Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The aim of this study is to know (The Effect of Information Gap Strategy on the Achievement of the First Intermediate Grade Student for Science Subject and Their Social Intelligence). For achieving the objective of the study, the researcher depended on the experimental design with partial adjustment. The sample of the study included (64) students as (32 students for the experimental group, and (32) students for the control group. The two methods were balanced for the groups in the following variables (age, intelligence test , previous information in science subject. The scientific material is limited to the first part of the Science text book taught. The behavioral objectives were (262) objectives which were designed to represent the four levels of Bloom's classification in the field of knowledge (recall, comprehension, application, analysis(. One of the two tools which is the achievement test has been setup represented by the adoption of (Abdulhameed, 2014) scale for social intelligence. The achievement test consists of (27) .items. Those items are of two types; one of them is a subjective test consists of (24)items of multiple choices questions. The last three items of the test namely, (25, 26, 27) are essay questions. Whereas the social intelligence test consists of (40)items of four options in which stability and psychometric features are evaluated. The experiment lasts for (10) weeks during which the researcher applied the achievement test and the social intelligence scale on the two groups The data are analyzed and processed manually by the adoption of the statistical package SPSS. At the end of the experiment, the results show the superiority of the experimental group to the control group regarding the achievement of science subject and Social intelligence.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there is an associative relation between mental alertness and job performance (i.e., task performance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Counterproductive Work Behavior) and job satisfaction. Self-regulation was expected to emerge as a mediating mechanism through which mental alertness affects performance variables. The paper is applied to a sample which comprises 213 teachers, aged 32 to 59 years (M = 45.30 years, SD = 9.31). Mental alertness scale is employed as a feature of Self-Regulation Questionnaire and Job Performance Scale were employed. The results show that self-regulation emerged as the mechanism through which mental alertness exerts its effects on self-report task performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, but not Counterproductive Work Behavior. Exploratory analyses revealed that mental alertness composes three components, which are: awareness, lack of cooperation, and non judging and hypothesis testing was repeated with each component to examine their differential effects on outcome variables of interest. When all findings are emerged for a full model testing, job satisfaction emerged as the second mediating mechanism in relation between performance outcomes and mental alertness.

The research aims firstly to identify the availability of infrastructure standards in the Iraqi educational institutions, Secondly, to build a model of infrastructure standards in our educational institutions. The research community consists of 45 administrative staff members , namely the managers of administrative, technical and scientific departments in the ministry of education. Whereas the number of the sample is randomly chosen which is of (40) individuals, the researcher adopts Pearson correlation coefficient, Vaccronbach equation, T-test, standard deviation, and degree of conformity to determine the availability of infrastructure standards in Iraqi educational institutions. The results show a widening gap in standards of facilities and equipment; limited information solemnity for scientific research requirement, poor financial planning, and lack of training of human resources. The research concludes many recommendations, including the need to plan, design and implement infrastructure standards according to the best international standards and adopt advanced strategies for maintenance, improvement and development to meet the needs of beneficiaries and allocate the required financial resources.

This research aims at identifying the problems that post-graduate students of the Arabic language departments face in scientific research.
The research is limited to postgraduate students whose number are (70) students in Arabic language departments at the faculties of education at University of Baghdad (Faculty of Education Ibn Rushd, College of Education for Women) for the academic year (2018-2019).
To achieve the objective of the present research, the researcher uses the descriptive approach in identifying the problems facing post-graduate students of the Arabic language departments in scientific research. The descriptive approach is concerned with describing the phenomenon or event, collecting facts and observations, describing the specific circumstances, and trying to predict them in the future.
The researcher uses the suitable statistical means for the current study depending on the statistical program (SPSS): the square of Kay, the T- test of two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, the alpha-cronbach equation, and the T-test of one sample.
To achieve the objective of this research, the researcher coustructs the research tool of identifying the problems of postgraduate students of the Arabic language departments. The researcher decided that the questionnaire is the appropriate tool. The researcher applied the final questionnaire to the sample of (50) students.

