Medical Journal of Babylon

In this study the efficiency of traditional disinfectants and antiseptics used in the hospitals against bacterial isolates was detected with help of Broth dilution method (for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration-MIC), Disc and Well diffusion method.The results of MIC method show that chlorohexidine gluconate Hibitene) was most effective disinfectants on tested bacteria and it followed by chloroxylenol (S1)type (while chloroxylenol(S2)and(Sp)type showed lower activity), hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, formaldehyde, sodium dichloroisocyanurate and PVP-I, while chlorohexidine cetramid (Savlon) showed no efficiency against all tested bacteria .
Generally, B.subtilis and methicillin resistant S.aureus were found to be the most sensitive bacteria being tested in this study against disinfectants and antiseptics while P.aeruginosa was the most resistant bacteria to these agents.
Disc and well diffusion methods showed correlation between the concentrations of disinfectants and the inhibition zones of bacterial growth increase significantly P <0.05.

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of primary pterygium excision with adjunctive amniotic membrane transplantation.
Methods: In an interventional case series, 25 consecutive patients with primary pterygia underwent surgical excision with transplantation of fresh amniotic membrane onto bare sclera in Al-Hakeem general Hospital at Al Najaf city. Patients were followed for at least 12 months and the results were evaluated in terms of recurrent pterygium growth and complications.
Results: 25 of 25 consecutive patients including 14 male and 11 female subjects with mean age of 40±8.8 years were operated. The pterygia extended onto the corneas for 4.2±1.2 (range 3 to 5.5) mm. Only one eye (4%) demonstrated recurrent pterygium growth.
Conclusion: Primary pterygium excision with amniotic membrane transplantation is safe and effective surgical technique with low recurrence rate .

Objectives: To assess health facilities’ performance of surveillance of childhood vaccine preventable diseases.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at 51surveillance units and communicable diseases units. The World Health Organization surveillance assessment questionnaire was used for data collection.
Results: Regarding the performance of health facilities, there were deficiencies in some surveillance items. No any health facility had complete of surveillance manual. The percentage of health facilities that had the standard case definitions and correctly filled clinical registers were 5.9% and 22.9% respectively. Only 11.6% of health facilities had a written case management protocol for one epidemic prone disease and 21.6% of health facilities implemented preventive and control measures based on local data.
Conclusions: There is no complete National surveillance manual, a clear deficiency in different resources, incomplete and incorrect form of filling of the majority of clinical registers.
Key words: surveillance, vaccine, preventable diseases

In this study, (100) wound swabs and (65) blood samples were collected from (100) patients suffering from burn wound infections with the age range between (1.5-45) years old from both sexes. The period of collection was extended from November 2011 to March 2012.
All samples were subjected to identify the bacterial cultivation, and different types of bacteria were isolated which caused burn wounds infections. The predominant bacteria was P.aerugenusa for gram negative, and for gram positive was S.aureus.
The effect of Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and povidon iodin (PI) on bacterial isolats were studied and the results showed there is no great difference between the effect of SSD and PI on all the studied bacterial isolates.
The combination between (SSD) and (PI) and between (SSD) and some systimic antibiotics where studied and the results showed that the effects of combined antimicrobial on isolated bacteria become better than the use these antimicrobial alone.

This study aimed to detect the bacterial types which cause neonatal sepsis in addition to identifying the risk factors that result in the infection of this disease. The subjects of the study comprised (50) neonates ranging in age between one to ninety days from both sexes who admitted to the Preterm Unit and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in the Babylon Hospital for Pediatric and Gynecology, from October 2011 to March 2012. The blood samples were examined for the WBC count and the C-reactive protein as signs for the infection. Then, a blood culture was made on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and nutrient agar media to identify the bacterial types causing the infection. The results indicated that Early Onset Sepsis is more common than Late Onset Sepsis and Gram negative bacteria are the main cause for sepsis. Abnormal WBC count and positive CRP are strongly associated with blood culture proven septicemia.

