AL-ADAB JOURNAL

Every literary scholar usually draws the elements of thought and emotion, either joyful or sad, from their homeland. The resistance poet, Yahya Al-Samawi, was born and raised in Iraq and so felt the troubled political and security conditions of his country firsthand. Therefore, his poetry is purely patriotic, which encouraged his fellow countrymen to revolt against the regime of Saddam Hussain before its fall in 2003 and against the foreign occupiers after that. This paper relies on the descriptive-analytical methodology to investigate patriotism, the image of Iraq and its implications in the poetry of Al-Samawi. The results of the study show that Iraq as his homeland is the first reason for the poet to write protest and political poetry. This has given his nationalist poetry genuine sentiments, where the poet calls out from the bottom of his heart to portray his homeland Iraq and to reflect his people’s woes, sorrows and afflictions. As a result, his poetry is replete with Iraqi symbols, by virtue of which, he attempts to uncover the political conspiracies by the tyrannical regime and foreign colonizers. Symbols such as the palm tree, famous cities of Iraq such as Baghdad, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and great historical characters and legacies such as Imam Hussain (AS) the symbol of revolution against tyrannies, are very frequent in his poetry. Despite the dichotomy found in his poetry due to his patriotic sentiments and his longing for the homeland on the one hand, and his life in exile on the other hand, his genuine affection for his homeland has not been negatively affected.

And this is what we try to detect and revealed in a new reading and different experience of the Iraqi poet Almgujp from the inside of the pain of her homeland, which was surrounded by the forces of demolition and the courtyard and the void became a playground in which to fight, and fights on the cloves of Henna with the blood of his sons wolves jungle, poet watching this demolition hurts from the inside Vnrsd Refraction sometimes and sometimes the revelation in a realistic vision to reveal the silent about him, and cover hidden and hidden behind the cloak of religion and doctrine and party.

Through our study of the image orientation function in the poet's office, we found that the effectiveness of the image stems from within the poetic text through four main elements: Its ability to direct the recipient based on its components, which includes the image material and its content, and the way the images in which our poet originated are formed the strength of the emergence of images and its emergence has been adopted poet in her office to the image in a large and strong. the ability of the poet to combine antagonisms and invest in the correspondence of the senses and the intensification of the symbolic image and support arguments to convince the recipient of the important and fundamental thing in the direction of improvement or justification.

The Arabic poetry, especially the old ones, was and still is a vast field that can accommodate all the things that can be thought of in the scholar or the researcher of its artistic and objective content, given the questions and conclusions that can be raised by the multiple readings of those contents, explaining the components of creativity that immortalized the speeches of most poets of that era. Omar Arabic Poetry.

We may not be wrong if we say that the difference about a particular poet in the critics is in fact an echo of the creative themes that can be included in the speech of this poet or that, which is illustrated by the type of direction that tried to explain those critics and researchers where the creativity Text poet without another. This can be attested to the poetic speeches of the poet "Uday bin Zaid al-Abadi", which was the subject of controversy and disagreement among critics, they were between supporters and disadvantages, a difference illustrated by the divergent viewing angles through which these critics monitored the poet's speeches as well as the diversity of their cultural references

Modern studies, especially the Academy, have not been without an attempt to collect critical opinions on the poetry of "Uday bin Zaid" by the ancient critics. To the availability of opinions expressed between the folds of literary, critical and linguistic aspects. Through this research, we have tried to extrapolate most of the old and modern critical efforts that were poured into the framework of monitoring the views raised on the poetry of Uday bin Zaid al-Abadi in a second reading, trying to prove what we want to prove it, or deny what we want them to do so analysis and explanation about what he said We have tried to respond to the intolerance against his hair altogether ignored, or forgetting the contents of this poetry of creativity in the field of photography and embodiment, as the poet created in several places, using the help of culture And knowledgeable in rhetorical methods accompanied by a high artistic sense that D come out in some cases to us Jazz exoticism Shall Altobeir-, which was the subject of controversy among critics, ancient and modern

Linguistic sounds represent the scientific aspect of language, and provide common path of communication among the human beings. This communication has resulted in the interest of scholars in the study of linguistic sciences, since ancient times.

Those who study Arabic sciences must know the languages ​​of the Semitic Nations for their ancient characteristics and history, because this versedness enriches the linguistic lesson and yields many benefits.

