Journal Dawat

Whoever investigates Arabic rhetoric finds it with transformations that endowed it with the quality of generality, invincibility and strength. Perhaps the most prominent signs of its strength are its connection with other sciences. It became in its meaning and concept the study of linguistic expression and how to produce meaning through studying the tools of expression.
The researcher of the concept of rhetoric finds the multiplicity of the concept, i.e., the multiplicity of concepts or understanding. The reason behind this is that everyone makes a concept that benefits from it, so the concepts are multiplied by the multiplicity of understanding as well as the multiplicity of the concept’s textures. This is a formidable obstacle in the way of those who wish to reach a stable concept; Therefore, I found research on the problem of the concept of rhetoric useful due to its connection to the abstract notion of rhetoric and because the concept would have a long life as it is, including what needs to be trimmed or other cures of concepts. In addition, the concept is a foundational intellectual and cognitive pillar from which stems the term that carries the concept's genetic characteristics with the attributes of (the linguistic meaning). I reached into the conclusion that the rhetorical research began in the views and observations of the theory of impressionistic taste with a few reasons. Then, the matter turned to scientific and justification in the stage of research in the miracle of the Qur’an up to the discovery of the beauty of systems. Rhetoric became a science after it was a general knowledge; its science was manifested in the pursuit of health as well as beauty care. The normative appeared to represent the poetic or Quranic example. And that the relationship between the concept of rhetoric and the meaning of the word origin, has an environmental, sensory, spatial origin. Then it crossed specialism and transformed in Arab thought to an absolute goal. The first conceptual and defining stage was full of ego and fragmentation because the era of formulating the definition is the era of oral culture and the oral phase of an impressionistic tint that is impolite in consideration, contemplation and induction, which is the era of verbal competition that emanates from the predominance of senses and desires.
key words: Concept, Rhetoric, Reading

The thesis of training students in grammar، written by Sheikh Ahmed bin Al-Qasim Al-Hajjar (d. 1277 AH)، is an introduction to grammar، which is classified among the abbreviations that suit the level of beginners in the study of Arabic grammar. In it، the author summarized the rules of Arabic grammar in a simplified teaching style and in a clear language that suits the elementary level. He confined himself to the chapters and issues that were needed، both verbally and in writing. It represented a model of the educational grammar curriculum in Syria during the thirteenth century، and it was distinguished by the quality of coordination and the abundance of educational examples. The thesis included two parts: in the first one، it includes the author's biography، thesis content، and the investigation of the title، its attribution to the author، and the method of its investigation. The second section includes the verified text. I hope that I have succeeded in serving our beautiful language and our rich heritage of anecdotes، benefiting the concerned researchers and scholars.

This study is an attempt to show the importance of the structural levels in revealing the contents and connotations of the text. Through this method of analysis، the student can take all the external (contextual) and internal (systemic) aspects into consideration. It is known that the goal of critical analysis is to pay attention to the external aspects The internal aspects of the text are of the same importance، which is an undoubted consideration، as the knowledge of the writer and the conditions of writing the text are no less important in revealing the contents of the text. Therefore، we believe that following this method of analyzing texts provides us with knowledge of its external contexts and internal formats at the same time.
The structural levels of the text are gradual ascending according to the following form: phonetic، morphological، lexical، syntactic، grammatical، rhetorical، semantic، and symbolic. The study of these levels may be adopted in more than one critical approach (structuralism، semiotics، for example)، but these approaches do not take into account - In most cases، the related semantics generated by it. That is، it does not pay attention to the connection of external contexts with the systemic components of the text for several reasons، including: the keenness of each approach to what distinguishes it from other curricula and adhere to specific mechanisms، sayings and methods to achieve this aim. Therefore، this research attempts to study those levels structurally and at the same time tries to identify the external contexts by making use of the Other critical approaches in order to come up with a comprehensive view of the text and not to decline in its linguistic structure. This is a method that can be appropriate for reading poetic texts and obtaining satisfactory results.
What justifies the reliance in the textual analysis on the structural levels mentioned above is that it is the main pillar in the building of the constituent units، and it cannot be skipped or bypassed at all. The researcher will analyze the poem of the Iraqi poet Marouf Al-Rasafi (The Breastfeeding Widow) to be an applied procedural to test the method we saw.

