Journal Dawat

This research studies literature and criticism in the light of the terms of excellence and distinction, as they are two sides of a single cognitive act. It contains the movement of literature and criticism in its comprehensiveness and distinctive artistic and cognitive nature. It also brings together its linguistic meaning based on separation and divergence in distinct and harmonious aesthetic functions in literature, criticism, and in ancient Arab criticism according to two prominent and distinguished critics, Al-Jahiz and Abdul-Qaher Al-Jurjani, according to a distinguished poet, Abu Tammam, in formal criticism, which is concerned with excellence and distinction, in de Saussure's structural criticism of difference, distinction and contrast, and finally according to two modern critics, Roman Jakobson, especially in his poetic function, and Riphater, especially in his stylistic function and his criteria that focus on literature in its uniqueness and distinction.
Keywords: distinction, literature, criticism, structure

In this research, we start from the hypothesis that says: the publicist discourse is of dominant and evident presence in our Arab heritage. It represents a soft force. The poem represents publicity breaks that include an image and a public language, with which the poet presents his cultural product to the praised one to convince its importance and influence the recipient in general.
To achieve this end, the advertising poem is based on emotional, not intellectual, attraction in order to be amenable to cultural consumption. The publicist poem is based on the principle of exchange between the two parties: the poet and the praised one. In this equation, the poet is no less important than his praise. The publicist discourse is manifested with a clear intent on the one hand, and an implicit dimension on the other.
To achieve the research hypothesis, it proceeds according to the following plan:
- The semiotics of publicist discourse and Profiting via Praise
- The publicist perspective and the poem of ‘Profiting via Praise’
- The publicist perspective in adumbrate dashboard
- The publicist perspective and women
- The camel, its alternatives, and the poet's journey
- The advertising intention in the poem ‘profiting via Praise’
- Advertising intention and exchange formula
- Advertising intention and counter advertising
- Advertising intention and classic construction

Ugliness is a thorny philosophical concept and an important aesthetic statement from postmodernism and its manifestations in art, literature, architecture, painting, sculpture, engineering and life in all its aspects. This research aims to transcend the traditional view of the relations that exist between beauty and ugliness through its focus on the saying of ugliness and a statement and presentation of its representations in the narrative blog of the Egyptian novelist (Mohamed Rabie) entitled (Mercury) given that the novel is the art of life and human existence. Thus, and in terms of its process, it reflects the details of its beauty and the faces of its ugliness at the same time. Ugly, as philosophers believe, is an aesthetic value that is not without artistic pleasure. We can feel its resonance in our reading of representations of ugliness in Arabic novels.

Diagnosis - as it is well known - is a new term known in modern literary and critical studies. It is the product of the development taking place in studies and in new curricula. This concept came to define an artistic phenomenon known to the Arab rhetorical and critical thought, and it was manifested in many Arabic literary texts of all kinds and their creative forms. However, the rhetorical and critical visions adopted by the ancients did not use the term (diagnosis) on the phenomenon of giving human characteristics to the moral and tangible things and instilling life in them. Rather, they referred to this phenomenon in the folds of their hadiths about metaphor or simile, and they cited poetic texts that include this phenomenon in treating morals and tangibles as if they were living beings that feel what a person feels, possessing many of his attributes, actions and organs. Therefore, the quest - in this research - was directed to perceive what was included in the phenomenon of diagnosing morale with clear effectiveness in the artistic and moral formation of the poetry written by the poets of the Fatimid state, alongside its artistic and aesthetic role in their poetic images.
keywords: Diagnosis, Fatimid poetry, morale diagnosis

Novel is a literary genre that is distinctive in literary and cultural innovation. Novel is a literary text which interacts with other different texts. It emerges from its environment to interact and develop its literary and aesthetic shape. When we focus in this research on the relationship between the Iraqi novel interaction with the historical aspect, we have to identify the peculiarity in the historical aspect and how it is employed in the narrative genre throughout narrative samples and their impact on the modern and contemporary thought. This will help reveal literary, intellectual, and aesthetic aspects and engage in intellectual questions that shed light on the implied and hidden aspects of the Iraqi history from an open critical perspective that is based on research and dialogue. Those who follow up the Iraqi narrative scene find that tackling history is a cognitive preoccupation targeted towards the narrative rhetoric, where it is done through narrative plots linking the past to the present in order to reveal the relationship between the imaginative narrative with the historical reality.
Keywords: novel and history, fictional novelist, historical novelist, novel and heritage.

