Al-Ameed Journal for Medical Research and Health Sciences

Testosterone is a hormone primarily produced by the testicles in adult men and it is the basic male sex hormone and
an anabolic steroid. Androgen is important for survival. It is influences a man's appearance and sexual development,
stimulating sperm production and regulating sex drive. This hormone is a key growth factor in prostate gland. Prostatic cells stop thriving when testosterone levels fall and Prostate cancer cells shrink both benign and malignant. Testosterone deficiency is a clinical and biochemical syndrome that is linked to ageing and is characterized by typical symptoms and a testosterone deficiency in the blood. The number of people who get it is going up because of ageing and common health problems like obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Several studies have linked a lack of androgen to a higher death rate in men. More and more research links between androgen deficiency and metabolic disorders and effects on lifestyle are being discovered. The aim of the review article was to summarize the latest evidence about the Testosterone hormone in terms of clinical indications and diagnostic tests, as well as the effects of the Testosterone hormone on the different organs in the male human body.

Background: The mouth is a unique and intricate structure composed of various anatomical components that work
together effectively to perform various functions. The oral cavity can be affected by various disorders, such as genetic diseases, infections, and metabolic disorders. A wide range of genetic disorders can affect the skeletal system, including craniofacial structures and teeth. These disorders exhibit a significant variety in terms of their causes when they show up, and how severe they are. Genetics is a significant risk factor in the development of oral diseases. It affects the pattern of inheritance, which can be dominant, recessive, or both. The transmission of genetic variation from one generation to the next is a significant contributor to the development of various diseases, having both direct and indirect impacts.
Objective: Our study seeks to shed light on the genetic causes and symptoms of diseases that affect bone and mucosal tissues. We will also investigate the associated symptoms and explore the various diagnostic and treatment options available for these specific genetic disorders.
Conclusion: The scientific study of oral genetic disorders is still in its early stages, and further research is necessary to improve diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment methods.

Background: Male infertility is complex and accounts for approximately 50% of couples facing conception challenges.
Factors such as body mass index, age, and sperm parameters play significant roles. Recognizing their impact is vital for diagnosis and treatment.
Aim of the study: The study aimed to evaluate DNA integrity in individuals with unexplained infertility and assess its
correlation with age, body mass index, and semen parameters.
Materials and methods: In this study, 111 males who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for our study. Selected
participants were grouped according to their age, body mass index, and semen parameters, including (sperm count,
percentage motility, and morphology) with Aniline Blue Staining and Sperm Chromatin Dispersion Staining used in the IVF center-Baghdad.
Results: Our analysis found no significant correlations between Aniline Blue Stain and several parameters, including
male age (p ¼ 0.382), body mass index (p ¼ 0.238), sperm concentration (p ¼ 0.117), sperm morphology (p ¼ 0.229), and
sperm motility (p ¼ 0.079). Thus, within our study, Aniline Blue Stain showed no statistically significant relationships
with these factors. In contrast, Sperm Chromatin Dispersion Staining exhibited significant associations with sperm
concentration (p ¼ 0.025) and sperm morphology (p ¼ 0.039) in our study population. However, male age (p ¼ 0.104),
body mass index (p ¼ 0.102), and sperm motility (p ¼ 0.173) did not demonstrate significant correlations with Halo
Sperm Staining.
Conclusion: Evaluating sperm DNA damage through semen analysis is vital in male fertility screening, particularly for
unexplained infertility for sperm parameters (sperm concentration and sperm morphology).

Background: Besides malaria and schistosomiasis, Entamoeba histolytica the most important sources of illness and
death in humans worldwide. The prevalence of E. histolytica in Basra province has received little research and it is
critical in Basra city to identify and manage the risk factors connected to the parasite.
Aims: The objective of this research is to provide insight into the prevalence of amoebiasis among patients who
attended Al-Zubair General Hospital during period 2020, 2021 and 2022.
Procedure: For the purpose of to detect and diagnose E. histolytica infection, (2145) stool samples from patients
attending Al-Zubair General Hospital in Basra province/Iraq were randomly collected between January 2020 and
December 2022, direct smear microscopy in normal saline was used to evaluate the samples.
Results: According to the current study's findings, overall incidences of infection were 47%. The rate of infection varied by age group with the less than one year group seeing the greatest occurrence, the study found that 43% of males and 56% of females were infected, the statistical analysis's findings also showed that significant variations in infection rates were observed with the E. histolytica infection throughout the year, December had the greatest infection with rate (67%).
Conclusions: E. histolytica incidence among peoples in Basra province, Iraq, is higher, and this parasite may have
impact on morbidity in these populations E. histolytica had a high frequency and unique presentation by disproportionately affecting infants under 1 year olds than other groups.

Objectives: Copeptin is an independent, persistent plasma marker for vasopressin (VP) linked to all aspects of the
metabolic syndrome and overweight. The study aimed to evaluate copeptin levels as a surrogate marker for predicting liver disorders in obese patients.
Methods: Cross sectional study include 20 obese males with mean of age (42.50 ± 3.17) years and 20 obese females with mean of ages (44.55 ± 2.82) years, the plasma copeptin level was measured and related with fatty liver disease according to a validated liver enzyme, lipid profile, BMI and abdominal ultrasound.
Results: Highly significant increase liver enzyme, lipid profile and BMI in both males and females obese fatty liver
patients, significant elevated Copeptin concentration in both gender (13.84 ± .27), (13.88 ± .40) and highly significant
positive correlated with ferritin, BMI and TC, (r ¼ .651, .496, .491 and .457), while showed Copeptin significant negative
correlated with HDL (¡.508, ¡.490).
Conclusions: Obese individuals with the fatty liver disease showed associated with highly increased plasma copeptin, also this marker considers a useful tool for the diagnostic pathway to risk factors of metabolic disease such as diabetes mellitus although this hypothesis needs further studies to be confirmed.