The aim of this research is to shed light on the assimilation and the dissimilation in these languages, for its importance in the phonemic lesson. The assimilation is a phonemic harmony between the sounds of the language - in the word- and it is similar in producing the point of sound articulation and sound characteristics.

As for the dissimilation, it is a form of substituting the letters of two identical sounds; if one of them is inverted to another sound in order for the dissimilation to occur between the two sounds.

The Schogars have endeavored to talk to talk about the pace of the quruanic miracle , such as the graphic miracle , so many books and research have been published. Among these books is the interpretation of the maraghi. His explations were easy and easy, and the repetition of the bug among the interpreters does not indicate the rigidity of the interpreter. By others.

Argumentation considers a cultural concept that moves in a systematic bond of the speaker and the audient surrounding environment, and that what demand renewing the concept and regulate its techniques.

This research had bind (The rhetorical argumentation) at (Perelma and Tytica) as applied or as a concept in a poetic text to allocate the argumentative features in it. It is obvious that a poetic texts have privileged efficacious nature which contribute effectively in allocating the kinds of (Rhetorical argumentation) techniques.

Both China and the Arab World are famous for their ancient literature history. Accordingly, a large number of ancient proses and poems appeared in both two regions in the earlier time. Then, those kinds of literary arts developed through different ages, just as the criticism, rhetoric and other knowledge concerned with the literature did, and there’re many similarities as well as differences between the developmental process of ancient Chinese literature and the ancient Arab literature. In the tide of globalization, the earth has become much smaller thanks to the development of technology. Thus, more and more Chinese people desire to know about the Arab world, just as the Arab people want to know about China, so the contacts between them have been intensified, such as the exchanges in the field of ancient literature. To enhance the study of the ancient Arabic and Chinese literature, we need to pay more attention to their developmental track including their origins, developmental stages, achievements, and representatives, etc. This modest paper aims to study the above topics based on the documentary method. It will also resort to the descriptive-analytical approach and the comparative approach to solve the related problems.

The Scientific trips is a noble manifestation in the Arab-Islamic culture, where people continue to exchange trips, and take from the sources of science, And to meet the scholars K , And residence in the capitals of science to stay in the cities of science and thought centers in the Islamic Mashreq (Khorasan and Transoxiana)
sometimes or in the country of Andalusia at other times. During the period of study (316-620 / 928-1223) This study dealt with the following points:

 Introduction
 Scientific trips Civilizational Behavior
 The motives of the Scientific trips between the passion of Maghreb ’ and Charisma of the Orient
 Image of scientific trips (book trip- model)
 Scholars traveled from Andalusia to Khorasan and Transoxiana
 Scholars traveled from Khorasan and and Transoxiana to Andalusia
 Conclusion: Results and Notes

Every army in the world is made up of two components: physical and moral )Spiritual) components
Some leaders in the world gave a percentage of 75% to the spiritual (spiritual) component, including Napoleon Bonaparte, while the rest of 25% was given to the physical component.
Refining the behavior of individuals through the cultivation of religious belief is one of the greatest educational methods because religion has authority over hearts and souls and influences feelings, and its authority and influence are hardly to be rejected, so religion has had a great impact in raising the morale of the soldiers.
The Holy Qur’an has warned us in many verses not to go into warfare before the spiritual (moral) preparation and consolidation of belief in the soul, because fighting a war with few soldiers, those who have a firm belief writes to them victory in every time and place because it is not proven in the battlefield of the rogue except owners of firm belief, then it is necessary to make sure of spiritual preparation before entering the warfare and produce elements that do not have a belief because victory is not so much empty.
In this research, we will review the prophetic method in material preparation and building the military establishment.

Yaqut al-Hamwi is a contemporary of the event of the Mongol invasion of the information that came out However ,it is very important As he witnessed these event and witnessed some of them and was close to biting others .Yaqut wrote about the Mongol ,Conquest of cities their entry into them ,their sabot age , and their burning and killing of people .However,she was able to rise and flourish again,so he described what he hadseen and what was in his tim .

The creation of the Syndicate of the Gentlefolks in Egypt and the Levant is considered a turning point in the history of the Gentlefolks during the Islamic ages from the fourth century until the tenth century of migration, as this function drew the broad outlines of political, social and economic to deal with the most important group in Islamic society, which is the Gentlefolks of the Prophet Muhammad’s House, especially since these countries were subject to the rule of several Islamic countries, beginning with the Abbasids, then the Fatimids, the Ayyubids, and then the Mamluks, as these countries were based on different religious and political rules among themselves, which was reflected in the way in dealing with the Gentlefolks by this function, therefore, shedding light on the history of the establishment of the Syndicate of the Gentlefolks in Egypt and the Levant, and tracing the course of its development throughout the history of these countries, will The reality that surrounded the Gentlefolks of the House of the Prophet Muhammad During that time.