The city remains with all its components and activities occupies an important place in the geographical studies and researches, also shadow economy is one of the most important phenomena that can be seen in any city in the world, including Baghdad as one of the components and elements causing it and still plays an important role in influencing the city's morphology. The form and image of the spatial distribution of the uses of its land in addition to its role in influencing the activities of the city and its functions and environment, all these matters make it clear to show the impact and role played by the shadow economies within the city with all its elements and components that show the city in uncivilized aspects and low functional and environmental efficiency which require standing at this effect to reduce the phenomenon of random spread and organizing its spread as an existing problem and constantly appearing; and being difficult to cut its roots to protect the face of the civilized city. Shadow economy as a phenomenon has greatly affected cities and urban appearance and led to the emergence of a chaotic appearance and visual pollution of the urban landscape as a result of lack of similarity and harmony in style and construction between the built regular units and the economics of the shadow that trespass the ground in a way that does not fit with the identity of the city and its civilized personality.

The problem of water is one of the most important problems that has become suffered from by most countries of the world, especially developing countries, as a result of the continuous increase in population and the subsequent increase in the rate of human consumption of water. The study shows that misuse of water, continuous wasting of it obsolescence of pure water nets, broken and worn out, in addition to continuous electricity offs water are liable to affect the drinkable amount of water use. All the previously mentioned points are considered as problems that many countries in the world, including Iraq, are experiencing to get drinkable water, and this requires redoubling planned efforts in cities to provide the minimum and necessary water needs of the population in addition to reducing internal migration with its negative effects on cities, which aggravate the water problem year after year, in addition to continuing maintenance of water pipes and the treatment of break-ups that occur in some of them or switch old ones and reduce the process of draining and extravagance of water and not using it in industrial processes and preventing excesses on water transmission lines in all cities by imposing appropriate fines for it, and finally the preservation of water as a national treasure. To promote this concept, we should be investigated through holding seminars and conferences that address the problem of water and trying to remedy it within cities.

The crisis of contemporary scientific intellectuality has been found because there are differences between philosophy and science, and between imagination intellectuality and experimental intellectuality, and systematic spacing between systems of intentions and means .
This diversity between the two directions is because of sticking to basics adding the field of foundation space in acceptable and limited elements , focusing on closed formats ,supporting traditional values and refusing renewal and progress .
Ghaston Bashler noticed this crisis which affects contemporary scientific phase, he felt the way of difficulty of pinpointing troubles ,distinguishing causes ,watching out stumble attempts of getting out , to be away from these supplements by depending on method of epistemological direction and to be bias to one thoughtful doctrine and leaving the others .
Bashler appreciates that there are cuts, reflections, breaking out revolutionaries within the trends of science history. He recognizes the favor of science to educate , develop , teach , train mind and to enable it to benefit from its mistakes , to avoid errors , to overpass obstructions and suppressions .
The science does not transfer from general knowledge into theoretical knowledge , from visible actuality into objective reality except by making epistemology break from the direct given variable, spontaneous experience , to destruct pre-rule or unscientific statements , to go towards building , to erect parallel practice , to reasonableness phenomena , to count reality , to extend wars controversially , to form new harmonious knowledge that has the ability to comprehend contradictions and to interpret the universe include reality wholeness.

The research aims to identify the level of creative thinking, and its relationship to academic achievement in mathematics. The researcher used the descriptive analytical research method, and preparing two Tests: one of them is to measure the level of creative thinking which consisted of (15) items distributed on its five skills, and the second is for measuring achievement in mathematics consisted of (15) multiple choice items type of four alternatives. The two tests were applied to the sample of the study which consists of 230 male and female pupils in the fifth grade elementary school, divided into ( 112) male pupils and (118) female pupils. The statistical data are processed and the results of the research are:
1- The students of the research sample have creative thinking, and at an intermediate level, as the percentage of the pupils's degree is (62%) , And there are no differences due to the gender variable.
2- The percentage of the Academic achievement in mathematics is (70%) and there is a difference in favour of females.
3- There is a moderate correlation between creative thinking and academic achievement in mathematics.