This study intended to reveal the effect of safety from confusion in preventing the verification of the morphological and phonological phenomena in which the appropriate ground is prepared for realization. It also detects the phenomena that have deviated from analogy in Arabic to prevent confusion. In his study, the researcher followed the descriptive approach, relying on the opinions in the Arabic grammatical records that reflect the genius of our well-known scholars in referring to the effect of the safety of confusion. In these opinions they had founded the morphological and phonological rules which their works were full of. The researcher also did not neglect the opinions of modern scholars concerning the morphological and the phonological phenomena that don't exist or that deviate from analogy. The first chapter is about the morphological and phonological phenomena which don't exist in fear of confusion. The second chapter is about the morphological and phonological phenomena which violate the rules set out by the antecedents for fear of confusion with a certain form or another meaning that the speaker did not intend.
Keywords: safety from confusion, phonological phenomena, morphological phenomena

The research studies the image of the ego in the poetry of Muhammed Mahdi Al-Juawhiri, to stand with it, to question it, and to clarify its position on the other. It is a position that is mostly characterized by rebellion and self-sacrifice. He also goes to study the authority of speech, that is the poetic authority in which the ego has been keen to highlight it in the face of others.
Keywords: Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri - the ego - the image - the other - the political and social conflict - alienation.

The book (Tawhid al-Mufaddal) represents a persuasive discourse par excellence because of the great argument and bright proofs that it has in the sense that every person of sound mind acquiesces in. The book consists of four sessions attended by Al-Mufaddal bin Amr at Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) to respond to the calls of atheists and misleaders, characterized by a method of argument and rational dialogue away from transmission evidence. This reading of the book (Tawhid al-Mufaddal) presents a picture of persuasive discourse methods and strategies, which came in two sections: The first included a brief definition of the research terms: strategy, discourse, persuasion and its shadows. The second section presented some of the persuasion strategies that were distributed among the methods of demand (order, question and appeal), virtual dialogue, and representation as a distinct phenomenon in the discourse, and an effective mechanism in persuasion. Then the study has been ended with the most important results.

In its introduction, the research examined the relationship between literature and politics. Literature expresses people's concerns and their political and social aspirations in artistic forms. Therefore, it is considered an effective tool for political and social change. The research examined, as well, the relationship of the novel to politics. He revealed the differences between the "political novel" and the "political event" novel.
The research examines, in an extensive manner, the functions of the political event in models of Iraqi novels, and the impact of the political event on the artistic construction of these novels, their events, and their cultural and ideological discourse.
The research also investigates the "cultural and artistic functions" of the political event in a selected sample of well-known Iraqi novels.
Key words: The functions, political events, novel, Iraqi novel

In the name of Allah, the Merciful the Gracious
Prayers and peace be upon the greatest Prophet Muhammad and his pure family. The Diwan of the Moroccan poet Muhammad Areej is a poetic painting filled with the rhetorical images shown. The research tried to shed light these images by adopting the rhetorical procedure as a means to show the aesthetics of the text and the evidence of its advantages by standing on the most eloquent areas, which are analogy and metaphor. These images were captured among the lines of his poetry.

The generational novel is one of the distinctive types of novels. It describes the conditions of several generations of one family over the years, reporting the events, political fluctuations, and the change in economic, cultural and social conditions.
The trilogy narrates the life of a middle-class family before and after the 1919 revolution until the fifties of the last century, showing the lives of people at that time, their customs and traditions, the relationships within the same family, the relationships of families with each other, the negative or positive impact of mother and father, the extent to which families are keen on education, the emergence of new political currents, and the concerns of the younger generations.
As for the novel of the Pascual Duarte family, we find that it is a memoir of a murderer sentenced to death, giving a picture of the dire social and economic conditions that Spain suffered after the civil war. It serves as a confession or purification of the soul from guilt, or a relief to his conscience before death, or a justification for the actions he committed. These notes raise the question: Are crimes and inclination to violence a human nature, acquired from the environment, or a result of the circumstances and pressures surrounding the person? It also shows the negative influence of the father and the mother in all stages of the upbringing in which the personality is formed and the parents being bad role models. It is wondered whether he is the only criminal or is there someone who pushed him to do so?