Background: Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension of at least 140/90 mmHg recorded on at least two separate occasions and at least 4 hours apart and in presence of at least 300 mg protein in a 24 hour collection of urine, arising de novo after 20th week of pregnancy in a previously normotensive woman and resolving completely by the 6th postpartum week, and is often referred to as the disease of theories, and there are more questions than answers and is characterized by alterations in renal function, changes of electrolyte and water metabolism are common findings.
Aim of study: To evaluate the usefulness of urine calcium and phosphorus level as a makers of severity in preeclampsia.
Setting: Our study was carried out at AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospital of Maternity and pediatrics in AL-NAJAF city from April-September-2011 .
Patients and methods:
The total number of all cases was 100, among them 21 women with normal pregnancy , 26 cases with non proteinuric hypertension(whether essential or pregnancy-induced hypertension) , 20 cases with mild preeclampsia , 33 cases with sever preeclampsia .
Every patient was sent for urinary calcium and phosphate which both were determined by the Kramer-Tisdall and phosphomolibidic acid method, respectively.
Data are given as mean ± standard deviation. Student t- test and simple correlation analysis were used as statistical method to test the results .
Results: There was significant decrease in excretion of calcium and phosphorus in sever preeclampsia[p< 0.001,p< 0.01] respectively as a result of decrease glomerular filtration rate. While in mild cases and pregnancy induced hypertension cases there were no significant changes.
Conclusion: Urine calcium and phosphorus level are ≥significant determinant of severity of preeclampsia and may be considered as useful marker for predicting the level of renal impairment and time of delivery.

Background: Evaluation of central and peripheral corneal thickness is of great clinical importance in the ophthalmology. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the optical and ultrasound pachymetric measurements by comparing the central corneal thickness measurements obtained by the (SP 3000 pachymeter from TOMEY) and Allegro Oculyzer (pentacam ) pachymeter.
Patients and methods: 28 patients attending the photorefractive surgery unit at IBSAR LASIK center in ALnajaf were collected. The patients were grouped into three major groups according to the refractive errors they got and the central corneal thickness for each patient was measured by two methods:1. using the Allegro Oculyzer (pentacam) as a non contact optical pachymeter.2. using the ultrasonic pachymeter SP 3000 pachymeter from TOMEY, all measurments were done by the same surgeon.
Results: the findings of this study reported that the ultrasound pachymeter significantly overestimates the corneal thickness by about 2.85 micron and the eyes with refractive errors ranging from 0 to -6D in our study have higher optical central corneal thickness values than ultrasonic values but the differences were statistically non significant.
Conclusion: Ultrasound pachymetry overestimates the corneal thickness measurements compared to optical pachymetry and they should not be used interchangeably during sequential checking of this ocular parameter

Background: Pleural effusion often causes abnormal pulmonary gas exchange. Thoracentesis is commonly used to relieve dyspnea in patient with pleural effusion, but its effect upon arterial oxygenation is varied and poorly understood.
Aim of study: To determine the effect of therapeutic thoracentesis on arterial O2 saturation and other hemodynamics.
Patients and methods: We studied thirty patients (20 men and 10 women) mean age 44.5 year with unilateral pleural effusion of varied causes. The diagnosis of pleural effusion was depend on clinical and radiological bases. Patients with large pleural effusion were included in this study.
At the time of investigation, all patients were clinically stable and each patient was informed about the possible side effect of the Procedure .
Results: This study reveals that the arterial O2 saturation was significantly decreased after thoracentesis
The pulse rate was significantly decreased after thoracentesis .
But no significant changes were found in either blood pressure or respiratory rate .
Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in arterial O2 saturation after thoracentesis .
There was significant reduction in pulse rate after thoracentesis .
while there was no change in blood pressure and respiratory rate .
Key wards: thoracentesis, O2 saturation, plural effusion, dyspnea

Aim of the study:The current study was conducted to investigate the causes of bacterial eye infections which included inflammation of conjunctivitis,eye lid infection(Blepharitis) and dacryocystitis and detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis at different age groups .
Method:study was conducted in laboratory of Microbiology-College of science for women,Babylon University,involve taken sample from Al Hilla teaching hospital,Al Noor child hospital and Babylon maternity and paediatric hospital from Novmber 2011 to May 2012.
Results:Culture investigation showed 176 positive bacterial growth of 191,119 isolate represent Gram positive and 57 isolate Gram negative,in Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus auerus showed high percentage(38.06%),While in Gram negative Escherichia Coli showed high percentage(22.7%),were infection for Chlamydia only one sample positive for Chlamydia Trachomatis ELISA IgG and IgM.
Conclusion:The current study concluded there single case infection with Chlamydia and showed high level of IL-12 in infected with eye infection.

