AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This research deals with the compositional and semantic structure of the Saudi feminist poem among some Saudi poets, relying on the descriptive and analytical approach in the study of poetic texts, and the research consists of two parts: the structural level and the semantic level, and the researcher reviewed a number of Saudi feminist texts at each level. Different in formal and semantic construction.

The research concluded with several results, including the researcher at the conclusion of the research, as well as proved at the end of the research a number of recommendations that were concluded by a study.

The concept of "intertextuality" as a new central critical concept occupied the efforts of many researchers, scholars and critics, Western and Arab, until it became a concept around which research and studies revolve, and indeed it became an important field of criticism, and it actually constitutes a tool of high-importance discourse analysis tools.

The concept of "intertextuality" in the novel occupied a remarkable space. In this research, we have chosen a set of Arab and Maghrebian novels to analyze the notion of literary "intertextuality". The novels chosen are: "The departure of the sea" by the Moroccan Mohamed Ezzedine Tazi, "the secrets of the owner of the concealment" by the Tunisian Ibrahim Dargouthi, "the fragmented mirrors" by the Algerian Abdel Malek Murthadh, "Al Tibr" by Libyan Ibrahim Al Kaouni.

This article seeks to unearth the structures of argumentation that are employed in the story of Al-Kindi, which was included in Al-Jahiz’s Kitab al-Bukhala’ (The Book of Misers). The Story, which features tenants’ attempts to take advantage of property laws in order to (mis)use Al-Kindi’s private property, captures Al-Kindi undermining the tenants’ efforts by using a myriad of pretexts and justifications, both real and unreal.

Approaching this story, this article relies on the principles of argumentation theory in its focus on communicative dimensions of the text, highlighting the main argumentative styles that Al-Kindi uses to produce a discourse that protects his rights against unfair treatment. The article highlights the strategies that move Al-Kindi’s argumentation from convincing and persuading the tenants to committing epistemic violence against them through mentally and psychologically manipulating and winning them over in order to subdue them. The article concludes that the story of Al-Kindi includes surface and deep messages. While the surface of the story is built around a discourse of stinginess and parsimony, the deep meaning concerns the rhetorical strategies through which a questioning of the existing cultural norms and metaphors is established in order to enable the audience discover the inherent contradictions and paradoxes that lie within these norms.

This research deal with some studies carried out by the Orientalist Susan Stitkevich of the ancient Arabic literary text, which constituted a major field of study for Arab scholars and Orientalists. The study arises many findings among which: There is a strong relationship between the ancient Arab literary text and other cultures that are interested in it, some Western critical theories can be applied to ancient Arab literature, the critical efforts of Orientalist Susan Stitkevich are of great importance in the study of the ancient Arabic text, these studies have an impact on the presentation of new meanings, which confirms the vitality and continuity of this literature, there are some drawbacks to the approach of the Orientalist Susan Stitkevich in its preview of the ancient Arabic literary text. The study provides a number of recommendations among which: the necessity of taking care of the orientalist studies that conducted on the old Arabic literary text, taking care of it to benefit from the results, introducing orientalist studies and informing the specialists, especially graduate students in the Arab universities, the need to examine these studies and follow them and critique scientific criticism to show the merits and shortcomings.

This paper, which is entitled ( Paradox in The Iraqi Leaves : a collection of poems by Ahmed Jar-Allah )tackles the theme of paradox in this collection which was published in 2013 including narrative poems , very short stories and slogans. In this collection, the poet focuses on marginalized elements of life, and presents this sarcastically according to nowadays situation .It is a paradoxical vision of reality and what is common. It is an attempt to monitor the contradictions and cons of reality in a sarcastic way. As an attempt to put a critical view that can achieve the essence and content that the poet seeks to elaborate in his poetry, my work focused on tracking the impact of the paradox in his constructive and verbal poetic texts , whose function is to support the semantic structure and to depend on contradiction.

This study, entitled (The Semantic Dimensions of Appeal
Discourse in Surat Yusuf in the Holy Qur’an - A Study in the Light of
the Speech acts Theory) aims to uncover the semantic dimensions of
the Qur’anic discourse in Surat Yusuf in the Holy Qur’an and
monitor its intentions, and to shed light on its direct indications and
indirect implications according to The theory of Speech Acts Theory,
and the study is composed of three axes as follows:
The first axis: the concept of Speech Acts in the Pragmatic lesson
The second axis: the appeal of its appeal, its pillars, achievements
and actual forces
The third axis: The Appeal of the Appeal in Surat Yusuf, its
implications and actual achievements
The study ends its journey with a conclusions and a list of the
books and references used in writing.