When Al-Jahiz talks about the meanings that are on the way، he is talking about the raw material that will be distributed among all the novelists equally. Then، if the raw material، i.e.، the event before it was written، is the first partner in writing the novel، then the language that records that event is the second partner. There are two ways of using language، a creative way that recreates the raw material، leaving its scars on the reader، and a non-creative method that preserves the raw material as it is، without leaving any trace، as is the case with most of the novels after 2003. To which of these two methods does Saleh's language belong in this novel? Our research consisted of an introduction and two sections. In the introduction، I summarized the theme of the novel. As for the first topic، we talked about the language of the novel and how the novelist made the characters utter what they could not do when he started speaking on their behalf. As for the second topic، the novelist has relatively succeeded in overcoming this the problem to come with the conclusion that language is an active partner in writing the narrative text.
Keywords: language as a partner، after leaving silence، the language of dialogue.

Interpretation is one of the important mechanisms in the communicative lesson in the Qur’anic text، because it is characterized by deciphering the symbols of the text as a world and the world as a text. Also، interpretation in the modern lesson is a relationship of dialogue، listening، intuition and a joint interaction between the listener and the speaker.
Interpretation is considered a complex work that is affected by the position of the relationship between language and thought، and the continuity of interpretation requires an ideal recipient who interprets the Qur’anic text with mechanisms that enable him to understand the Qur’anic text، especially the similar ones.
The research emphasized the study of the Qur’anic texts that included the syllable letters، which are among the verses in which the miracle of the Qur’an appears in terms of style and language. The research also touched on communicativeness in the texts in which the attributes of God were mentioned due to the importance of these verses in studying and trying to understand the Divine Essence and clarifying what is available from its divine attributes.
The research studied contrastive interpretation and its continuity in the Qur’anic text because it is a careful transformation of the meanings and the ways of formulating them.

This research aims to study (the meanings of prepositions and their impact on the branches of jurisprudence). Prepositions have a number of diverse meanings for linguists and commentators، and their significant effects on the structure of the Arabic sentence، and the guidance of legal rulings. This diversity of meanings has led to a difference in the results of legal issues for jurists of all schools of thought. Thus، it became a source of attention of scholars of assets and jurisprudence.
These two letters were defined، their importance was explained، the meanings of each letter were identified، and their impact on the legal ruling was revealed. This research was concerned with clarifying the relationship between language and jurisprudence. The jurist cannot go beyond the semantics of prepositions when dealing with doctrinal issues because prepositions، if they enter into the structure of a sentence، give it a new meaning، and this new meaning affects the results of jurisprudence issues.
Since the prepositions are many، and the jurisprudential issues arising from them cannot be accommodated in one article، the research was limited to two of them، namely: الى ‘to’، and لام ‘for’. The research did not even investigate all the jurisprudential rulings arising from these two letters، but some of those rulings were mentioned as examples and models.
The research was concerned with highlighting the texts mentioned by scholars and attributed them to their original authors for citation. The research also includes several demands and various doctrinal issues.

Undoubtedly، the significance of the word is not on one level in terms of documenting the narrators and their weakness in the men’s research; rather it has different ranks، some of which are textual in the required where they indicate only one meaning and a unique connotation so that its significance at that time is definitive and derives its authority from the authoritativeness of the pieces، others are apparent in what is required، where they indicate the preponderance of documentation as the word 'ayn، or weakness as the word ‘weak’. Its significance is speculative in the sense that it is an argument according to the biography of the wise، which was signed by the infallible، peace be upon him. However، some of them are general، as one of the indications is not likely over the other، which necessitates stopping in them، so the expression at that time is not an argument except in the whole، if it exists.
This research has a great impact on knowing the meanings and reaching the real purpose of the speaker’s intent and the interpretation of the texts issued by him، as the difference in the words results in a difference in meanings and connotations، which definitely entails the difference in judgment. This suffices to call for the examination of these connotations and the realization of talk about them.

This research attempts to stand on the forms of textual coherence in the epitaphs of Ibn Al-Arandas Al-Hilli (840 AH)، represented by consistency and harmony. It is a linguistic study that reveals the mysteries of texts، how they are formed، and their constituent elements at the level of form and content.
The research focused on the concept of textual cohesion with its two elements (consistency and harmony)، and I have endeavored to make it in two sections: The first topic is Consistency in the elegies of Ibn Al-Arandas Al-Hilli، which included (connection، reference، omission، and repetition. The second topic is harmony in the elegies of Ibn Al-Arandas Al-Hilli، which included (objective unity، gradation، background knowledge، and overall structure.
These tools revealed to us the way in which Ibn Al-Arandas Al-Hilli built his poems and his methods in the coherence of his poetic text which represented a very important topic that is the statement of the injustice towards the family of the Messenger (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace). It takes advantage of the topic of lamentation that represents the general framework in which he collected issues from The Battle of Tuff and its characters in a poetic narration filled with passion and sorrow.