This research is an attempt to investigate the parallel texts in the contemporary Karbalai poem represented by the poetry of the poet Fadel Aziz Farman. Recently, the Arab monetary institution began to pay attention to it as one of the important monetary research projects particularly after the manifestation of this discourse (the poet’s poetry). This discourse comes in a period considered one of the most critical periods that witnessed the rise of the creative voice calling for the need to change from what was prevalent in Iraqi poetry. It targets those marginalized areas to become, according to the new reading, a central revealing of their structural, stylistic and semantic functions and activities. This research arose in order to investigate its implications, and to reveal its secrets and relationships, inquiring does it gain its entitlement from the text, or does it gain its entitlement? Can it be replaced with its own connotations? Then what about the ways of meeting it with the text, especially when its sender differs from its sender? These are the research question of the study and the starting point for the hypotheses adopted and sought to be proved or refuted. The research is divided into two sections, the first deals with the parallel text, the outer and the inner, and the second comes to approximate the epitaxial meta-parallel text, such as the distant heterosexual approaches (critical readings), which were supplemented by a conclusion whale the most important results that concluded from this research. 

In this research, we shed light on the introductions of argument in the new rhetoric theory and the extent of the interrogative style in the Holy Qur’an is launched in its light. We also reveal its persuasive power in achieving influence and appeal to the listener or addressee. Accordingly, the research clarified the profound effect of the interrogative method in persuading the listener and his acquiesce to what is included in the divine speech in the light of an introductions from which it was launched because they are postulates, ideas and common points between the dialogue parties that cannot be refuted or denied.
Keywords: Arguments, Events, Facts, Assumptions, Hierarchies

This research presents a critical reading of the poetry of Mansour al-Nimri (d. 190 AH), the Abbasid poet. It examines the superficial and implicit and deep elements, revealing the confusion that has long occurred in the scholars' lack of understanding of his poetry. In the context of the political dimension of praise, which constituted the most important topics of his poetry, and out of the political struggle, we decided to enter into political praise, which appeared to be a mirror image of the fluctuations of his private and public life, his thoughts, beliefs and personal convictions. For this reason, the purpose of political praise was the most ambiguous focus among several trends that affected his poetry, as it occupies an important position in the poetry of Mansour al-Nimri (d. 190 AH). This importance comes from the connection of his poetry with the political conflict between the Abbasids and the Alawites. It is also relevant to show the cultural patterns within the framework of the dimension political praise, which formed the most important themes of his poetry.
Keywords: political praise, Mansour Al-Nimri, cultural criticism.

يشكّلُ الفضاء الكتابي البصري فضاءً شعرياً تأويلياً له القابلية على فتح آفاق القراءة بشكل واضح، إذ أصبح من المسلّمات الحداثوية أن الكتابة بأنماطها وصورها وتنوّع أساليبها أصبحت فضاء مفتوحاً لقراءات أخرى يتلمّسها المتلقي، فيحاول الوصول إلى المعنى المسكوت عنه، وهي في الحقيقة قصدية واعية من الباثّ إلى المتلقي، ليجعله مشاركاً في النص بل منتجاً آخر بفعل قراءة جديدة أُريد لها الظهور وتقانة جديدة في الشعر المعاصر تحاكي التطور الكتابي البصري.
وعليه لجأ الشعراء على استعمال التقطيع الكتابي والنثيث التنقيطي والأشكال الهندسية والبياض والسواد وعلامات الترقيم على أنها أشكال لها القدرة على محاكاة المتلقي بصرياُ ومن ثمَّ قرائياً للوصول إلى فضاء شعري وتأويلي في آن واحد.
الكلمات المفاتيح:
التقطيع الكتابي، النثيث التنقيطي، الأشكال الهندسية، البياض والسواد، علامات الترقيم.

This research represents a framework for the concept of Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis in light of what has settled in modern Arabic studies. It lays out a vision for this field of knowledge coming from the Western culture, in light of the methodological convictions of Arab researchers. However, the nature of dealing with the concept is reflected on the knowledge system of this specialization. The approaches that were employed in constructing their definitions of discourse analysis in the light of their epistemological convictions varied, and the attempt to invest this research framework in the field of Arabic studies. Thus, understanding the concept would be influential in understanding this specialty, which is reflected on the procedure, either positively or negatively. This was shown by not understanding the concept, or limiting it to a specific field, that leads to cognitive fallacies that move away from the framework of discourse analysis and its approaches.

This research takes a side that is rarely discussed by specialists in the Arabic language. It observes the semiotics transmitted by characteristics of the language’s letters to the thought of the Sufis. In their blogs, these people dealt with letters from the point of view of their thought and manifestations of their revelation, but they relied on the results of the linguistic study, so they linked them with their beliefs, in an attempt to prove them. This research is associated with the Sufi Ibn Arabi 638 AH, and is divided into three sections after the introduction, the first is about the rank and nature of the hamza, the second is about its origin, and the third is about its attributes and qualities. We first reviewed the vision of the philologists and the linguists, then we moved to the thought of Ibn Arabi to follow how he dealt with it in his struggles and scouts.