The study of narrative in Arabic poetry has received a lot of modern monetary effort, and it has been included under various names such as story, story, story building, narrative performance, and dramatic construction in poetry, as if all these animals mean one thing, despite the differences between them.

What matters to us here is the means of narrative construction that the creative uses in creating narrative text and showing it to exist through the description and narration, as well as dialogue, as the narration and description work together, but in a contradictory way, each of them his job, the narrative focuses on highlighting events in narrative work , The description seeks to reveal the objects and their components, people and their congenital print.

The study was conducted in order to study the methods of narrative construction and its manifestations in the contemporary Iraqi poetry (a balance between the poet Falih al-Rikabi and the poet Nawat Hassan Amin). The study was divided between two sections: the first studied the description; the second came to study the dialogue. Its main findings.

The researcher chose two prominent figures in the field of contemporary Iraqi poetry, and in the field of administrative work, which allows them to approach society in all its categories, as well as their love for the country, and their monitoring of the political and social issues experienced by the country, they carry the same love, attraction itself, nostalgia itself Stay away from him.

This study does not seek to investigate the dialect and its beauty, where specialist and non-specialist Arabic speaker all agree that classical Arabic has its own glamour that no other language has. However, it seeks to explore a linguistic phenomenon known as “dialectic contrast” which creates a semantic ambiguity, in order to be cautious from blinding the intended meaning, as it becomes misunderstood in our daily pragmatic communication. This study focuses on dialectic contrast phenomenon in contemporary Arabic dialects. It is divided into three domains; the first domain is concerned with manifesting the concept of dialectic contrast and the factors that led to its difference without tackling its branching and development, but rather explore the cause that illustrates the statement deviation of the Arabic speaker, which led to a difference that exists between the dialects and their placements among linguistic levels. The second domain, it tackles the phenomenon of language confusion, by expressing “language confusion” as a terminology and language, and distinguishing between it and similar terminologies, such as confusion, ambiguity, delusion, and mystery, as well as the relationship between confusion and dialect, and the rule which governs the confusion occurring in the dialect, and the proposed placements that create confusion on language levels, specifically on the lexical level, which is the subject of the study. As for the third domain, it observes some verbal instances that reveal the effect of the dialects variations in communication via examples from daily real life situations that led to lexical ambiguity, as it presents an overview and not an analysis

The mamluks were able to establish their State in 648 AH\ 1250 AD after they are eliminated on the AYOOBI State . During a short period , the mamluks were able to expand their State , while it included many countries as Egypt , Levant , Hujaz , Yemen and other countries . The mamluk sultans are took Cairo as a capital . After nearly two and a half centuries, the Ottomans managed to eliminate and overthrow it in 923 AH / 1517 AD.

When we followed the history of this State , we found it full of political, administrative, economic and scientific achievements, as the Egyptian countries, especially after the fall of Baghdad in 656 AH / 1258 AD , the scholars came from all over the Islamic Arab country , because of the security and safety of the Egyptian countries, especially after the Abbasid Caliphate was transferred to Egypt, as well as the economic recovery of the Mamluk state, in addition the interest of the Mamluk sultans and senior statesmen in establishing schools, Biemarstanat, mosques, and offices throughout all of the Egyptian countries. They worked to provide all the requirements to ensure that it continued to perform the job it was created for. The students joined to study at the hands of the best teachers and scholars of that era such as Ibn Khaldun, Maqrizi and Suyuti and Ibn al-Nafis and many others. These conditions have helped on establishment a scientific renaissance not only limited to the religious sciences but included experimental sciences, such as medicine, pharmacy, astronomy, chemistry and physics.

The mathematics is one of the mental and experimental sciences that Muslims excelled in. In this field, many scholars have emerged in various parts of the Egyptian countries such as Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Bahadir bin Ahmed known as Ibn Ziqaqa who excelled in the field of astronomy, arithmetic, astrology and chemistry and has many books, and Ali bin Othman bin al-Hawari, who died in 833 AH / 1429 AD, who was a scholar of the statutes.

Because the daily need of man and his way of life are related to some aspects of mathematics, a great role in the progress and development of this science, the urgent need to know and set the timing of prayer and other acts of worship helped to the development of mathematics and the emergence of specialists in this aspect such as Musa bin Muhammad bin Othman, who died in 805 AH / 1403 AD and he has several works it summarizes how to know the prayer times and the direction of the qiblah, and Sharaf al-Din Musa bin Muhammad al-Khalili, author of (Summarizing the Knowledge of Prayer Times and the Qiblah direction) and the book (A Message in the Astrolabe).

In this research paper, we will shed light on this important science , its most prominent scholars , the most important inventions that mathematicians have reached and the relationship of this science to other sciences on the one hand and its impact on people's lives on the other hand, as well as we mentioned the most prominent books of his scientists and their scientific products.

