NTU Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences

Abstract.The results of the study showed the superiority of the alcoholic extract of propolis in reducing the infection of Nosema on honey bees to the lowest levels, as it reduced the number of spores to the lowest possible number, especially when using treatment with protein feeding, with an average of 214.20 spores / bee, which positively reflected on the physiological and vital characteristics of the bee's body (age of the bee). Rectal acidity, moisture content ofthe bee's body and fat content of the bee's body), these characteristics are considered as evidence of the health of the bee's body, with averages of (50.10 days, PH 4.95, 64.52%, and 81.60%), respectively, which did not significantly differ from the percentages of most of the above traits. The male of the extract, when adding the treatment with sugary nutrition followed in reducing the infection rate when using the treatment with the aqueous extract achieved good and satisfactory results, while the infection was high and the coefficients values were low in the comparison treatment, and the highest average number of spores was 2988.70 spores / bee, which was negatively reflected on the physiological characteristics, vitality, activity and health of honey bees, which amounted to (21.10 days, PH 5.85, 89.74%, and 5.95%), respectively.

Abstract.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak firstly occurred in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread worldwide causing global public health threats. Bacterial and fungal infections are reportedly the common secondary infections correlated to viral pneumonia and lead to severe complications particularly in critically ill patients. This complication could lead to an increase in the demands for intensive care, and consequently increasing the rate of deaths. Despite the importance of these complications, few published articles reported a secondary infection, in particular those caused by fungi. Secondary infections were detected in 50% of COVID-19 patients who did not survive.Mucormycosis or called “black fungus”caused by the fungus mucormycete,significant fungal infection that fundamentally affects individuals who suffer from health problems or occupy medicines that lower the ability of the body to fight against germs and illnesses. So, in this review, we highlighted the currently available articles of secondary fungal infection related to COVID-19infected patients. Thus, the current study rises the attention to the importance of fungal secondary infection, particularly from previously epidemics caused by the virus corona such as MERS and SARS) –COV diseases.

A study was conducted to elucidate the prescence of T.gondii antibodies in the serum of slaughtered cattle, sheep & goats in Mosul abattoir. The study was carried out during the period from October 2002 to March 2003. For serological tests, 300 serum samples were collected from (100) of each slaughtered cattle, sheep & goats. Serum samples collected from slaughtered goats showed the highest percentage of infection using latex agglutination test and was (54%), followed by sheep (49%), while the lowest percentage (23%) was detected in cattle serum. To determine antibodies in positive serum samples, a modified latex agglutination test was used. The highest percentage of IgG was found in sheep (87.8%) followed by cattle (86.96%) and goats (83.3%). However, the highest percentage of IgM was found in goats (16.7%) followed by cattle (13.04%) and sheep (12.2%). A trial for preparing ELISA test manually was conducted in the laboratory of the Microbiology Branch/ College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, through the isolation of the parasite (antigen) from aborted sheep fetuses. The positive latex agglutination test, were confirmed by ELISA. Of these serum samples, (93.33%) were positive.

The results of the current study conducted in the apiary of the College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the year 2021 showed that the highest amount mean of bee venom for the interaction reading was 0.232 mg/colony in the treatment of milking bee population 10 frames (TMV2) during the period from 1-6/5/2021 compared with the lowest mean interaction of 0.061 which was recorded during the period from 6/26-1/7 for the same treatment, while the highest mean interaction for the treatment of milking bee venom population of 5 frames (TMV1) during the period from 1-6/5 /2021 was 0.125 mg/colony compared with the lowest mean of 0.022 mg/colony during the period from 29/5 to 3/6/2021 for the same treatment. As for the treatment general mean, the highest mean was recorded by the TMV2 treatment which mounted to 0.1136 mg/colony compared with the lowest general mean of zero mg/colony by the TCM2 treatment. As for the milking treatment of TMV1, the highest mean recorded was 0.0527 mg/colony by the TMV1 treatment compared with the lowest average of zero mg/colony by the TCM1 treatment. As for the process effect of the bee venom milking on bee population, the bee popu lation decreased by 1.12 bee frame by the TMV2 treatment which recorded a mean of 14.15 bee frames compared with the TCM2 treatment that, in turn, recorded a mean of 15.27 bee frames. As for the treatments with a bee population of five frames, the bee population decreased by 1.30 bee frames by the treatment of TMV1 which recorded the lowest mean of 8.07 bee frames compared with the highest mean of 9.37 recorded by the TCM1 treatment. As for the general mean of the sealed workers brood, the statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between the two treatments; namely, the TMV2 and the TCM2 whose means both reached to 394.89 inch2 and 367.37 inch2 respectively. Regarding the treatments with bee population of five frames, the highest mean was recorded by the treatment TCM1 amounting to 315.98 inch 2 compared with the lowest mean of 245.07 recorded by the TMV1 treatment. As for the pollen area in treatments with a bee population of 10 frames, the highest mean was recorded by the TCM2 treatment which mounted to 66.78 inch2 compared with the lowest mean in the TMV2 treatment which mounted to 61.44, and the statistical analysis did not show significant differences for the effect of milking bee venom. In the pollen mean for the treatments with a bee population of five frames, the highest mean was recorded by the TCM1 treatment which reached to 65.11 inch2 compared with the lowest mean of 54.63 inch2, recorded by the TMV1 treatment.

The current study was conducted in the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul during the year 2019-2020. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Iraqi isolate of the biological control fungi Beauveria bassian and Metarhizium anisopliaeas chemical pesticides alternatives in controlling different stages of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. The results of the biological effect of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on the greater wax moth life stages showed that the cumulative mortality of eggs increased gradually with increasing concentration used. However, Beauveria bassiana was more efficient in achieving higher mortality rates than M. anisopliae in general. The highest cumulative mortality rate for eggs was at the highest concentration (7.5g/l) for both fungi. On the other hand, it was found that the highest mortality rate in wax moth larvae was inB. bassianacombined treatmentwhere spraying the larvae and the feed. The third and fourth larval instars were more sensitive than the sixth and seventh larval instars, which were not affected by the lower concentrations of the pesticide (2.5 and 5 g/L), regardless of pesticide type. The results also showed that the mortality rate in all phases increases with the increase in the post-treatment period. The results of the study indicated the superiority of B. bassiana in all treatments, concentrations and periods after treatment and led to the highest mortality rate compared with using M. anisopliae. The cumulative mortality rate in the greater wax moth was directly proportional to the increase in treatment methods and the increase in concentration and the time period after treatment.