Iraqi Journal for Applied Science

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant tumor of the
prostate that enlarges prostate tissue and reduces the flow of urine from
the bladder. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between
certain physiological parameters (body mass, diabetes, smoking, firstand second-degree consanguinity, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and
testosterone (TES)) with the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The
study included 100 samples, divided into two groups: the first group
consisted of 50 patients, and the second group consisted of 50 healthy
controls. The results revealed that the majority of patients were
underweight (36.0%), while a small percentage were obese (12.0%).
Similarly, the majority of the control group were underweighted
(60.0%), with only a small percentage being overweight (10.0%). The
differences in BMI between the two study groups were statistically
significant (p<0.05). There were also significant differences in
hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels between the two groups. The
cumulative glucose test showed that 44.0% of patients with prostate
enlargement had elevated cumulative glucose levels, compared to 0.0%
in the healthy control group. The results further indicated that most of
the patients had relatives with the disease (46.0%), with 34.0% having
second-degree relatives and 20.0% having first-degree relatives affected
by the disease. The differences in the percentages of kinship degrees
were statistically significant (p<0.05). Additionally, the study found
significantly higher PSA levels in patients (11.18±4.06) compared to
healthy controls (3.27±1.35). Conversely, testosterone levels were lower
in patients (1.74±0.45) compared to healthy controls (6.33±1.80). The
differences in hormone levels between the two groups were also
statistically significant (p<0.05). The study concluded showed that PSA
levels are higher in patients compared to controls, and there is a
relationship between high levels of diabetes and hormone metabolism
and low levels of TES compared to control.

The purpose of the study was to compare the anatomical characteristics of
the thyroid gland in two different vertebrate species: the owl (Strix varia)
and the domestic cat (Felis catus). Six disease-free animals varying-aged
from each species were included in the study.
The thyroid gland of the cat was found to have a right and left lobe,
situated in the cervical area, entirely beneath the larynx, and connected to
both sides of the trachea. These findings were obtained from a
macroscopic examination of the gland. Unlike in many other mammals,
the two lobes are connected by an isthmus. The thyroid lobes have a
reddish-pink hue and appeared elongated
The macroscopic anatomy the owl’s thyroid gland's revealed that it is
symmetrically shaped, either oval or spherical, flat on the dorso-ventral
side, and dark reddish-brown in color. similar to the cat, the two halves of
the gland are not attached by an isthmus. The glandis located on both sides
of the trachea and on the ventral side of the back of the nec

Cancer isthe second most common cause of mortality in most developed
countries, behind heart disease. Cancer is defined as the aberrant proliferation
of cells. It is also the most feared disease. By 2025, it is anticipated that there
will be more than 20 million new instances of cancer worldwide.
Chemotherapy is still the most widely utilized therapeutic option among the
several alternatives offered to patients. Currently available anticancer
medications are either entirely manufactured molecules or substances
extracted from plants and their derivatives. Evidence exists that conventional
cancer treatments have a number of unfavorable side effects. It is well known
that cancer cells can get resistant to the treatments that are currently
accessible. Effective cancer treatment is still hard to come by, even with the
latest developments in tumor therapy.A new treatment consisting of pure
bacteriocin from Leuconostoc carnosum was effect on cancer cell. Different
concentrations (1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25) μg /ml of bacteriocin
purified from Leuconostoc carnosum which isolated from broccoli were
applied on the A549 lung cell line. A significant cytotoxicity ratio of
bacteriocin was 67.57828 % caused by the highest used concentration
1000μg/mL towards A549 lung cell line compared to Normal Human
Fibroblast cells which were resist to the same concentration of it with
maximum cytotoxicity 5.870841 %. The IC50 for A549 lung cell line was
164.8μg/ml while IC50 for NHF cell line was 111.9. A highest activity of
bacteriocin against cancer cells was established at1000μg/mL.

In recent years, thiosmicarpazide compounds and its complexes have
attracted the interest of researchers due to their many applications.
Three new complexes [LMnCl2(H2O)] (C1), [LCoCl2(H2O)] (C2) and
[LNiCl2(H2O)] (C3) with the ligand N1
-cyclohexyl-N2
-(dietheylcarbamoyl)
hydrazine-1,2-bis(carbothioamide) (L), the reaction was carried out by mixing
the metal chloride and ligand in a 1:1 mole ratio using methanol as the
medium. Complex formation between the metal (II) moiety and the ligand
occurred through the O, S and N donor atoms. The ligand and its complexes
were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and NMR (1H and 13C)
spectroscopy. Accordingly, the complexes were proposed to have octahedral
geometry. The ligand and its complexes were screened for their antimicrobial
activities against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The
studies demonstrated that complexation can increase the antimicrobial
activity, compared with the free ligand. The results indicated that the ligand
behave as coordinate in tridentate to give a octahedral around the Mn II, Co
II, and Ni II ions.

The purpose of this investigation was to review the antifungal activity of
fluconazole on some fungi isolated from laboratory instrument. The study
mediated twenty samples taken from laboratories in Al-Karkh University for
Science, College of Science, department of microbiology in Baghdad. The
sensitivity of fluconazole was tested using disk diffusion procedure and Food
poisoning technique for the following molds (Penicillium, Ulocladium,
Fusarium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates, Botrytis, and Rhizopus).
The inhibitory effect of fluconazole using the food poisoning technique was
the highest against Fusarium and Botrytis in contrast with Rhizopus showed
resistance to fluconazole. The sensitivity of the isolated mold was tested using
disk diffusion procedure for the antifungal drugs (fluconazole 10-μg disks).
All the tested molds showed resistance to the fluconazole disk. Fluconazole
and other azole medications block the enzyme 14-a-demethvlase, which
transforms lanosterol into ergosterol, which is the main building block of
fungal cell membranes.