The study investigated the reflections of the fall of the Arabian government administered by Prince Faisal bin Hussein in Damascus and the French occupation of Syria in July 24, 1920. It also investigated the consequences of this occupation on Trans-Jordan (Southeast of Bilad Alsham). Moreover, this study has also discussed the local citizens' reaction towards that occupation and their attempts to organize their local affairs in order to achieve their political pursuits in order to maintain the rest of their country. This study has provided two main themes depending on the possible available Jordanian British documents. The researchers used the descriptive historical approach. The results showed that the residents of Transjordan played a major role in influencing the event mainstream regarding resisting the French occupation project in the north of the Bilad Alsham as well as in the British occupation project in the south. The study recommends that it is necessary to uncover the hidden events regarding the resistance of the residents of the Bilad Alsham especially in the eastern parts towards the French occupation in the area in the first half of the twentieth century.

This research deals with the march of a scientist, a thinker and a great historian of the scholars, thinkers and historians of Iraq in the eleventh century AH in the seventeenth century AD in the field of knowledge fields in which he created and wrote about, his writings have been over thirty, and the subject of history among those topics which emerged in his writings Historical, political, social, economic and cultural conditions that took place in southern Iraq in some periods of the Ottoman era, which prevailed in Iraq and the Arab world for four centuries, but despite the characterization of this rule of destruction and wars and ignorance and backwardness that affected the Arab society and others, The Arab states enjoyed semi-independent administration that allowed them to act in their internal affairs despite their dependence on the Ottoman rule. Among these states was the province of Basra, ruled by the family of Al-Afrasiyab Al-Diri in the eleventh century AH and the mandate of Al-Huweiza in southeastern Iraq, The family of Al-Masha'sha was about three centuries of Hawiye and was wary of its relations with the Safavids and Ottomans.

The Arab identity of the governors of Basra and Hawizah is one of the factors of cultural, literary and cultural prosperity. Among the evidence of this cultural, scientific and cultural prosperity is the abundance of schools, libraries, mosques, the role of science and worship, the care of scientists and students of science and the journey to seek knowledge. In the days of Azza and prosperity and Azorh superiority, and was our historian Abdul Ali bin Rahma al-Hawizi spent the first part of his life in his hometown of Huweizah, wakes up from the scientific sources and sips of the literary nectar and Ijals professors and schools and libraries Until he matured his talent and strengthened his property, headed at the beginning of the fourth decade of his life towards Basra and made his journey in which he offered his goods to the visual society and embraced by the governors of the state was one of their entourage and became the author of the state and poet Ether and submitted most of his works in Basra, the right historical literature that we will review in the search Insha'Allah.

This research deals with a very important subject: the ability of AlBukhari to preserve the harmony between the science of history and the science of Hadith in his book AlTarikh AlKabir “The Grand History”. In addition to explaining the nature of criteria of Hadith collection adopted by AlBukhari in the mentioned book.

For example, AlBukhari used to incorporate in each biography one chain of narration to refer through it or through the Matn (text) to the narrator. He may mention one chain of narration which is the most common. Sometimes he may use a group of chains of narration. He may increase them to reach ten which is very few in his book. Using such Hadith approach by AlBukhari has certain objectives: some are related to the biography of the narrator, others related to the persons mentioned in the chain of narration, and others related to the text, using relevant terminology etc.

AlBukhari didn’t only report the chain of narration without knowledge. He was a critique in most cases and gives his opinion. Sometimes he says, “the chain of narration isn’t acceptable” or “not strong”, or “there is something wrong with the chain of narration”. AlBukhari may have doubt about the authenticity and correctness of the narration, or may have a doubt about the Shaikh’s meeting the student. Sometimes, he says “I do not know of he heard from Abi Al Zinad or not “. This means that Al Bukhari as a Hadith scholar used his incredible skills to add a lot to the science of history, through the process of criticism, assessment, analysis of content of texts and the scrutiny of chains of narration. Such basics transfer History from its general narrative context to an established science.

The aim of this research is to clarify the scientific approach of AlBukari, with regards to texts he used in his book, AlTarikh AlKabir “The Grand History”. Sometimes he used to use the text in full, sometimes in parts, and then he repeats it with same chain of narration or with another chain, or uses many chains of narrations, and may only refer to the text, saying:(Thus, meaning, so forth, so on…).

Also, we aim to show the scientific approach of AlBukhari in mentioning the names of Shaikhs from whom the Hadith narrated, saying “It was heard from, from, it was heard, heard from”. Also, mentioning the names of narrators, saying “It was heard from him, it was narrated from him, from him”.