This research includes a study of the presumption of use and its impact on meaning according to Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi (d. 573 AH). As this presumption represented for him one of the pieces of evidence on which he relied in analyzing texts, revealing their meanings, and deducing legal rulings from them. He sees that the semantics of the words are based on the nature of their use in the language of communication and deliberation, whether it is between the public or the private.

The main article and the important pillar on which the miraculous news in the biography of Al-Imam Al-Hassan al-Askari (peace be upon him) depends is the central event interacting growing with the character Imam Hassan Al-Askari (peace be upon him). It is a dynamic personality distinguished by its extraordinary ability to produce immortal human attitudes in the memory of the collective. This is because the miraculous news text is based on a dramatic style characterized by tension and movement to inflict an effective effect on the reader's mind on the one hand and is characterized by restriction and condensation in intentionally suggestive methods on the other hand.
The study was based on three axes: the first one studied the developing personality of Imam Hassan al-Askari (peace be upon him), characterized by realism and its miraculous ability that controls the course of successive events according to the logic of causation. The second axis is devoted to the narrative side (time and place), being the important pillars on which the narrative text is based; It has an objective existence in the text that cannot be ignored. The third axis studies the event based on series of events that are logically organized events to form an integrated narrative text.

This research deals with the image of the semiotic method and its presence in one of the ancient Iraqi magazines, which is Foreign Culture Magazine. This was through some translated studies that appeared in this magazine after they were collected and analyzed so as to show the method used by a group of some critics who analyze texts in the light of the semiotic approach. It also follows the theoretical premises of these critics and the procedures that they adopted in their analysis process. This study attempts to show the differences in the theoretical premises of the semiotic method contained in this magazine, attempting to combine and compare these premises with what was mentioned in the references. This study is divided into two parts:
1- A theoretical introduction that presented a simplified and condensed theoretical picture of the semiotic approach.
2- Attending the semiotic curriculum in the foreign culture magazine, which includes two aspects: the theoretical studies, and applied ones.

Monotheism is the foundation upon which the Islamic religion is based. In other words, it is the basis of every matter in this great religion. Belief in the oneness of God, the Exalted the Majestic, is the entrance to the foundations and branches of the Islam. Without believing in monotheism, whether the rest exited or not will be the same.
this issue has been emphasized on in many instances and situations. When Allah, the Exalted the Majestic, discouraged the thought of the Quraish, eliminated their polytheistic thought, and spread the religion of monotheism in the land of the Arabs, soon the Arabs themselves returned to the idea of polygamy. They exaggerated in some great personalities and dragged them to divinity. Then, their thought was mixed with that of other pagan nations, they matched them in some places, and imitated them in divine pluralism.
Hence the keenness of the imams, peace be upon them, to clarify the attributes of God Almighty to people; lest they go too far in their religion.

The compositions classified in the grammatical cause constituted an abundant amount of the legacy of linguistic knowledge that reached the point of richness in this aspect. From here this research came to draw attention to an important aspect of the linguistic study, which is the lexical cause that is based on the explanation of the reason for the pronunciation of the word.
We called it (the lexical explanation) which - after studying it - appeared to have a large presence in the Arabic dictionary, especially the lexicon of Al-Ain in the field of study, and it was also found that it is based on prominent pillars and foundations. The methods in which the lexical reasoning phenomenon was presented varied. The research monitored the most prominent of these methods, and it appeared to the researchers that the most important feature of the lexical reasoning is that it is probabilistic and non-deterministic.

This research studies the structures of abstract and augmentative verbs and their meanings in the poetry of the poet Mustafa Jamal al-Din, a morphological study.
The aim of the study is to explore the meanings of the structures used by the poet, mentioned by scholars, whether he used the same meaning or made some modifications giving them new meanings. This is to know the dimensions and aesthetics in the Diwan. In it, the researcher extracted the structures, and analyzed the words contained in the Diwan, starting with introducing the concept of the verb. Then comes the first chapter, titled The Structures of the Abstract Triple Verb and the Structures of the Abstract Quadruple Verb. After that, the second chapter is entitled The Structures of the Augmentative Verb with more with one letter, two letters and three letters. Finally, a detailed outline was developed for the weights mentioned in the poet's diwan