AL-SSEBT JOURNAL

The research seeks to study the role of Ahl al-Bayt "peace be upon them" in the face of the phenomenon of banditism, which has begun to take root in the joints of the Islamic community, leaving dire effects that made damages on the members of the community. Therefore, it was necessary to address this phenomenon by referring to the rulings of the holy Qur'an and the honorable Sunnah, and applying their provisions. The research included an introduction, two chapters, results, and sources and references

The first chapter dealt with the definition of the bandits and the rulings arising from it, while the second topic dealt with the opinions of the Ahl al-Bayt "peace be upon them" in the mechanisms of dealing with the bandits

One of the findings of the research, that the narrations made by Ahl al-Bayt "peace be upon them" have presented an adequate set of religious rulings against the bandits, which are centered on four rulings, namely, execution, crucifixion, cutting off limbs from behind, and exile. It is possible that the road blocker will be pardoned in the event that he repents before they were captured, however, he had to pay the blood money or fine to the victim's family. These rulings were like a leash that surrounded the bandit, as they contributed greatly to deterring them and undermining their movement for fear of punishment as the guidelines and supplications made by the Ahl al-Bayt "peace be upon them" to the people, had a great impact in immunizing those people from falling into the hands of bandits, calming their fear, and arming them with the weapon of faith, strength, and determination to confront their danger

Taking onto account the importance of the stability of faith-based attitudes in the insides of man and its direct correlation to seek social reform, Imam Hussein is seen as a historic symbol for such stability. Through his attitudes, he tried to treat a number misconceptions in his time, giving an unblemished image of the religious and moral values that can give a person the right judgment and the insightful vision about the situations around him, and make him strong enough to face all the contradictions happening in front of him in terms of various words and deeds that states and individuals impersonate. Particularly, the attempt of the Umayyad political regime to dissolve the pillars of religion and the those of the religious political approach. Therefore, the general conditions in the Islamic world needed a religious leadership that would take upon itself the task of rebuilding the prophetic base with firm faith-based attitudes even if the matter would cost a sacrifice of soul, family and children. Hence, Imam Hussein was addressing that mission, which was evident through his steadfast belief in the Islamic principles that he took as a weapon to reform that authoritarian and societal deviation by guiding people with his knowledge, advice, speeches and messages.

The holy city of Karbala is one of the prominent cities in the Islamic world, despite its smallness, but it was famous in the east and west of the earth for its historical, archaeological, religious, political, scientific, literary and social importance, since its pure soil included the body of Imam Hussein bin Ali (peace be upon them both) in In the year 61 AH / 680 CE, after the martyrdom of this imam, the eternal hero, Karbala became a school of thought with a high level and wide for scholars, who emerged in Karbala, and some of them came to Karbala, until it was a \"beacon and theater\" for scientific, civilizational, and cultural circles of science and giving it a touch of distinguished shoots of scholars, so it graduated Dozens of jurists, writers, historians, and poets included their ideas and works sparked an unrivaled approval.
Holy Karbala occupied a scientific position, which made us interested in studying it as an \"important\" center for research and study, and history tells us that Karbala in the ninth century AH, shone in its sky stars dazzled by their light, and among the most famous of them was Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Kafami, one of the famous Imamate jurists, a great scholar of high stature One of the ninth century notables who bring together science and literature, the publishers of the linguistics of modern, and the extractors of the treasures of benefits and anecdotes, and people have benefited from his extensive writings, director hadiths, and much favored by him.The jurist Al-Kafami contributed to enriching the treasures of knowledge in the holy city of Karbala.