The present study was conducted to explore the oxidative stress levels in asthma. To achieve this aim, 87 asthmatic patients, and 46 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. The samples were obtained from Babylon Asthma and Allergy center in Hilla city. The laboratory work was carried out in the research-lab of the departments of biochemistry, college of medicine, Kufa University, Iraq. Superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically. The used statistical analysis ( student`s t-test) showed a highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in superoxide dismutase and a highlysignificant (p<0.001) increase in malondialdehyde concentrations in asthmatic patients when compared with healthy individuals. The linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation for superoxide dismutase (r =-0.63, p<0.01), and a significant (r =0.53, p<0.01) positive correlation for malondialdehyde concentration with age of asthmatic patients. The statistical analysis indicated a significant negative correlation for superoxide dismutase (r = -0.63, p<0.01) and a significant (r =0.44, p<0.01) positive correlation for malondialdehyde concentration with the duration of asthma. Patients from rural areas showed a significant (p<0.01) decrease of superoxide dismutase and a significant (p<0.01) increase of malondialdehyde concentrations when compared to those of urban residency. The results indicated that asthma is highly associated with oxidative stress. It may evoke the addition of antioxidant to the treatment of asthma,And those who live in rural area should ingest a high amount of anti-oxidant to ensure the balance between the oxidant species and the well-done anti-oxidant in the cell.
Key words: superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, Iraq population.

The present article, describe a new surgical technique for hydrocele. This technique involves total excision of tunica vaginalis sac. This surgical method was different from that of the standard operative procedures-Jabouley's and Lord's. Our technique required no suture material in thin tunica vaginalis sac and running suturing for this with thick sac .Thus the technique appeared to be simple and safe, and minimize the postoperative scrotal and testicular swelling ,which is the most troublesome problem following the standard operative procedures. even when carried out by junior surgeon.
Key wards: hydrocele, tunica vaginalis, hydrocelectomy

The purpose of the research was to study the purification and characterization of lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. white seeds. The lectin was purified by sequence of steps , namely , first with ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange (DEAE cellulose) and gel filtration (sephadex G-200) chromatography, and finally by polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE). Single band was observed in native PAGE . The lectin was shown to have molecular weight of 33 kDa in SDS PAGE and about 35 kDa in gel filtration and purified about 9.01 fold to final specific activity of 64 titer/mg of protein. The hemagglutination activity of the lectin was stable within the pH range from 4-11 and temperature range from 0°-50°C. Chemical modification results indicate that lysine and tryptophan were crucial for the hemagglutination activity of lectin. The results of carbohydrates specificity showed that the lectin was had complex sugar specifities, but not specific to xylose and mannose.

In this study, four virulence genes were investigated in seven clinical isolates of E. faecalis collected from 104 samples by using PCR techniques. Enhanced expression of pheromones (eep) was seen to be present in only 2 isolates which were isolated from urine samples, whereas Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis (efaA) was present in five isolates (3 isolated from urine and 2 from wound).
Besides, internalin AB (inlAB) was also detected. It was found that inlAB is present in 4 isolates (3 urine and one from wound). The enterolysin A (enlA)is absent from all isolates.
The presence of such virulence genes may promote the ability of this bacteria to cause a disease in human.