This study cars with booties studies in Al-Rashidi age limited of period (11-41 AH)(601/632/661 AH), as for the place covers Morocco and the Levant countries, the booties subject obtains significant importance in Islamic history, being nerve of economic life in Islam threshold, thus this research cares with studying it considering the historical aspect with illustrating its kind and size

in Al-Rashidi age has witnessed persistence movement of the Islamic conquests. Represented a complete to what messenger ( peace be upon him) started, it is obvious to be accompanied that the conquers obtained the enemy booties, the Muslims offered to cities residences to convert Islam or tribute, the one who refuse to be fight and to confiscate his monies

It is worth mentioned that the most effective period, the Muslims obtained many booties was during Omar bin Al-Khatab succession, especial in conquest of Iraq. Andrich Persia, Syria( Al-Sham) country and its extensions, in Egypt.. Cyprus and morocco, importance of booties like Iraq front.

Iran is one of the countries seeking to acquire and produce
nuclear weapons. The Iranian nuclear program has been the
focus of Iranian governments since the late 1980s. The work in
this area dates back to the reign of the Shah, who aspired that
Iran occupies the center of the dominant regional power in the
Arab Gulf region, relying on many countries in the world to
develop its nuclear capabilities. This led to the outrage of the
United States and Western countries, and resulted in the
eruption of the crisis between the United States and the Islamic
Republic of Iran over the nuclear program in late 2002, which
is that the Iranian situation affirms that its nuclear program is
for peaceful purposes, and that Iran is keen to possess uranium
enrichment technology and carrying out this process is to
provide nuclear fuel necessary for its nuclear reactors.
The US position accuses it of establishing a uranium
enrichment plant in Natanz without the approval and
supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA). In addition, Iran enriched uranium at high levels
without informing the IAEA, raising the US doubts about Iran's
nuclear program concerning the truth of Iran's nuclear drive,
and it tried to address it through several options for US foreign
policy.

The history of Tabaristan is one of the important works that covered the news of this troubled region, which represented a major challenge to the authority of the Abbasid state, and this book acquires its importance as it talked about the hidden secrets of secrets that relate to Tabaristan and the families that ruled it from the Pound, whose reigns for Tabaristan went back to before Islam. Thus, this book covered two important stages of the history of this region, the first stage before Islam as well as the Islamic stage, which was marked by the arrival of the Alevis to power and their separation from the Abbasid state and the building of an independent state in this region, Ibn Esfandiar talked in details about the Alevi imams, and did not hide his admiration for them, as well as his brief talk about the Bondi family. Accordingly, it can be said that the history of Tabaristan is considered as the most important amongst the works in this regard, as it included a number of works that were absent in the board and had no effect except in this book.

Usually, languages lend words to and from each other, in many cases, as well, words can be inherited from older to newer languages of interchanging groups of peoples, regardless ethnic affiliations. However, it is not so common to take or inherit composite forms or verbal forms to indicate specific meanings. This article analyzes a certain group of such forms, mostly from Sumerian, some from Akkadian which are still in use in the modern languages of the Near East, especially in Arabic. For example, the Sumerian forms nam-meš and (a)-zal which has become namūs (greek nomos) and ‘azal in Arabic, the Akkadian verbal forms šūlu, kânu, la išu and even the word ṣillu(m) are now in use in Arabic as šīl, kān, laisa and ṣallā in the praising phrase for the prophet.

The Study aims to explore which is the qualified technique for geostatistical analysis (Kringing) in measuring the groundwater pollution in Baghdad City and generalizing its maps, and identifying the most intense of groundwater pollution (SO2 ) and establishing mapping models in three scales that reflecting the levels for samples from groundwater (30) water Wells .

The water wells have been identified by using GPS that are mentioned in the study area by coordinates location, using the best spatial model for calculating the levels by using technical methods throughout applying classification method (Kringing feature) and drawing it mapping and generalize it for three scales 25000/1 , 50000/1 and 100000/1 and analysing the indictors and establishing a geographical database.