In addition to that AlBukhari used a group of words on amendment and documentation when mentioning the biography of narrators, such as saying “Trustworthy, his Hadith is well known, sincere”.

The food is called the Sumerians and the akkadian (akalu) , he has an indispensable need in his daily life ,as the real product of energy that is used in human nutrition ,on the basis of which civilization were built. Where man realized that there is an eternal truth since ancient times , his survival in nature depends on two things :food and reproduction ,without food ,a person cannot live ,without reproduction , his fate will lead to annihilation and demise

The Mesopotamian civilization was distinguished by several features, among which were the existence of civilization and the beginning of religious cultures, which played an important role in the development of agricultural villages and populations and the emergence of major cities in them. Because of the environmental changes and the presence of natural forces that led him to worship it and avoided its anger resulting from torrential rains, floods, and strong winds, etc., which necessitated the population to offer sacrifices and offerings to the gods, and whenever the progress was many and large, then God would be satisfied with him, and from here the residents of Mesopotamia found that it is better The sacrifices are sacrificed for animal slaughter. Blood flow is evidence of the flow of life, as blood is the symbol of life and eternity. The rituals of Mesopotamia have gone through several stages, and with various events changed by the political, economic and environmental conditions, and many different rituals have arisen, in which the residents of Mesopotamia were able to express their religious, political and economic status, And researchers and specialists in archeology were able to study the religious side and the gods on the one hand, the political conditions, the system of government, the king, and the mandate of the covenant on the other side through the ages of Mesopotamia. And they tried the residents of Mesopotamia to use some rituals and insert them into myths and stories, which showed to the citizen in that era that the goal of sacrifices offered by him is part of his existence in this life, but that some rituals are very important in his death, so he or his family must provide sacrifices and sacrifices to the gods so that Settle for them.

Morphometric analysis of river basins, its efficiency depends on the accuracy of the used data and the method of analysis. The Harbah basin located in northern Iraq (Dohuk - Aqrah) was chosen as one of the small basins with an area of about (184.80) km2, the aim of this current study is to analyze the morphometric measurements in the Harpah basin By adopting the accuracy of the spatial distinction of the digital height model (30) meters (SRTM- DEM), by adopting the geographic information systems technology and its modifications in the field of morphometric analysis represented by the morphometric toolbox, in order to find out the most important morphometric parameters and their impact on development and planning in the region, the results of the study showed that The basin is ranked sixth according to the Strahler classification, and most of the secondary basins are either of the third or fourth rank, and the direction of flow from the north and northwest towards the south and southeast is in line with the slope of the region and the direction of the folds, and the basin is dominated by the lengthening of valleys because most of its area is 60% a slight slope The morphometric coefficients of the basin indicate the youth of the basin, the beginning of maturity, the dominance of solid rocks, and the weakness of the sedimentary product of the basin other than the molar areas. With a high slope in the north and southwest of the basin, as well as the convergence of secondary basins in most of their morphometric characteristics, for the similarity of the natural components in the region, with concentrations of areas of water concentration in the regions of the north of the basin due to the large numbers of river ranks (first and second) and the area where valleys meet in the middle of the basin. The expansion direction of the basin was south and southeast, due to its connection with the slope and topography of the area.

Tropical depressions has developed into cyclones which are the most dangerous in the world because of their destructive power, and they are abundant in the northern part of Indian Ocean, of which the Arabian Sea is part. Therefore, this research came to know more about it in terms of its recurrence and specifically its impact on Arabian coast in the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean during period (1967 - 2018), i.e. for a period of (42) years, with the identification of regions of origin and the category of cyclones affecting each time. The research found that the region is affected by all categories of tropical cyclones without exception, but the biggest effect is for the second category (TS), which is the type of tropical storm. The region was also subjected to cyclones Category Five hurricane type, but with little repetition, and this was characteristic of the last decade of the study period. Knowing that most of the cyclones Formed on the eastern side of the Arabian Sea and affects the Omani, Yemeni and Somali coasts, it was found that their recurrence is active in two seasons, the first during spring season which is the smallest season, and the second is during the autumn season, which records higher occurrences of tropical cyclones. the law of probability and the return periods has been applied, and it has been found that the most dangerous the cyclones, the less chances it will occur or its frequency and the weaker the opportunity to return.

The economic analysis of container terminals in the Iraqi commercial ports needs to study the developments and challenges facing the maritime logistics industry and its role on the ports and how to deal with container terminals in the ports being a basic and necessary sector that cannot be dispensed with. Therefore, there is an urgent need for its development and setting the necessary plans to move it to better upgrade levels after it became an essential pillar in the life of the country. Through it, containers loaded with various goods (food, agricultural, industrial and luxury) pass.