Melatonin, a well-known plant growth regulator, has gained attention for
its multifaceted role in enhancing plant resilience to environmental
stresses. A field experiment was conducted during the 2021–2022
growing season in the Botanical Garden of the Department of Biology at
the College of Education for Pure Sciences, Ibn Al-Haitham, University
of Baghdad, to investigate the effects of foliar spray with varying
concentrations of melatonin (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm) on mung bean
(Vigna radiata L.) under drought stress condition. Drought conditions
were simulated through three irrigation intervals: every 5 days (control),
10 days, and 15 days. The results indicated that extending the irrigation
interval significantly reduced levels of critical plant characteristics,
including nutrient and carbohydrate content. However, foliar application
of melatonin at increased concentrations effectively mitigated drought
stress, enhancing the rates of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, protein,
and carbohydrate contents in mung beans. Melatonin at 150 ppm proved
most effective, leading to notable increases of 75.19% in soluble protein,
47.1% in carbohydrate content, 8.3% in nitrogen content, and 41.4% in
potassium content compared to control plants. In contrast, drought stress
reduced potassium, protein, and carbohydrate levels by 41.3%, 42.2%,
and 11.0%, respectively. These findings highlight melatonin's substantial
mitigating effects on nutrient losses and stress-related declines in plant
health.

Effectiveness of amino acid valine in preventing corrosion of 304SS
in a sodium chloride (0.6 M NaCl) solution as a green inhibitor was
investigated both with and without the organic inhibitor at temperatures
between 298 and 328 K. With the use of potentiodynamic polarization
approach, the electrochemical performance related to the amino acid
valine had been investigated. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
The metal surface was researched. The findings demonstrated that is
inhibition efficiency increased with inhibitor concentration increase, it
decreased as temperature increased. According to polarization
measurements, valine has physically adsorbed on stainless steel surface,
is regarded as cathodic inhibitor, and complies with the Langmuir
adsorption isotherm. To illustrate the corrosion inhibition process, a few
thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy (∆Gads) as well
as activation energy (Ea) were calculated. Arrhenius theorem has been
used to assess the kinetic limitations. A suitable mechanism for the
corrosion of stainless steel in saline solution had been predicted.

In this paper, we deal with linear time-invariant systems (L.T.I.S.), and singleinput single-output systems (S.I.S.O.S.). We intend to identify two types of
L.T.I.S’s. in Hartley series, namely homogeneous and non-homogeneous
system. The presented Hartley series domain identification pivots upon the
samples of involved functions. We solve the problem of system identification
where the systems are described by state space models, using the concept of
Hartley transform of type H
I
,H
II
, H
III
, and ????????????domain technique. This method
is based on a new integration operational matrix, which relates Hartley
transform of type ????????
,H
II
, H
III
, and ????????????And their integration, is defined.
Examples of homogeneous and non-homogeneous state-equation are used to
illustrate the method. We show that our method is very simple as it is very fast
and so computationally very attractive

In Iraq, the fragmented systems within the healthcare sector struggle to protect
patient-sensitive data, maintain data integrity, and enable interoperability, as
highlighted. This review will focus on how blockchain technology can
overcome these earlier challenges by improving the security and efficiency of
information systems. Health Information Systems (HIS) are challenged with
data breaches, cyber-attacks, and an interoperability gap in their healthcare
information infrastructure due to blockchain decentralized, immutable
transparency qualities. It creates a safe place for medical records storage and
operation that can improve data integrity, security, privacy, and ease of use,
eventually decreasing administrative inefficiency. This paper discusses the
current situation of HIS in Iraq, which is faced with a lack of resources, poor
standardization, and little technology uptake due to resistance. It analyses
blockchain-enabled solutions to secure e-health records (EHR) and health
information exchange HIE or clinical decision support systems (CDSS) to
improve health delivery. Primary interventions implemented at the
community level (e.g., identified key strengths of blockchain, including data
security, patient outcomes, and process streamlining). The model of the
blockchain-based EHR system in the Iraqi healthcare system is proposed and
demonstrated, thus highlighting the need for technical development,
regulatory basis, and stakeholder collaboration. We will discuss some
challenges like scaling, regulatory burden, and technical specialty. The paper
comes to an end by suggesting pragmatic solutions, which are
implementation-phased, capability-building, and embracing standards. With
blockchain, Iraqi medical establishments will enhance the quality of care by
creating an encrypted, patient-centered, and efficient health system that
secures information on sensitive medical matters. This review outlines the
transformative capability of blockchain in Iraq's healthcare challenges and
suggests a pathway towards practical usage.

Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is a mechanism for detecting
anomaly in computer networks. Several NIDS techniques have been
developed in the past, but these techniques are still limited in detection
accuracy, error rate and in detecting new attacks. In this study, a Hybrid
Network Intrusion Detection Framework using Neural Network-Based
Decision Tree model for NIDS was developed. The developed model is
divided into four modules: Data collection, data preprocessing, feature
selection and detection. The data collection module adapted the NSL-KDD
dataset for implementation due to its modern attack representation. The data
preprocessing module used the random undersampling technique to reduce
data imbalance problem. The feature selection module consists of a hybrid
feature selection method to select the most important features from the
adapted intrusion dataset. The detection module involves a neural networkbased decision tree classifier for the automatic generation of rules for intrusion
detection. The results showed that the developed model based on the full
dataset is better than the other related methods with TP, FP, accuracy,
precision, recall, and F1-score of 98.7, 1.3, 98.42%, 98.54%, 98.56% and
98.56 respectively. Similarly, the results showed that the developed method
based on the reduced dataset is better than the other related methods with TP,
FP, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of 98.9, 1.2, 99.42%, 99.54%,
99.56%, and 99.56% respectively.