Al-Ameed Journal for Medical Research and Health Sciences

Background: Giardia lamblia is the parasite that causes giardiasis, small intestine infection can result in severe issues and persistent symptoms, especially in children, giardiasis is a common diarrheal disease that can affect anyone everywhere in the world. It may not show any signs at all or it may result in symptoms like intermittent flatulence or persistent malabsorption, Giardia antigen test, molecular test for the presence of parasite DNA in feces, and identification of the organism in fresh stool or duodenal contents are all methods of diagnosis.
Aims: Finding the prevalence of giardiasis among cities is the purpose of this review and governorates in Iraq and the
review was focused on some epidemiological factors concerned with the infection such as age, sex, area of residence and diagnostic tests on it is spread.
Conclusions: The present investigation reviewed Giardia lamblia infection in Iraq and serves as a crucial resource for
all researchers and authors who intend to investigate this topic in greater depth in the future. Incidence of Giardia is
more prevalent in children than in adults, and numerous earlier studies have demonstrated this trend.

Background: Male infertility is issue a prevalent, involves various factors. Sperm quality, particularly influenced by
smoking, is crucial for fertility. DNA fragmentation, indicating damage to DNA strands in sperm cells, is gaining
importance in male infertility research, especially concerning abnormal sperm morphology.
Aim: To investigate the potential influence of smoking on both sperm morphology and DNA fragmentation in male
fertility.
Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 83 participants (38 nonsmokers and 45 smokers) with Normozoospermia provided informed consent. Semen samples were collected following at WHO 2021 guidelines. Sperm morphology was evaluated using Kruger Strict Criteria with Hematoxylin stain, and DNA fragmentation index was assessed using Aniline Blue Stain and Sperm Chromatin damage.
Results: The significant correlation signs were especially clear in various parameters, including sperm concentration
(P ¼0.000484), sperm morphology (P ¼ 0.0001), as well as specific morphological characteristics such as pin & small head (P ¼ 0.039), round head (P ¼ 0.002), tapered head (P ¼ 0.008), irregular neck (P ¼ 0.002), short tail (P ¼ 0.020), sperm nuclear maturity (P ¼ 0.048), and sperm chromatin dispersion (P ¼ 0.042). Notably, no significant correlation was found between smoking and non-smoking individuals with normal sperm morphology and undamaged DNA in sperm.
Conclusion: Show a links between sperm abnormal morphology and DNA damage in smoking and nonsmoking.
Additionally, both smokers and nonsmokers with abnormal sperm morphology according to the Tygerberg criteria
exhibited a notable rise in DNA damage index as well as appear important to use Kruger strict criteria to detect sperm morphology in routine semen analysis.