Background: Growth retardation can occur as complication of thalassemia as early as the 1st or 2nd year of life but these abnormalities more prominent after the 6 – 8 years of life .
Aims of Study: This study was carried out to determine :
1- rate of growth retardation among thalassemia patients in Babil thalassemia center .
2- the relationship of growth failure with certain variable including age , number of blood transfusion , serum ferritin , mean hemoglobin level, size of spleen , type of thalassemia and gender of the patients .
Patient and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 110 patient , ( 67 male , 43 female) with ß- thalassemia , classified as 79 patients with ß- thalassemia major , 23 patient ß – thalassemia intermediate and 8 patients with sickle cell thalassemia , Who were attending the thalassemia center of Babylon maternity and children hospital , from period of march to August 2009 , their age range from one year to 20 years with mean age of 9±2 years.
Control group: One hundred healthy children were taken as control group , their age ranged from 1-15 years, with mean age 7± 2.3years , non of them had history of blood transfusion and they had no family history of hemoglobinopathy .
Result :Thalassemic patients developed 45.5% short stature and 40% weight failure, in comparison to control group (4% short stature , 8% weight failure). Growth retardation was affected by age, increased number of blood transfusion, size of spleen, serum ferritin and hemoglobin level, while there is no difference regarding type of thalassaemia or gender .
Conclusions: Growth is significantly affected by thalassaemia and different factors play a role.
Recommendations: This study emphasized the importance of maintenance of normalized hemoglobin level , good monitoring of growth parameter and iron over load with optimal iron chelation therapy.

Objectives: Detection of genes responsible for identification of enterococci to the species level using PCR, determination of enterococcal serum resistance and phagocytic index.
Materials and methods: seven enterococcal isolates were obtained from two hundred urine samples. After identification of enterococcal isolates by biochemical tests, all of them were subjected to PCR technique using species-specific PCR primers for E. faecalis and E. faecium, enterococcal serum resistance and phagocytic index were detected.
Result: This study revealed that five isolates (71.43%) reacted with ddlE. faecalis; whereas the remaining (28.57%) isolates reacted with ddlE. faecium. Also, revealed that phagocytic index of two E. faecalis and one E. faecium isolates were 27%, 25% and 19%, respectively, while one E. faecium isolate showed phagocytic index as 8%. Moreover, enterococcal serum resistance showed that E. faecalis was more sensitive to the serum as compared to E. faecium.
Conclusion: Enterococcal isolates can't be easily identified to the species level by conventional or traditional methods but it can be easily identified by species-specific PCR primers ddlE. faecalis and ddlE. faecium. Enterococcous faecalis tends to be more sensitive to innate immune parameters as compared to E. faecium.
Key words: E. faecalis and E. faecium species-specific PCR primers, Enterococcous spp.

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee is often performed in patient s who have knee symptoms of unclear cause .When meniscal tears are found, it is commonly assumed that the symptoms are related to these. However there is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence of meniscal damage in general population and the association of meniscus tears with the knee symptoms.
Object to evaluate the prevalence of meniscal tear on MRI scans in the knees of asymptomatic patients.
Patients and Methods We performed MRI examinations on 80 asymptomatic patients (38 females and42 males), who were 35 -60 years and ambulatory .We assessed the integrity of the menisci in the right knee joint .
Results The prevalence of meniscal tears in the Rt.knee joints as detected on MRI was 28.8% .Damage to the medial meniscus was more common than to the lateral meniscus 69.5%. The prevalence of meniscal damage increased with increasing age in both sexes.
Conclusions On MRI examination of the knee joint , many people without knee pain has meniscal signal changes . Clinical correlation is essential to determine the importance of these signal abnormalities on magnetic resonance images especially in subjects older than 50 years ,a significant number of meniscal tears must be expected .This shows the potential danger of the use of MRI alone as a basis for the determination of surgical intervention.

Acid phosphatase is one of the most important autotransporter in Moraxella catarrhalis . So Moraxella catarrhalis isolates were undergone to produce extracellular acid phosphatase enzyme in the presence and absence of its own substrate (p-nitrophenyle phosphate) at two pH conditions (pH 6.0 & pH 7.0). It was shown that acid phosphatase was produced in the presence and also in the absence of substrate but the highest activity was observed at pH 7.0 in the presence of the substrate, this will give an indicator that this enzyme is produced constitutively and inducibly.
The mapA gene is one of essential encoding gene for the production of acid phosphatase. This gene was detected by specific PCR primer. The results showed that only 3 of M. catarrhalis isolates had positive result for this gene where as the rest did not posses it.

