and has increased its importance the enormous mineral resources possessed by, and the the most important are oil and natural gas in addition to others, as the United States seeks to strengthen its dominance over the world and neutralize the major rival powers through Control of that region close to China and Russia, as Russia considers the region it's vital domain and the area of influence inherited from the Soviet Union, and China is consider that region very important on the security and economic level, and considers it as the western flank for it, and any disturbances in it reflect negatively to it`s security and stability. Turkey and Iran are trying to exploit cultural and religious rapprochement to achieve their strategic galls in the region, so the Central Asian region is of great strategic importance to all international and regional powers.

The issue of studying security environment in Iraq has a special strategic importance, being the field that suffer from a wide margin (range) of challenges, matter that reflects on the environment of social stability, and affect the economic, social, and political reality in Iraq negatively, which are:
A complicated group of components and elements that organize geography, economics, and politics, in addition to another factors that have major effect on the security scene.
It can be said that the strategic environment of Iraq, like its counterpart in other countries, organizes structures and components that contribute in shaping the general features of the security environment process inside Iraq, which consists of a group of entities, installations and pillars with fixed and changing features at the same time, which constitute the effect and crystallization of the features of the security environment architecture starting from The impact of the strategic elements that regulate (geography, economics, politics, sociology, and demography- population), in conjunction with the security elements and challenges that blow –storm- the security scene, especially in the recent period, which revolve around (proliferation of weapons, terrorism, drugs, Corruption, crime), as the Iraqi security institutions constitute a dynamic factor in the Iraqi security scene from the impact factor, as it is the responsibility of any healer of any breach and challenge to the security environment, centered on (the Internal Security Foundation, the intelligence establishment, the military establishment, the popular mobilization force, in addition to The Special Operations institutions), so we find that the structural composition of the security environment in Iraq is of multiple and complex elements, as it significantly affected the turbulent security scene.