The growing of plants in loam-sandy soils and loam soils is higher than in other soil types such as mud soils due to the very little space between the grains for air and water to circulate. The dry weight of roots and length of maize are higher in loam-mud soils and sandy soils than in mud soils. The decrease in length of maize results in the ability of maize to absorb water and nutrition. The research paper has come up with;

The highest value of maize length has been recorded in soils with density of (28-60) because the space between the particles is relatively good.
The lowest value of maize length has been recorded in soils with density of (80) because such soils are badly ventilated.
The highest average value for maize leaves has been recorded in soils with density of (40).
The lowest value of growing maize has been recorded in soils with density of (80) because the conditions of ventilation, absorptivity and space are bad.
The highest value of vegetative growth has been recorded in soils with density of (0-17).

As a climatic element, temperatures is a factor affecting
human health and determining hisbody's thermal balance. The
research aims were to analysisthe values of the human thermal
balance in Iraq using the Adolf equation and to know the
amount of heat gained and lost and analyze its indicators
during the day and at night, based on the descriptive approach
and the method of quantitative analysis of climate data for (21)
selected climate stations within the study area for a period of
twenty years extending between (2000) and (2019).Among the
research conclusions, there is a large spatial variation between
the study area stations during the day and at night, and as we
go from the north of the study area to its south, the quantities of
heat gained increase, but the amounts of lost heat decrease and
vice versa.There is also a direct relationship between
temperature and heat gain in the study area, while there is an
inverse relationship between temperature and heat loss in it. In
light of these conclusions, we presented a set of
recommendations to the relevant authorities.

Heavy rain refers to the large number of rains in a specific period of time, and because of the different geographical characteristics, the determination of the ingredients and quantities of these rains varies from one region to another. Because of the topography and the geographical location of the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, which is located in the semi-tropical regions, therefore heavy rain falls, including heavy rains, therefore the presence of rugged mountains in this province has a great importance in reserving air humidity and thus heavy rains fall. In this paper, the classification of synoptic patterns of heavy rains in Sulaymaniyah Governorate and the climatic characteristics of this phenomenon have been highlighted according to location and time.

The research indicates that the occurrence of heavy rains occurs in mountainous regions more than the plain areas, and for the time of the occurrence of the phenomenon there was a difference in the frequency of heavy rains according to the seasons for all stations in the winter (61.4%) and (20.5%) in the spring and ( 17.9%) in the fall semester. In addition, at the level of months, months came (February, December, January), as the most frequent numbers of heavy rains were recorded. As for the classification of synoptic patterns, and after determining (97) joint days for heavy rains in the Sulaymaniyah governorate and their representation with synoptic maps, the maps were distributed to (7) different groups. The most frequent group (D) was (45) members, meaning the eastern Mediterranean dawn.

The present paper attempts to highlight the importance of Non-classroom activities which carried out through the plans of deanships and departments of student affairs and youth welfare in universities, colleges and higher and intermediate institutes; Where Non-classroom activities play no less important role than the academic role practiced with the student system

Therefore, it includes a set of important axes that we will try to address in order to ensure the linking elements of the components of the educational process to each other, which leads to clarify the role played by these programs, Non-classroom activities in the preparation and refine and the formation of mature personality of the university student. This paper also deals with the role of supervisors of student groups in increasing the construction and preventive value of Non-classroom activities which has been implemented by of student groups members.

Therefore, the knowledge and skills that must be available in the student groups supervisors should be addressed. In the end, we are expected to make some recommendations that can help all parties involved in organizing these Non-classroom programs and activities to ensure their practice and development to take advantage of their positive effects on of students' personality developing and its maturity.

This paper aims to highlight the importance of conducting a literature review to explore previous findings related to the topic of a research and acquaint the researcherswith the latest developments in that particular field. It also serves to assess the drawbacks of previous studies, which enables researchers to adopt different approaches or procedures to ensure that research value, originality and important contribution to the field are achieved. To attain these standards, the literature review must be adhere to certain regulations and take some considerations into account. This paper presents the concept of literature review, particularly the regulations that guide its writing and the considerations required when selecting, summarizing, classifying, presenting and synthesising previous studies.