This research is a study of the manuscript of dinars, quantities, and others by Mirza Qadi bin Kashifuddin (d. 1075 AH). This manuscript was divided into twelve chapters and thirty divisions by the author, covering weights and measures, as well as money, the manuscript included complete information and detailed explanation indicating extensive scientific knowledge and great ability to display scientific materials and discuss the opinions of jurists and scholars.
The study of the manuscript of Mirza Qadi contributes to supplying the Islamic Economic Studies Library with a new addition. The manuscript contained important and valuable information and a distinguished display of the views of scholars on the economic issues that dealt with.
The manuscript has been compared to another copy we obtained, after that we extracted and attributed the hadiths or opinions contained in the manuscript to its original references.
In this study, large number of hadith books, fiqh and men’s books were used, which helped us in documenting the information contained in this manuscript.

The importance of the research comes to the great landmarks that the holy city of Karbala contains at all levels, including the economic ones, which are the subject of the research. In it, we shed the light on the economic activity of the city for the period (1968-2003 AD), due to its great economic status, in addition to that during this period; it was a center and a platform for religious tourism.
The research showed the level of the economy of the city of Karbala. Despite the economic potential of all sectors (agricultural, industrial, tourism), but they were not benefited from, due to the marginalization of the city by the ruling authority, and thus the city's economy suffered a lot.

The spatial expansion of cities is phenomenon that has no place or limit, but it is variable and different according to the factors that led to this expansion. The urban cities are among the cities characterized by a large population increase, as this population works to increase the expansion of the city rapidly, there also are factors that help to the city’s expansion, and have a significant impact on the city’s expansion. This expansion remains continuous over the years, as this expansion works to provide spaces for the residents and plan the land uses and services needed by the city’s residents. The holy city of Karbala is one of the religious cities that is characterized by a large population. The city is constantly expanding through its four phases since its inception until the present time, based on statistical data, and a basic design map for the city of Karbala.

Some positive phenomena have a role in the presence of a certain phenomenon or the gathering of phenomena, in order for this phenomenon to exist in a certain place or spot, the presence of the phenomenon, for example, the presence of transport routes, for example, affected the presence of some patterns of certain streets forced by the situation to appear, or natural phenomena that greatly affected a certain pattern or the establishment of sewage networks as an example, or the presence of some roads in a certain direction without the other. For example, the lack, increase, or decrease in the number of housing projects. So, many phenomena existed for certain reasons, so many areas were affected, whether they were urban, regional, industrial, or commercial. For the construction industry or the construction process that takes place within residential or investment projects, it is different from what it was before. It used to depend on very simple methods and materials that exhausts both the workers and the work. Nowadays, new materials have appeared that suit even the hardest atmosphere and climatic environment, through the development of heat-insulating materials and the use of aluminum instead of iron, in addition to the urban character. The buildings have become with architectural designs that resemble buildings are similar to their forms in the past, and are also similar to Western forms, and thus, this phenomenon was known as artificial and technological intelligence. This phenomenon worked by the two holy shrines in terms of controlling the building, the shape of the style, and the type of building, whether it was vertical or horizontal, and in equipping the buildings with a system that controls the lighting process, and opening and closing the doors. All of this reflects the state of development that it has become for that progress in economic projects.

As a concept, a resilient city is relatively new to the urban debate despite its great importance to the great challenges that cities face. Cities must be able to withstand in the face of changes and transformations, whether urban, societal or environmental. This research contributes to the debate on and understanding of the resilient city in theory and practice.
Through their studies, the researchers found the concepts of a flexible city and its secondary axes to derive several main indicators, and then divide those indicators under three important axes, namely: (urban structure and environment, management, authority and strategy, and the social aspect), and the urban structure index is divided into four secondary axes. (Functional diversity and the difficulty of changing the urban system, interconnectedness and regional factor), while the management, authority and strategy index is divided into: (emergency response and civilian leadership), and then the social aspect index is divided into three axes: (social capital and the overlap of public and private ownership), and the percentage of immigrants). These axes and their secondary indicators are the tools through which the flexible city is applied, which work together in an interactive and integrated manner to reach an efficient and flexible city.