Objectives: This study is aimed to isolate P.aeruginosa from different clinical cases and to detect the prevalence of virulence genes encoding type III secretion system toxins in these clinical isolates.
Materials and methods: In this study a total of 422 clinical samples including burn, wound ,ear, urine ,abscess and stool were aseptically taken from out- and inpatients who admitted into two hospitals in Hilla City(Teaching Al-Hilla Hospital and Babylon Hospital for Maternity and children during a period of three months (from March 2011 to June 2011). All samples were subjected to bacterial cultivation for the isolation of P.aeruginosa. The isolated P.aeruginosa was diagnosed depended on morphological, biochemical and molecular standard characteristics. Type III secretion toxins-encoding genes (exoS, exoY, exoT and exoU) were detected by PCR and the amplification products were separated in 1% agarose gels containing ethidium bromide.
Results: Out of 422 samples, P.aeruginosa was isolated from 54 samples(12.8%). The distribution of these isolates were: 22 (55%) from burn samples, 2; (50%) from diabitics foot samples, 8 (14.8%) from wound samples,8 (32%) from ear samples, 3 (11%) from abscess samples,7 (4%) from stool samples, 4 (4%) from urine samples and 0 sputum samples. The genotypic properties of type III secretion system toxins was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of this study revealed that exoS gene found in 10/20(50%) of isolates, exoY gene accounted for 12/20(60%) of isolates, while exoT detected in most isolates17/20(85%) and exoU was detected in minaroty of isolates 5/20(25%).
Conclusion:Type III secretion system toxins-encoding genes found in isolated P.aeruginosa, in which exoT, exoY and exoS gene detected in most isolates while exoU gene was detected in minaroty of the isolates.

Background: Thrombocytopenia is commonly observed in critically ill patients. A low platelet count is a strong and independent predictor of an adverse outcome in critically ill patients, thereby facilitating a simple and practical risk assessment in these patients and potentially guiding the use of complex or expensive treatment strategies.
Objectives: To evaluate the variation in platelet counts and the risk factors associated with thrombocytopenia and mortality in pediatric intensive care patients.
Patients and Method: A prospective, observational cohort study was undertaken in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Babylon Gynecology and Pediatric teaching hospital in Hilla city, Babil, Iraq over a period of 5 months from 1st May 2011 to 1st October 2011. Besides patients' demography, source of admission, primary diagnosis, presence or absence of sepsis, bleeding, use of central venous or arterial lines and mechanical ventilation were recorded. Laboratory data collected at admission included complete blood counts, C- reactive protein, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, serum bilirubin and coagulation profile. These were also repeated with the occurrence of thrombocytopenia. Platelet count was performed daily for all patients.
Results: The median Pediatric Intensive Care Unit stay was 4 days (range 2-98 days). At least one episode of thrombocytopenia was seen in 58 patients (44.61%) Mild, moderate, and severe thrombocytopenia was present in 27.69%, 23.07%, and 14.61%, of patients respectively. Sepsis, high blood urea and serum creatinin, high total serum bilirubin, and positive C-reactive protein had significant correlation with the development of thrombocytopenia. There was a significant association between mortality and the presence of mechanical ventilation, sepsis, blood transfusion, high blood urea and serum creatinin, positive CRP, and leukocytosis. The survivors had higher platelet counts throughout the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit stay and after an initial fall in platelet counts showed a significantly higher rise in the platelet counts in the following days than the non-survivors.
Conclusions:
 Thrombocytopenia is common in pediatric intensive care unit especially in patients with sepsis and coagulation defect.
 Thrombocytopenic children have higher incidence of bleeding, and higher mortality.
 Any drop in platelet counts even without thrombocytopenia needs an urgent and extensive evaluation.
 Serial measurements of platelet counts are better predictors of pediatric intensive care outcome than one-time values.
 Thrombocytopenia is common in ICUs and constitutes a simple and readily available risk marker for mortality, independent of and complementary to established severity of disease indices. Both a low nadir platelet count and a large fall of platelet count predict a poor vital outcome in adult ICU patients.
 We did not study the mechanisms that lead to decreased platelet count. Nevertheless, we think other studies provide compelling arguments to assume that inflammation-induced platelet sequestration plays a major role.
Keywords: Platelets, mortality, pediatric intensive care. thrombocytopenia , coagulopathy