Sexual harassment is one of the phenomena that has emerged in global societies alike and in Arab societies in particular, including the Iraqi society, It is not a modern phenomenon But it has worsened and increased widely in recent decades, This increase stems from several factors, including the openness of societies to each other and the fact that the world has become a very small global village, Various media outlets such as satellite TV, multiple TV channels and informational networks have performed, And social networking sites of all kinds, Which has clearly invaded Arab societies, especially Iraqi society, played an important role in the spread of the phenomenon of sexual harassment Promoting this phenomenon through advertisements in which women appear, whether they are commercial advertisements or advertisements in programs, The phenomenon of sexual harassment in Iraqi society may be hidden and undeclared, but it is abundant, Customs, traditions and social norms exert great pressure on women not to reveal and talk about sexual harassment, This is because women are prisoners of the traditions of society, Even women who seek freedom and deliverance from these restrictions (social norms) when they are exposed to sexual harassment, They cannot confront and respond, and most of the time, silence is the response to sexual harassment, As well as for several other social and ethical reasons and indicators, Therefore, one of the aims of the research was to identify the causes of sexual harassment in the research community, which consisted of a group of women who had been subjected to sexual harassment, In workplaces, public roads, malls, markets, schools and universities. The research was divided into two chapters, one and two, and in each chapter there are three sections:

People differ in their nature because the difference is one of the origins of their creation and that the life we live is based on differences, contradiction and opposites. This is what God Almighty deposited in man and the wisdom of having made this human being the most honorable creatures and successors on earth.

Since God sent His last messengers fourteen centuries ago, Islam considered the human rights of every human being of any race, of any religion and of any region, based on its philosophy of honoring man in terms of human being and rights prescribed in Islam.

The rights of minorities in the Islamic community are confirmed rights in Islam, although unfortunately; there are those, opponents of Islam, who want to doubt that to make the issue of minorities an issue to stand in the face of the arbitration of Islamic law in Islamic societies of our time.

In this study, we tried to find out the way the Muslims society deal with non-Muslim minorities and how these behaviors were based on the principles emphasized and inspired by the best examples of communal peace and cultural coexistence, Prophet Mohamed (Peace be Upon him,) in his actions and words with others.

The search aims to identify the effectiveness of mindfulness dialectical Behaviour therapy in changing attitudes to wards immigration. The sample consisted of (15) student in the age of (22) years, it was distributed on experimental group (8) student , and control group ( 7) students , to achieve the objectives of current study , the researcher developed two measures (mindfullness and attitudes toward immigrant) and extract the psychometric characters for them, and verified homogeneity between the two groups in (mindfullness and attitudes toward immigrant ) . The mindfulness training program prepared by the researcher, of ( 16) sessions are set up in the frame. work if dialectical behavior therapy . the result showed that the program in changing attitudes toward immigrant among students, in the light of these findings the research put forward set of recommendations and proposals.

Religious poems are one of the well-known literary genres who poets began to benefit from its symbolic elements & contents in order to show and clarify their nice and beautiful poetic meanings. Christianity and the life of Jesus are one of the clear example that have been placed before the ascetics and Christian clergy in general and Iranian in particular.

Jesus Christ is a figure who has occupied a prominent position since ancient times, his name and remembrance are present in the mind of every human being. The Christ in Iranian culture is a symbol of freedom, purity and honesty for this reason, these people have painted in their mind a pleasant and likeable image of him.

The Iranian vision of the Christ's prophets arised in the first place by mentioning the signals and several and repeated hints of the Holy Quran to the holiness and purity of the Christian family.

Most writers and poets of Persian literature have used the name of Christ and Christian religious terms widely through Islamic teachings (Holy Quran) to showed that in their poems as a novel and not as a rule so that they did not go in this way without evidence.

In this research, we showed how Iranian poets are influenced by Christianity and its religion terms as well as showed the references some of the meanings and contents common in this regard in their poems.

Myth: It is a sacred story that includes the subject of creation and the beginning of existence and is defined as the work outside the familiar and extraordinary habits of human characteristics. It explains the secrets of life and the universe in a narrative style revolving around religious and social traditions and beliefs, and describes the exciting events that crystallized the process of creation and the role it played Various gods and mythical creatures in these events. And employing the legend is a process of mixing the past and the present, and when the ancient Hebrew literature had grown up in an environment in which the multiplicity of deities flourished and human figures appeared in it who rose to the level of divinity and attributed to him the works that are attributed only to the gods, the image of man emerged in many of the stories Legendary or semi-legendary, which carries some features outside the framework of humans, and thus modern Hebrew literature in its handling of the concept of conflict derives many legends and miraculous works that are mentioned in the stories of the Old Testament and in the myths of the ancient world as well and were mixed in literary works and crystallized with Subject to intellectual new, perhaps were not present in the original texts.