On the other hand, it is a financial resource that pumps large amounts of money into the Iraqi state treasury, which amounts to billions of Iraqi dinars. It is also a sector that provide employment for very large manpower. Therefore, it became necessary to build other government sectors.

The research aimed to detection the elements of tourism attraction in the western plateau desert plateau that Located the western and southwestern sections of Iraq, and the research has shown that the region possesses almost integral components for the tourism offer, as it witnessed a diversity in natural ingredients that were represented by the unique geographical location and diversity in geomorphological and biological diversity as well as The availability of human resources, which were represented by historical, heritage and religious sites, hospitality and complementary auxiliary services. The research also demonstrated the possibility of establishing many forms of tourism in the study area, such as desert, environmental and adventure tourism. Conferences, scientific, religious, cultural and other forms of tourism. The research also touched on a number of countries ’experiences in this field in order to benefit from them in the process of tourism investment in the future. By investing these ingredients and supporting the process of tourism development

The foundation of undevelopment urban areas , their expansion and features which differentiated have left effects on Mosul environment which are varied with the variation of those features .

These effects carry essential indicators that have an importance because they shed light on problems which they suffer from those areas and they also shed light on problems that add to the city , the most important problems that should be resolved are showed through that.

This paper analyzes the effects of urban density, vegetation cover, and water body on thermal islands measured by land surface temperature in Al Anbar province, Iraq using multi-temporal Landsat images. Images from Landsat 7 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI for the years 2000, 2014, and 2018 were collected, pre-processed, and anal yzed. The results suggested that the strongest correlation was found between the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the surface temperature. The correlation between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the surface temperature was slightly weaker compared to that of NDBI. However, the weakest correlation was found between the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the temperature. The results obtained in this research may help the decision makers to take actions to reduce the effects of thermal islands by looking at the details in the produced maps and the analyzed values of these spectral indices.

Wars everywhere have a set of consequences, the least of which is depriving individuals of their most basic rights. The right to a decent life on a homeland in which they grew up is one of the most important rights they lose. Consequently, they become displaced and homeless. They also become deprived of their basic needs such as food, drinking water, and clothing. In addition, they find themselves deprived of education and health care. This led to deprivation of political and social participation, civil rights, which in turn lead to inequality in wealth and power. The study aimed to identify the most important areas of social exclusion in the areas inhabited by the displaced, and their perceptions of exclusion and ways to prevent its consequences. The study adopted the concept of social exclusion, relying on the methodology of social survey by applying a questionnaire tool to a sample of (200) individuals in the camps of Baghdad and Anbar. The study revealed a number of facts, the most important of which is that the displaced in Baghdad are excluded in several areas, mainly the economic field. The study also concluded that the displaced have a wide and clear picture of the measures that must be taken to eliminate all forms of social exclusion.

In light of the changes of the modern era, cultures and ideas that dictate the family members ’understanding of their duties have been dictated to us, and this negatively affects the unity of society building, and then in the extent of interconnectedness of generations and their awareness of the nature of their original culture, which attenuates and weakens the family originally and society as a result.

The research problem comes in the following question

Do women have a role in raising the family?

In order to find an answer to this question, we must first look for the duty of women in the family, and that duty is affected by the role of women, and the interconnectedness of generations and their adherence comes to the role of women,

The aim of the research was to identify the woman’s role in family upbringing according to the Islamic perspective

As for the structure of the research, it came on three axes - the first topic - dealt with the methodology, while the second topic dealt with the first requirement, the concept of the family in Islam, and from it branched topics related to the title, the family in the Holy Qur'an, the position of married women in Islam, the position of women in Islam as a mother, the main characteristics The basic of the family, the contemporary components of the establishment of the family, the third topic explaining theories of family upbringing, women and family upbringing, the main components of women in family upbringing

The researcher used the historical descriptive scientific method because it is near to the current research title

The recommendations came: - One of which is the preparation of educational programs in education regarding the effective preparation of women to perform their job role, the presence of childhood and youth research centers whose purpose is to research the best ways to develop an educational methodology based on legal principles capable of facing the escalating requirements of modern life to develop the capabilities of women in Family management is correct. The preparation of advisory offic concerned with family issues in Iraqi universities