The present study was conducted to verify the oxidative stress status in miscarriage .To achieve this aim, 70 women with miscarriage (patient group) , and 25 healthy non pregnant (control group) were subjected to the study.
The statistical analysis ( student's t-test) showed a significant (p<0.001) increase of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels , in women with miscarriage when compared with those of the control group .
The linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation for both MDA values(r =0.47, p<0.01) and NO values(r =0.45, p<0.01) with gestational ages .The same analysis indicated a significant positive correlation for MDA (r =0.73 , p<0.01) and (r =0.71 , p<0.01) for NO levels with the number of previous miscarriages was observed . The results indicate that oxidative stress may lead to miscarriage.
Key words: nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, miscarriage.

Objectives: Identifying the seroprevalence of acute anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and chronic IgG antibodies, the environmental and behavioral factors and some socio demographic data of the study sample.
Methods: A descriptive Cross sectional study done on 275 pregnant women(15-45 years old). All the studied women were interviewed and blood samples were taken.
Results: The seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM antibody (acute infection) was 22.2%, whereas IgG seropositivity (chronic infection ).was 32.4%,with significant association with consumption of undercooked meat, undercooked beef consumption, consumption of one meal of meat /day and exposures to soil and /or contact with cats were significant associated factors.
Conclusion: There is a considerable prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection.
Key words: Toxoplasmosis, seroprevalence, pregnant women

Objective: To estimate some hematological changes in patients with bladder cancer.
Patients: One hundred patients admitted to Al-Hilla General Teaching Hospital and to the Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Hospital in Baghdad, and 30 healthy persons (control group) were enrolled in this study which lasted from February to June 2011. The patients included 72 males and 28 females, their ages ranged from 41-84 years, with a mean age of 62.82±9.52 years. Those patients were divided into male and female subgroups.
As well, the healthy controls were matched in age and sex with them.
Results: The study demonstrated that red blood corpuscular (RBCs) count, hemoglobin (Hb), packed corpuscular volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were significantly decreased in both male and female bladder cancer patients compared to the control group while the values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were insignificantly decreased in both male and female patients compared to the control group. The white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets counts were insignificantly changed in both male and female patients in comparison with the control group; on the other hand, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was found to be significantly increased in both male and female patients compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The changes in all previously mentioned markers in bladder cancer patients might be potentially important findings as hematological tools for the disease.
Key words: Hematological changes, bladder cancer.

Background: Thyroid hormones are important at cellular level, affecting nearly every type of tissue in the body.
Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine whether thyroid hormones affect lipid profile in patients with hyperthyroidism.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 22 hyperthyroid patients (11 men and 11 women), with mean age 48.5±13.1 years and 24 apparently healthy control (12 men and 12 wome), with mean age 49.5±11.4 years). Serum levels of, thyroid stimulated hormone TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by ELISA technique, and total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipo-protein cholesterol (HDL-C), and Triglyceride (TG) were measured spectrophotometrically, while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C ) were calculated.
Results: Thyroid stimulated hormone TSH, lipids and lipoproteins (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C ) levels of patients were significantly lower than those of the control group ( p> 0.05). And there were significant increases in serum thyroid hormones T4, T3 values (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism is associated with decrease levels of lipoprotein, caused by increased hepatic uptake due to an enhanced affinity for the LDL receptor, and regulatory protein of TG (ApoAV).

