Athar al-rafedain

This research tackles one of the important political aspects in Assyria in addition to its characteristic as evidence enables us to Recognize the genuine dimensions which led to the exhaustion of the Assyrian military mechanism and finally the collapse of Nineveh in 612 B.C.
It has become quite clear through the induction and analysis of
Assyrian royal annals and the cuneiform documents related to other
Nations who simultaneously lived with the Assyrians there are several direct and indirect evidences indicate the real. Shortcomings the Assyrian kings in foreign affairs and their military campaigns. This is, indeed, due to several reasons which have been thoroughly tackled in this paper.
The present research is divided into two main parts:
Part one shows the indirect evidences of the above mentioned shortcomings which are embodied in the repeated allegations of false triumphs added to the exaggerations with regard to showing foes' casualties. These exaggerations have been proved as supernatural after the induction of the political development added to what have been referred to by posterior monarchs that contradicts with the ancestral annals. In addition to the crystal clear contradiction with regard to the supernatural allegations of foes' casualties found in monarchical annals of same content.
Part two tackles the direct evidences of the above mentioned shortcoming, and this part is subdivided into:
First, shows the evidences of political failure which are embodied in the disobedience of some petty states and kingdoms which were under the leverage of the Assyrian kings.
The second shows the military shortcomings found in the Assyrian texts added to the texts of peoples who defied the Assyrian leverage and military aggrandizements in the region. Furthermore, the military shortcomings are classified in the light of the Assyrian' attacks from one hand and the nations who invaded on the other.

This research deals with the Hittite royal burial ceremonies during
the second millennium BC. The study is based on the contents of the
written and the Hittite religious beliefs that would have the need to published texts as burying was of the important traditions within bury the body of the deceased and in the case of being left without burying that was reflected negatively on the living and cause them anxiety and discomfort, as well as the lives of the deceased turn to ghosts which hurt the living people, so it was necessary to bury the dead bodies in general and the bodies of kings were being buried according to special ceremonies that continue for (14) days during which variety of rituals were conducted with several measures.

The research focuses on the analysis of the shape of the king Hammurabi (1792-1750BC);linking the artistic aspect with the scientific one which is documented by modern theories and the accuracy of the artist at the time to bring into view the technical details for implementing the two specimens which have been selected to be studied and analyzed due to the lack of the discovered art
models belong to the king himself, as well as giving his works of art their right entitlement with in contemporary studies knowing that he had represented one of the most important figures that have had an influential role in Iraqi history in general and the ancient Babylonian history in particular.

This unpublished text is under number (IM. 204243) its measurements
(10.8 x 9.5 x 2.5 cm). It is one of the holdings which reached the Iraqi Museum through confiscation. It is considered as one of the most important administrative texts of grain records belonging to the city of Umma during the reign of ŠUL Governor in the Akkadian period (2371-2230 BC.). What gives this text its extreme importance is that it is considered as the first cuneiform text discovered belonging to this ruler who had achieved a highly balanced accounting of the city of Umma in the field of administrative building (house of the scepter) (É . GIDRU)
which is the centre of local government of the city. Large quantities of grain crops which came from the territory of the city were recorded in the text, which was under the supervision of the chief of peasants King (SAG. APIN. NA LUGAL. KE4. NE) charged of its administration from the Akkadian King and they have delivered grain crops to the stores city Umma.

Date formula or as it is known as the dates of years according to
the events is one of the most important subjects in the cuneiform texts.
It became one of the most prominent historical corpus kept by the
ancient Iraqis for us, and they explained the events in detail to be
This study came to highlight the .successful beginning of the calendar
significance of the acts listed in the contents of the Date Formula from
the ancient Babylonian period(1595 - 2004 BC) as a model. These deeds
were the most prominent source that showed the reality of events in
detail. This came to illustrate what is full of confusion or ambiguity in the
interpretation and sometimes inaccuracies in the translation because the
significance of the concept of the language means the study of the
meaning by explanation and interpretation also by the study of lexical
meaning comparing it with what is stated in the dictionary. The present
research is divided into three parts based on the diversity of the contents
of historical Date formula based mainly on significance of the actions.
The first part includes the political events like crowning the kings or
political marriage or the death of one of the kings or the legislation and
the reforms in the country. Or it deals also with the military campaigns
like the destruction of cities as well as wars and battles and fighting the
enemy armies. The second part is confined to the religious events like the
inauguration of priests and priestesses in the temples, as well as what is related to ceremonial religious events such as establishing statues of the
goddess and the Kings. Finally, the last part concentrates on construction
irrigation projects, such as digging canals or the agrarian reform , and
building the temples the fences, gates and small industries related to
decorate temples.

Mesopotamia is the cradle of civilization inhabited by humans since
ancient ages People there learned all kinds of acknowledge among which various works of arts. They acquired good experience in ornamentation especially those concerned with trees and plants. The geographic isolation of Egypt, on the other hand, did not prevent it from being in contact with other civilization of the ancient. Near East.
The relationship with ancient Mesopotamia was much more effective.
Egypt was affected at that period by ancient Iraqi civilization, and
Egyptians could not find any problem to lend and use it. The on who
looks at the ornamentations could find and feel the Iraqi and Egyptians artists’ elements of plants and trees of which the surrounding nature is rich of. They applied the elements of their artistic works. it is well known that nature is rich of plants as there are different flowers, fruits, herbs and trees. Therefore, this environment became an inspiration for both Iraqi and Egyptian artists. The discovered artistic sights are the basic source of
our information for studying the subject of plants ornaments. it shows their features and effects according to the development especially the subjects of originality and effect in the art of plant ornamentation in both ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.