This study aims to know the effectiveness of the application of integrated education at the University of Sharjah from the viewpoint of students of the University of Sharjah, by focusing on five axes: measuring the availability of mechanisms for integrated education, and the effectiveness of these mechanisms to achieve educational goals, and the extent of the educational level of students affected by the use of this The type of education, the obstacles to using the integrated education at the university, and finally the vision and aspirations of the study sample towards the integrated education. The questionnaire was used for the purpose of the study and the sample included 200 students from the University of Sharjah.
The results have shown that there is a high agreement among students on the importance of this type of education versus traditional education and the use of integrated learning mechanisms represented in "computers, providing an electronic course, projectors, video", and with regard to the effectiveness of these mechanisms it is clear that there is agreement High among students, and this confirms that their academic achievement has been positively affected, as 64% of their educational rate has increased after using combined education. As for the obstacles, they are graduated and are represented in “low awareness of integrated education, sudden breakdowns in the internet, insufficient time for discussions, student ignorance.” Deal with techniques Learning skills and different ", embodied visions and aspirations in the sample's desire to develop this type of education at the expense of traditional education by making educational classes so equipped, as well as teachers and the work of quarterly training sessions for them to use the skills of built-learning techniques

This study aimed to analyze the content of youth empowerment programs in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, by identifying the empowerment programs offered by government institutions in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and what are the areas of empowerment that these programs focus on in addition to the degree of availability of the dimensions of empowerment in each of the areas of (social and Economic and Participate in decision-making and respect other), as this study used the descriptive analytical approach, and the research sample was in (26) youth empowerment programs in the authorities responsible for those programs in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.

The most important findings of the research were that youth empowerment programs in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi are provided by entities at the federal level, and some by local entities, and that youth empowerment areas is multiple and varied, with social empowerment at the rate of (47.2%), then economic empowerment at (31.6%), Then Participate in decision-making and respect other (21.2%) in addition to that the social empowerment focused on developing problem-solving skills and skills to face challenges while the economic empowerment focused on developing professional skills and investing the energies of young people and employing their talents while the participate in decision-making and respect other focused on equal opportunities available for young people in programs and gender equality.

Human thought is characterized by its continuity, as the latter takes from the former and benefits from it, the real distinction of the philosopher, however stands out in his understanding of the legacy of the former Through a new approach that reflects its independence and innovation and the ability of his approach to put forward new perceptions contribute to the progress of the stage he lives, Arab and Muslim thinkers and scientists have contributed to the modern scientific renaissance of Europe Which is witnessed by the Europeans themselves. The researcher has identified the aim of the research in the experimental approach to the thought of the philosophers of science (Roger Bacon) and (Francis Bacon). With regard to research methodology, the researcher followed the Historical, Descriptive, Analytical, Structural and Comparative Methodology to investigate and analyze data. Among the most prominent results reached by the researcher: Roger Bacon contributed to the rise of science and raised the value of the scientific experiment and the method of induction, Francis Bacon came after him, who rejected Aristotle's logic known as the organon, he found Aristotle's logic is based on analogy do not let us discover something new, and it cannot lead to practical control over nature , It is necessary to change it in the experimental method in the modern sense that is starting with sensory experience and careful observations based on induction and scientific experiments and extract results cautiously, he also advised not to separate the mind from experience, because the practical benefit is the most theoretically true .

In this study, the Avicennan text was dealt with by focusing on the mechanisms that were concerned with the Avicennan text in dissecting ideas and their origins, and the research methods practiced by contemporary Arab and Islamic thought. On the other hand, readings about Avicenna’s reading of those texts, which I used to call (reading strategies). These strategies varied and differed, according to different thinking methodologies and the purpose behind them. The central point at which the reading strategies met, was the starting from a specific text of Avicenna, and after that the primary and secondary evidences and observations about the Avicenna text came in. Of the axioms or axioms that should be the cornerstone of stopping on their ideas and origins. The hypothetical classification of scientific knowledge, on the basis of which Avicenna established its intellectual origins and branches, is the general cognitive classification, which classifies knowledge in general and absolutely into different types of knowledge that are philosophical sciences, logical sciences and natural sciences, And these sciences share the fundamentals that are supposed to be present in any scientific knowledge, which are the subject, the data and the required, and these three fundamentals, in which all the sciences or scientific knowledge share, because if they do not exist, they are not called a science, and the other classification is Classification that takes into account the cognitive classification to theoretical and practical, by observing the subjective dimension of knowledge. At the time Avicenna focused on the objective dimension in the cognitive classification of general sciences, he focused on the subjective dimension in the special cognitive classification, and at that point of knowledge of the classification the readings differed On the Avicennan text, between the reading strategy of Muhammad Ridha al-Mudhaffar, and also the reciting strategies of Muhammad Husayn al-Tabataba'i differed, and this difference of causes and causes had many things. Tabatabai with the Avicennan text, in a ritualistic manner and with an open horizo.

Artificial intelligence it's the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings or the branch of computer science dealing with simulation of intelligent behavior in computers.

While, perceived rime distance of events forms another part of the psychological time, that is being affected by the physical distance of time as well as the orientation of the individual towards future and by the perceived value of activity and the importance of the event, it seems that the individuals look to themselves as if they are existing between the past and the future.