Objective: The aim of the investigation was to compare overall and anterior Bolton ratios in different malocclusion groups of sample of Iraqi patients applying for orthodontic treatment and to compare them with Bolton’s standards.
Setting: cross-sectional, comparative, cephalometric study.
Methods: Cross sectional data was gathered from the study casts of patients need orthodontic treatment, after obtaining informed written consent from them. 130 out of 150 study casts were filtered based upon the inclusion and exclusion criteria. ANB angle was traced on corresponding lateral cephalograms. The mesio distal widths of all maxillary and mandibular teeth from right first molar to left first molar were calibrated with the use of a manual caliper. There were 55 class I,38 class II division 1,21 class II division 2 and 21 class III. The overall and anterior Bolton ratios for malocclusion group were compared with Bolton standard using students t-test
Results: Significantly higher mean anterior tooth ratios were found for skeletal CL II\1(p<0.01) patients. All other ratios were within close range of Bolton’s norms.
Conclusions: Skeletal Class II patients showed a tendency towards higher mesio- distal widths of teeth in the maxillary anterior region.

Background: Hypothyroidism is a condition resulting from insufficient production or diminished action of either T3 and/or T4 thyroid hormones.
Objective: The present study is to look for a correlation between oxidative stress and thyroid function in hypothyroidism patients.
Patients and Methods: 30 patients with hypothyroidism patients and 30 healthy individuals as control subjects were included in the study. We measured their serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin and thyroid-stimulating hormone( T3,T4,TSH ). Estimation of MAlondyIdehyd (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH) in serum and in homogenized thyroid tissue were carried out by standard methods.
Results: TSH was elevated in both serum and in homogenized tissue of patients compared to controls, while T4 and T3 were significantly lower in the patients than in controls. Melanodyldehyd (MDA) aS Lipid Peroxidation were significantly higher in both serum and in homogenized tissue of patients than in the controls, while(GSH) were significantly lower in both serum and in homogenized tissue of patients than in the control subjects.
Conclusions: According to the present study we could conclude that hypothyroidism cause tissues undergo several biochemical changes that predispose them to oxidative damage. Therefore we suggest that hypothyroidism patients may benefit from supplements of antioxidants.
Keywords: Glutathione; Oxidative stress, thyroid gland ,.Hypothyroidism .

This study was aimed to determine sodium, potassium and magnesium levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The study included 24 patients (male only) aged 33-40years compared with 20 volunteers as the same sex and aged as a control group. Mean± SD of serum sodium, potassium and magnesium in patients were182.568±22.745,0.973±0.219 and 0.502±0.085mmol/L while control group were 125.047±23.257,3.475±0.818 and0.941±0.067mmol/L respectively. The study showed a significantly increase in Na level p-value(0.00) and significantly decreased in K and Mg levels in patients compared with control group p-value(0.00, 0.00) .The correlation factor was determined between K and Mg (r = 0.536).

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of electrophysiological indexes in detecting and preventing diabetic neuropathy, it is important to identify subclinical diabetic neuropathy with no objective clinical or electrophysiological abnormalities, in which routine nerve conduction study often fails to detect early stage of neuropathy.
Two subjects groups were included in this study, patients with DM and control subjects. The routine nerve conductive study (NCS) and F-wave were conducted in 35 patients with type II diabetes mellitus but without symptoms and signs of lesions of nervous system.
Conduction velocity (SCV) and sensory amplitude (Amp) were measured for median, ulnar and sural nerves as well as distal motor latency (DML), motor conduction velocity (MCV), motor amplitude (Amp) and F-wave latency were measured for median, ulnar and tibial nerves in DM patients and their control group.
Our results showed that there were significant differences between the controls and the DM group (p<0.05). The prolonged F-wave latency represent the main abnormalities and the involvement of the sensory fibers are more than that of the motor fibers and the affection of the lower limbs nerve are worse than that of the upper limbs in diabetic patients when compared with the control group. The most commonly involved nerves are the sural and median nerve sensory fibers. So in this study we concluded that F-wave can be used as a sensitive indicator for the early diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy and it can help to detect the subclincial lesions.