The study choses the concept of ‘speech acts’ after being one of the most prominent works in many of the works of the pragmatic lesson، which is concerned with utterances that have formal، semantic، executory and influence system. It aspires to be a verbal act that has a social and institutional impact on the addressee and then accomplishing something. Al-Mutanabbi’s speech in the poem (Eid Anyway، you came back) is a series of events that characterized the human behavior of several people who are concerned to be simultaneous and asynchronous actors. The performance value of this actual event appears from its deliberative effectiveness and its narrative feature. What is a speech act? On what is it based? How are the issues and events linked? These and other questions are what I try to uncover in this study.
Keywords: speech act، direct verbs، declarations، compulsions، indirect speech acts.

Receiving and dismantling speeches depends on the power of speech and the code that triggers the power of influence، whether the speech is written or fabricated. It is a necessary condition for the events of the communicative act because it is very difficult to interpret speeches without going through the theory of receiving. The receipt is an effective production process aimed at understanding and response and its linguistic aspect is determined by reproducing the new verbal context، according to indications that reflect the value of communication. However، after going through the process of receiving the controlling spacing، which is very complex، this space requires a good understanding of the sent connotations، which demands from the recipient to interpret the tone of the speech and capture those codes from the addressee. Here we are determined by the communicative ability and the eloquence of the speech in the interactive linguistic fabric. Each communication process must be understood. This study relied on the descriptive analytical approach in detecting the receiving process and identifying the types of responses to verbal speech between the speaker and the addressee، which appear to us while understanding the semantics and the process of building them based on the cognitive background of the speech recipient.
Keywords: discourse، authority، receiving، directing indication، counter-discourse.

The research aims to shed light on the interrogative letter (Is) in the Holy Qur’an. It seeks to approach it in the grammatical and semantic function، indicating its most important purposes and meanings، pointing to its position in the Qur’anic text and providing a statistical tinge with that، citing forms (Is) at the structural and semantic level and presenting models. After a selection of those formations، following that descriptive approach، the research reached several results، the most prominent of which is that the question letter (is) in the blessed text is predominant in its departure from the origin of its position to a rhetorical level in which it leads to metaphorical rhetorical meanings determined by the context.

The aim of this research is to study the eighty-sixth sermon of Nahj al-Balaghah in the light of speech acts to clarify the discourse and communication by addressing the speech acts according to Searl’s divisions. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) used a large proportion of informative verbs and directives، describing the Almighty Allah by using the informative verb. God did not create man in vain، and he is certainly all-knowing and all-encompassing. The Imam Ali (peace be upon him) sought through the directive act to direct the significance of the command، recommendation، advice، prohibition and warning، asking the addressee to change in behavior and life. That is why the appropriateness of the sermon’s position with the speech acts used، their context and semantic output indicates the power of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in knowing the position of the addressee in addition to the ability to employ the speech acts that are appropriate to the position and addressee،

Perhaps the character in the collection of the contemporary poet Sadeq Al-Tarihi (The House of the Female Readers) is one of the structural foundations for him، from which the nerve of creativity forms and the fabric branches off from it with the treasures of the personality. He chose this character carefully from a cultural load، absorbing its role and employing it in the best way، conversing and interfering with it or with its data that the memory has cultivated and recognized its presence. I found that these personalities are divided into four categories، which are، in sequence: the religious figure، the historical figure، the mythical figure، and the symbolic figure. I made each of them the focus of my research. I do not fail to say that these characters may overlap in their artistic characteristics in more than one axis، but I have taken from their apparent role a foundation in the classification.

This research aims to clarify the phenomenon of emphasizing the nominal sentence in Al-Ma’een (the Centenary) surahs and the extent of the importance of this phenomenon in the Holy Qur’an، revealing its aspects and its impact on the meaning. It is the right of the Qur’an that we should study the characteristics of its methods and the advantages of its verses and understand the secret of its eloquence and its characteristics، and the meanings it indicates. The nature of the study necessitated the adoption of the descriptive-analytical approach، monitoring the structure in which the grammatical witness is located in Al-Ma’een (the Centenary) surahs، commenting on it، analyzing it، and mentioning the opinions and differences of scholars - if any - about it from the language and interpretation books. It also looks at the subject from multiple sides with the intention of being aware of its entrances and implications.