The current research has targeted the following:

The attitude to Artificial intelligence among university students.
The future orientation among university students.
Identifying the relationship between the attitude to artificial intelligence and future orientation among university students.
The Results Was:

University students characterized with attitude to artificial intelligence.
University students characterized with future orientation.
There is a statistically significant relationship between attitude to artificial intelligence and future orientation among university students.
The researcher reached to several recommendations and suggestions

Revenge is an issue that occurs between individuals, caused by the difficulty of tolerating in some individuals with the abuses they encounter in all their stripes. Retaliation: It is the intention to see the aggressor suffer. This research aims to build a measure of university students ’attitudes toward revenge and measure these trends, and to identify the differences in university students’ attitudes toward revenge on the gender variable and the variable of academic specialization. The research sample consisted of (100) male and female students from the human and scientific specializations. The researcher built a measure of university students' attitudes toward revenge, which consists of (20) paragraphs, and was applied to the research sample. The results of the research showed that university students have negative attitudes towards revenge, and that there are statistically significant differences in the attitudes of university students towards revenge according to the gender variable and in favor of males, and the results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of university students towards revenge according to the academic specialization, In the light of its results, the research reached a set of recommendations and proposals.

Self-neglect in the elderly is a condition resulting from the elderly’s disability due to a physical or psychological disability, or both, and the weakness of the ability to perform self-care that seriously threatens the elderly’s health, including hoarding, providing basic food, clothing, shelter, health care, and obtaining the goods and services needed to maintain On the physical and psychological health and public safety. The current research aims to measure self-neglect among the elderly and identify the differences in self-neglect among the elderly according to the gender variable (male - female), the living situation (retired - not retired), and housing (inside the homes for the elderly - outside the homes for the elderly). Some theories have been briefly reviewed in the theoretical framework, and the theory adopted is (Oremtheory). As for the sample, (380) elderly men and women aged (60) and over from Baghdad governorate (inside homes for the elderly and outside homes for the elderly). In order to measure self-neglect, the Self Neglect Scale was built and the following procedure: The tool was presented to a group of arbitrators, and the discriminatory force was measured and the relationship of the item to thesum total, validity and Reliability, and the psychometric properties of the tool were extracted. Note that the processing of the research data was carried out by statistical means that are compatible with thenature of the research and its objectives, through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that the elderly do not suffer from self-neglect, and there are differences in the degrees of self-neglect among the elderly according to the gender variable (male - female), and there are no differences according to the living status variable (retired - not retired), and there are no differences in self-neglect according to the housing variable (within a role Elderly people - outside nursing homes). The research resulted in a number of recommendations and proposals.

Often Persian sentences do not end with a full stop. Rather, it is linked with other sentences with a word or a letter. In other words, it can be said that after completing the complete sentence and completing the meanings of the basic and subsequent sentences, the Persian sentence may be linked to the following sentence using one of the conjunctions. Conjunctions have a significant impact on the Persian language in terms of showing the meaning of the sentence, and interpreting the text; scientific research that has been written in this field has gained great importance.

From here, the researcher has been working to sharpen his interest and make every effort to clarify what these conjuntions are, and use them in the Persian language; Based on what is stated in the Persian grammar books, and other relevant sources on this topic. The research included two main sections; the first: an overview of the types of articles, their definition, and an indication of their importance in the Persian language. As for the second, it was about conjunctions, and explaining their meanings and uses in the Persian language.

Among the results of the research, the articles in Persian are divided into four groups; the first: letters of significance, second: letters of addition, and the third: sounds, and the fourth: conjunctions.

There is no doubt that many definitions have been written to indicate the nature and uses of conjunctions; Among them: is a word used to connect two words, or two sentences, or two phrases with each other, and to indicate the type of relationship between them; Whether it is a conditional, temporal, or opposite relationship. Conjunctions in Persian are divided according to their meaning and uses over several groups. They are: temporal linking, passive linking, reciprocal linkage, causal linkage, target linkage, incremental linkage, conditional linking, crossover linking, and exceptional linking.

This study examines the extent to which users of smart phones and portable devices depend on the available applications in these devices to obtain news, as the study chose an intentional sample of users of these devices to identify the source of dependence and its ratio and the reasons behind it, and the study relied on the survey approach in its descriptive and analytical aspect, And I reached conclusions, including the researchers' reliance on ten types of applications that represent available programs to obtain news issued by the Al-Jazeera News app for Android

Criminal trials are characterized by the principle of confrontation in the Latin system of confronting the accused with evidence against him; thus enabling him to respond to such evidence, the accused is entitled to be present during the court's questioning of the witness of the evidence; Under the supervision of the court, the oral rule of witness testimony creates the best conditions for the conviction of the judge to present directly to the witnesses themselves. However, the written testimony may be used only with the permission of the court or the assigned judge and where this justifies the nature of the case. Due to the Code of Procedure, French law is very similar to Iraqi law with regard to fair criminal trial procedures and guarantees, and has been addressed by both the French Constitution as a primary source, and the Code of Criminal Procedure and Penalties.