This research addressed the job satisfaction of the communicator in the practice of public relations in private establishments in the United Arab Emirates. The research aimed to find out level of job satisfaction of the communicator in public relations in private establishments, through satisfaction for his salary and bonuses, his relationship with their colleagues, his links with their institution’s leadership, clarity of institution's policy, Justice of job development, job stimulation, and work environment. The researcher used media survey methodology and questionnaire as an essential tool for collecting information. Some of the important results of the research are: The level of job satisfaction of the communicator in public relations from his salary and bonuses is very high, the salary he receives is suitable with his duties, this salary encourages him to do work better, the salaries policy followed is fair, the salary he receives meets his needs, and therefore he is completely satisfied with the salary he receives. The research recommends: The institution should review the work method to allow the formation of human relationships between colleagues, the Public relations practitioner is appreciated based on his efforts not on personal and social relationships.

The stylistic changes that occurred in the documentary film were not addressed by researchers in cinematic studies in Iraq, As well as being useful for scholars and those working in the field of cinematic art, As it was necessary for the cinema that originated through shows of bars, popular theaters and movie clubs Cinematic, To acquire a cultural level, and to become an educational and scientific instrument used in various aspects of life, The term method is often used to denote the reference to new, effective and eloquent treatment in selecting and employing linguistic techniques and means to express thought that is embodied in a live interaction with the recipient in a way that he realizes that this expression has acquired a method that can only be devised by this creator, Therefore, the determination of the method stems mainly from the expressive value of the aesthetically employed component within the structure of the artwork, Through its distinction within the framework of the artistic achievement, the artist’s style is indicated, in addition to what the nature of the age and the intellectual and ideological directions it contains give him a basis that prints the style and gives him a general framework that guides the artist’s directions.

Futility of being a wacky mutineer is one of the significant matters used in Arden’s Serjeant Musgrave’s Dance. This mainly implied matter exploited by Arden to intentionally criticize the war-makers and at the same time to expose the mutineer’s attempt in making change via infuriating the townsfolk to revolt against the inequitable authority. This study aims at visualizing the real confrontation and struggle between Musgrave and the representatives of the dominating regime. It is divided into two sections and a conclusion. Section one deals with John Arden, the playwright, who is constantly a political radical, cautious of authority and exceeding social institutions. In section two, the sociopolitical analysis of Serjeant Musgrave’s Dance is dedicated to explain how Arden is often viewed as one of so prominent playwrights who has created a theatrical rebellion in English drama.

Language has a valuable role in shaping the type of relationships between arguers. The use of language is like double-edged sword in the hand of fathers to shape their type of relationship with their sons. Father-son argumentation could be the real source of increasing a social distance and building barriers between them. The current paper aims at answering the questions whether the social distance between fathers and sons have changed between the past and present? And have old fathers been changed to share their sons’ common ground and wants?

The great difference between the old and present fathers is examined in the two novels characterized by a father-son relationship theme namely; “East of Eden” 1952 by John Stainbeck and “The Road” 2006 by Corman McCarthy. The researcher aims at shedding light on the type of relationship between old and present fathers with their sons reflected on their argumentation, how they care about each other face and how much they achieve the audience demand in their argumentation by applying Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson (1978) theory of politeness.

It is founded that present fathers have more positive choices in their argumentative politeness strategies whereas old fathers go bald on record by their use of continuous orders, criticism and sometimes insult. Finally, it is concluded that the more audience demand is fulfilled, the less father-son social distance will take place.

An apology is a formal and known acknowledgement that an individual uses when some individuals violate human rights, i.e., apologies emerge when human rights are violated for a reason or another.

The national apology can be defined as the type of apology that is political, collective, and intrastate which a group of people offer to another by using an appropriate representation. Though the term ‘age of apology’ first emerged two decades ago, the term ‘national apology’, even with age, has continued to be one that is specifically analytically elusive.

In contrast to interpersonal apologies that exist between individuals, a collective apology is constructed of and directed to definite communities. It is considered as political since it is made by/through political or social companies, institutions or organizations and for past wrongdoings of political characters.

Using national apology, the speaker tries to be political in his/her speech to be able to achieve his/her aim of the communication. Using different strategies, one of them is national apology, the speaker tries to avoid FTA and get the acceptable response from the audience.

The aim of this study is to analyze how the speaker uses the national apology in public discourse, the reasons, the constructions and the meaning of this kind of apologies. This study is concerned with investigating the social functions of national apologies.