The significance of exaggeration in the Holy Qur’an did not stop at the well-known exaggeration formulas، but rather transcended them to various other forms، including the tools when they fall within the structures and the context is the ruling for its evidence of exaggeration، The research aims to identify these tools indicating the exaggeration and multiplication in the interpretation of Abi Al-Saud after balancing it with the words of the grammarians or rhetoricians. It also observes the sayings of the rest of the commentators.
Keywords: exaggeration، tools، Abu Al-Saud، interpretation، grammar

This research aims to clarify the semantic effect caused by the exchange between consonants and short vowels in the Faa’ (فاء)، Ain (عين)، and Lam (لام) of the word. It explains of the opinion of scholars and commentators on the noble Qur’anic texts، and the position of Sayyid Mir Ali Al-Hairi on this exchange in his interpretation of “Durar collectibles and Fruit Pickers”.

The aim of this research is to study the words on the political inconsistency in Ahmed Matar’s poetry، whose significance is linked to a general concept that is combined by one semantic field and to arrange the words included in the field according to their frequency and occurrence، not according to the alphabetic order method. While two words are equal in their statistics، we follow the alphabetic approach، and then clarify the semantic relations within each field، if any، and try to know how the poet uses the political term with a contemporary linguistic or political connotation. Then I study of these words linguistically with a statement of the linguistic origin under which each word falls.

The talk arose about the meanings of prepositions and their connotations in meaning interpretation. Until it was taken in its own distinct field، the exegetes were separating the different meanings of the same tool، in the Qur’anic texts. Many linguists and interpreters tried to explain the importance of the language and its relationship to interpretation، the care of the interpreters in it، the impact of some of these letters on the interpretation of the verse، and the meaning that they suggest from the connotations of these preposition، and the writings abounded in explaining the meanings of the prepositions and citing these meanings through the Qur’anic verses.

This research studies the identity in the novel Kharat al-Qatad، by its Iraqi writer Ahmed Salem Khashan. It was granted several awards، because of its artistic and creative energy. It was issued by the Arab House of Science Publishers. The study searched for the loss of identity for its characters، and the level of its formation in the novel according to three levels and types، the most important of which are the detached، closed and non-identical identity.
Keywords: identity، alienation، morphology، astragalus mapping.

The title is one of the important keys in elucidating the depths of the text and opening its locks since it is the main threshold that requires the researcher to question before entering the depths of the text. Also for the important role it plays in understanding the deep intentions of a literary work. It is a very diverse and rich sign that carries symbolic and iconic dimensions that reduce the content and entice the reader with its ingenious illumination of the interlocking passages of text. Hence، interest in it was inevitable from modern critical studies، especially semiotics، which made it a special semiotic system that represented the first breakthrough in the processes of tracing the meaning of the text and deciphering its symbolic code. The research in this study aims to approach the title in the poetic group (Crying of Al-Manajil) a semiotic approach that reveals its semantic and suggestive properties، as well as the extent of its harmony and interaction with the content in which it is titled

This study falls within the context of an attempt to search for knowledge of the ways in which the characters are presented through the study of selected models of Basra narrations.The study and investigation focused on the direct method and the indirect method, and the branches that emerged under the shadows of these two methods in revealing the internal, external, social and intellectual aspects of the characters in the studied novels and stories.

The aesthetics of receiving is one of the latest theories of modern literary criticism, centered on the reader and enabling him to be a basis in building the creative text. Thus, the critical direction changed in the sense that reviving is considered a qualitative development in the history of modern literary criticism. The reader in the literary text is a reader in its potential and structure and not a reader of it in the old concept when it was consumed by analyzing and interpreting the author’s intentions. The choice was made on a short story entitled (The Wedding Night) by the writer Tawfiq Al-Hakim as an applied aspect to reveal the sources of artistic creativity from the reader’s point of view of the story and how it constructs the meaning. The reader's imagination built meaning beyond the imagination of the producer himself.
Keywords: constructing the meaning, formulating it renewal, the reader receiving the text, the wedding night, a short story by Tawfiq al-Hakim.