This study came to identify the reality of green areas in Karbala Governorate, and the study included the agricultural area as well as the area of natural pastures, as geographical information systems were adopted in calculating the mentioned areas and the study started from the year 1990 and then in the year 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2019 .
The study found that there is a large variation in the mentioned areas from one year to another due to the presence of several factors affecting them including geographical (natural and human) factors, as the climate played with its various elements, radiation, heat, humidity, dust ... etc, (as one of the most natural factors An impact on the agricultural and grazing area) a major role over many years in influencing the breadth or decay of the green area, especially since the study area falls within the hot dry climate according to the Köppen climate classification. As for human factors, it has the most prominent role in controlling the area of agricultural lands and the area of rangelands on Both especially In recent times, where the climatic conditions are appropriate, he encouraged the expansion of agricultural areas in the province at the expense of the rangelands area, especially in the year 2019 CE.

The residential use in the city of Karbala represents a dimension of spatial disparity and a distinct urban aspect that influences its internal structure and is an essential part of the urban fabric and occupies a wider area than other urban uses within the city. The research aims to shed light on the housing reality in the city of Karbala and the housing deficit that the city suffers as a result of the large population increase that the city is witnessing for several reasons، in order to reach the achievement of adequate housing requirements for residents and end the housing deficit in the city. The city of Karbala was characterized by being one of the attractive areas for the population due to the presence of the holy shrines of Imam Hussein and his brother Al-Abbas، peace be upon them. In terms of its rates of housing unit increase، then the field study came to shed light on the spatial analysis of the housing reality in Karbala for the year 2015 AD، and the knowledge of the housing deficit and the accumulation of this deficit. The results of the field study showed clearly the existence of the quantitative housing deficit in the city as a result of the increase in the population in a greater or greater way than the increase in housing units in the city، and that family fission did not contribute to the housing deficit due to its limitations and the survival of married children with their families، where the proportion of double housing reached about 44.5% of the families covered by the field survey، in addition to the detection of several problems facing the residential sector in Karbala. The research suggested the need to work on enacting legislations that limit the flow of immigration from other governorates to the city of Karbala and from rural migration، to provide requirements for the construction of housing units from building materials، to distribute land (Arras)، to encourage pre-construction، to contribute to the construction of low-cost homes and to sell them at nominal prices Citizens must release the bank’s mortgage loans and increase its capital to solve the housing crisis، take care of the old areas in the city center، and provide the infrastructure for new residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city.

If we follow the texts of Ibn Arabi in which the phonetic features are mentioned in general, we will find them in two parts, one that he followed the terminology of linguists, grammarians, and intonation scholars, as it narrated by Sibawayh and others. These scholars were his intellectual reference in the features, so he mentioned jahr, Hams, Shadda, Rakhawa, Etbak, Safeer, Inheraf, and Takrir, and employed them semantically in their relationship with the universe. The second one, he proposed a number of conventions related to astrology and talismans, which are closer to language, so he mentioned to the sounds qualities, which he called natural qualities; He meant by them the characteristics of heat, cold, dampness, and dryness. These four components are the origin of the four natural elements (water, air, earth, and fire).
In this research, we will shed light on the two sections, to end up with the mechanism in which the Sufi, the model here, Ibn Arabi, combines the data of the Arabic linguistic lesson and the effects of the Sufi way of looking at existence.

Most of the studies and research conducted by historians, writers and researchers regarding the history of the holy city of Karbala, especially from a social point of view, were limited to study the conditions of education in general. There was no previous study about the history of governmental, private, and foreign primary education in the governorate for 1968-1979.
This research came to study the nature of primary education in Karbala governorate, with both of its governmental and private sectors, and to clarify the most prominent changes that occurred during the period in question, as well as to address the nature of the examination system for primary education and the problems faced by students and percentages of success and failure for school stages. The research also touched on an important issue, which is the literacy centers in the governorate that had an important role in eliminating ignorance and advancing the educational reality of an important segment of the governorate's inhabitants during the period in question.