There are few studies on student perceptions of working in the tourism sector in Arab and Islamic countries. Taking into account the factors related to the cultural dimensions and to the society, the current study aims to examine the factors that influence the perception of tourism students in United Arab Emirates (UAE) to work in the tourism sector after graduation. Based on a random sample of students enrolled in the tourism program at the university level and using the structural equation modelling technique of analysis, the findings revealed that the commitment of students to work in the tourism sector is negatively influenced by the social aspects, the nature of work and the pay and promotion benefits. The current study is useful for all policy makers in education and tourism businesses to improve the image of tourism jobs in the minds of tourism students in the UAE, as well as to attract and retain skilled national employment and reduce the leakage of tourism income resulting from a high percentage of non-national employment.

In dieser Forschung beschäftigen wir uns eng über die kausale Kohärenz mit Funktionsangemessener Konnektoren, dem Textverständnis erleichtert zu helfen.

Die kausale Kohärenz wird bisherige nur im Allgemeinen untersucht, daher muss man noch darüber untersucht werden.

Die vorliegende Forschung bietet einen Überblick über die textuelle Funktion kausaler Konnektoren in der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Diese Forschung beschäftigt sich auch mit einer Bezeichnung von Kohärenz und Kausalität. Danach wird die Funktion und Wichtigkeit der Kausalität in der Linguistik mit viel detailliertere besprochen.

Das Thema meiner Forschung bezieht sich auf die Arbeit mit Textverstehen und erklärt, dass man mit der Textverstehen nicht nur auf zeitliche und räumliche Kohärenz basiert werden, sondern man muss mit vielen Fragen über die Sachverhalte, die mit dem Text behandelt, um dem TEXT einen überzeugenden Sinn zuordnen zu können z.B. was geschieht und mit wem es geschieht, sondern man muss auch verstehen, warum es geschieht. Dieser Teil, der mit kausalem Zusammenhalt im Text gebunden wird, heißt kausale Kohärenz, der ist bisher weniger untergesucht.

Von diesem Punkt gehen wir dann um Kausalverknüpfungen zwischen Sätzen ein, der als grammatisches Ziel unserer Forschung im Bereiche Sprachwissenschaft gilt.

Im Rahmen von der deutschen kausalen Konnektoren gibt es mehr als Variante, nämlich zur Bildung von Nebensätzen die Subjektionen ‚weil‘, ‚da‘, ‚zumal‘, ‚umso mehr als‘, auch zur Bildung von Hauptsätzen die Konjunktion ‚denn‘ und auch, nämlich', doch’, die Partikeln sind.

Schließlich wird noch weiter auf die bedeutendsten kausalen Konnektoren des heutigen Deutsch dargelegt sowie auf ihren syntaktischen und semantischen Hauptbesonderheiten eingegangen. Danach geht es um das linguistische Konzept des Motivs basierend auf dem Hintergrund allgemeinerer philosophischer Auswirkungen über Kausalität.

Das Verursachungskonzept wird zu den grundlegenden Konzepten der Umstände und der Bedingung zugeschrieben.

اول هذا البحث مشكلة التعبير المفاهيمي والمصطلحي لمفهوم أجزاء الكلام المقبولة عمو ًما وتثير مسألة مدى ملاءمة / عدم ملاءمة وضع الخطاب الجزئي لبعضهم في البنية النحوية للغة الروسية. يتم تحليل وجهات نظر العلماء ومؤيدي اللسانيات التقليدية ، وأنصار القواعد الوظيفية الجديدة في علم اللغويات الحديثة. يتم تمثيل ديناميكيات مصطلحات تعيين أجزاء فردية من الكلام ، بد ًءا من تثبيتها في القواعد النحوية السلافية القديمة وفي القواعد النحوية في الفترات التالية التي حدث فيها التطور النشط للنظام المورفولوجي الفعلي. يتم تتبع تشكيل النظام المفاهيمي والمصطلحات لأجزاء الكلام من الفترة القديمة في تطور الفكر النحوي إلى يومنا هذا ، وكذلك يتم عرض التغييرات التي حدثت في طبيعتها المفاهيمية والمصطلحات ، ما هي آفاق لمزيد من الدراسة لهذه المشكل