Al-Ameed Journal for Medical Research and Health Sciences

Sperm morphology, the study of the size, shape, and appearance of sperm cells, is vital in evaluating male fertility.
This assessment has evolved through decades of research, beginning in the 1930s with foundational classification systems by Cary and Moench.
A significant advancement came in the late 1980s with the Kruger strict criteria, which standardized sperm
morphology evaluation using high-magnification microscopy and advanced staining, supported by the WHO.
This standardization is crucial in diagnosing male infertility and optimizing treatment strategies. In assisted reproduction technologies like IVF and ICSI, normal sperm morphology is essential for predicting fertilization potential and successful pregnancy outcomes.
The review article aims to explore the historical evolution, scientific advancements, and standardization efforts in
sperm morphology assessment, focusing on its impact on diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy in male infertility and ART.

Background: Preformulation studies have a significant role in anticipating formulation problems and identifying logical paths in dosage form technology.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the preformulation criteria of the aquatic ethanol extract of Kigelia africana fruit as
topical antibacterial therapy.
Methods: The preformulation parameters of the extract were evaluated by testing its organoleptic characteristics,
melting point, pH, spectroscopic assay, stability, solubility, and partition coefficient.
Results: The study demonstrated that the extract possessed satisfactory organoleptic properties, a melting point of
195.3e198.0 C, a pH of 6.26, chemical stability under acidic conditions, photostability, higher solubility in basic con
ditions and in the presence of cosolvents, and a partition coefficient of 9.98.
Conclusion: The present study concludes that the aquatic ethanol extract of K. africana fruit is a suitable extract for
formulation as a topical preparation.

Background: The current study uses a single pair of primers, SC1F and SC1R, in a polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)-based test to amplify a “670-bp segment of the KER1 gene,” of C. albicans.
Objective: To evaluate the conventional methods for diagnosing C. albicans, as accurate identification of Candida
species has significant prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Methods: In the current in vitro study, 100 oral swab samples were collected from patients aged between 3 and 80 years who exhibited clinical presentations of oral thrush and had malignant diseases at the Hematology Center/Baghdad Teaching Hospital and the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital in the Medical City of Baghdad. The diagnosis of C. albicans was performed using traditional diagnostic techniques. Favorable outcomes were then confirmed with those of molecular approach.
Results: In the present investigation, 49% of the studied swab samples were from females, while 51% were from males. The average age of patients with malignant diseases who experienced oral thrush was 37.72 years. Upon direct microscopic examination of the samples, only 85% revealed positive results. However, upon culturing these samples, 74% showed the growth of C. albicans colonies on SDA. Additionally, in the microscopic examination of these colonies, 74% revealed positive results. The germ tube test revealed positive results in 35 out of 74 isolates. In the PCR test, 30 out of 35 isolates produced positive findings.
Conclusion: Conventional diagnostic methods are prone to inaccuracies due to the phenotypic similarities between
C. albicans and other Candida species.

Ciprofloxacin is one of the most common antibacterial drugs used mainly for gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections. This study aimed to compare the quality specifications of two Yemeni ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablet
products with two non-Yemeni brands. Samples were randomly selected from different batch numbers and subjected to physicochemical testing in accordance with pharmacopeial monographs. Additionally, microbiological susceptibility testing was performed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. All tested products complied with pharmacopoeial standards for weight uniformity (<5 %), hardness, friability, disintegration (within 15 min for non-coated tablets), dissolution (≥80 % within 30 min), and assay (95e105 %). Antibacterial activity tests showed significant efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with brand D demonstrating the highest activity. These findings suggest that Yemeni ciprofloxacin tablets meet quality standards comparable to non-Yemeni products, supporting their potential as effective alternatives.

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks the fifth most common cancer globally. It is a profoundly aggressive neoplasm with a high
mortality rate. E-cadherin encoded by the gene CDH is involved in the pathogenesis of different malignant tumors
including gastric cancer. It is enrolled in the progression, invasion and spread of the tumor. The E-cadherin is crucial for epithelial cells adherent together and it's down regulation loosens this connection which facilitate the cellular movement and changing into the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fact predominant in GC. This review focuses on the structure of E-cadherin, its function and pathogenesis in the development of GC and it's correlation with different pathological factors involved in GC like Helicobacter pylori infection and the drug resistance of gastric malignancy.