The current research aims to identify social and educational indicators of the low standard of living of Iraqi families. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of (150) individuals who are educated in secondary schools and those who are not educated in Baquba district. The results show that most of the individual suffer from the existence of social and educational indicators that are described as negative due to the low standard of living; such as individuals suffer from weakness in the formation of social relations. They may lose part of their rights such as the right to education, which negatively affects their educational preparation.
The researcher recommends the following:
• Conducting a study from time to time to provide extensive information about those families and know the standard of living for them.
• Finding a system to identify a large number of those people and fining appropriate solutions to their living situation.
The researcher suggests the following issues:
• Activating the law to protect Iraqi families and provide them with the necessary supplies.
• Developing great concern to students and the impact of the standard of living on their academic and social level.

The objective of the current research is to determine the degree of practice of geography students in listening skills in geographical subjects from the point of view of students. In order to achieve this objective, the researcher adopts the descriptive approach. The research community comprises all the students of the Department of Geography for the academic year 2018-2019. The researcher has prepared a questionnaire as a tool for his research which is tested for its credibility and consistency. The questionnaire includes (22) items.The researcher has used a number of statistical methods including: the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, and the T-test for two independent samples. The research has reached a number of results which are: item (7) which states that ( paying attention to what is being said and be away from side topics that distract the speaker and take him away from the maim topic) is ranked the first in relation to the paragraphs of the questionnaire. Item (15) is ranked in the twenty-second in comparison with the other items of the questionnaire which states that (picking up similarities and differences of opinion). After using the T-test of two independent samples to identify the existence of differences of statistical indications at the level (0.05) among the items of the questionnaire, the results of the current study indicates that there have been statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) in favor of males. As for the variable of the stage, the results of the current study have shown that there are difference of statistical indications at the level of (0.05) in favor of third-stage students.
The research reaches to a number of recommendations which are: the need to direct the concerned persons in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to plan training programs for all the faculty members and train them on listening skills so that they can teach these skills to their students.
The researcher suggests a set of suggestions which are: conducting a similar study of the current study in other colleges and other sections

This study explains the compound sentence in the Sura Al-Shu’araa identifying the concept the of compound sentence as the predicate. The paper tries to put an image of relation between the independent sentence and the compound sentence relying on the grammarians’ viewpoint and making use of the different modern linguistic directions. Ibn Al-Sarraj is considered the first who puts the term "compound sentence" for the predication. This sentence is expanded by means of moral and verbal constraints including elements that represent different functions. The study displays the means of sentence relation and the phenomena of its structure depending on analyzing and stating the semantics of sura AL-Su’araa. As well as the paper sums up the main axes that form the structure of the sentence for the purpose of retiring, subordination, pluralism, adjustment, and objection. These single elements have contributed significantly to lengthen the compound sentence and the complexity of its construction, because the compound sentence does not end with a certain limit.

The aims this study is to investigate and discuss one of the most important Quranic topics of worship, which is known for its virtues and its contribution is ignored. And for the importance of the topic, the researcher intends to write in this domain, and hence comes the subject of the research ((The Approach of the Holy Quran in the Obligation of Consideration)). The research is divided into an introduction, three demands, and a conclusion of the most important results of the paper:
The introduction tackles the reason for choosing this subject and its importance.
The first demand is to indicate the content of the term consideration in language and in terminology and its importance.
As for the second demand, the types of the obligation and its conditions have been dealt with.
The last demand is to talk about areas of consideration.
The conclusion is to show the most important results of the research and comes out with an important result: meditation is one of the great heartfelt worships and it is the most beneficial to the heart and the mind.

The terms like loans, interchange, similarity, and like wise, do not only fall within the linguistic terms but they also include the syntactic categories. However, in syntax they are of limited number otherwise they are of wide use, because they are aspects of linguistic extension that includes connotation, double -faced meaning, homogeneity , resemblance , conformity, synonyms , antonyms, and the ability to form new words. Accordingly , In Kaysan has used the term Al-Taqaroth
to exhibit his syntactic categories briefly and usefully .In his book, there are capacity and inclusion of those terms when others explained those terms in books. Ibn Keesan summarizes up to give us a useful and brief book in which we have similarity and exchange in the syntactic use. As well as he collects the syntactic categories by using brief illustrations and useful examples of the grammatical lessons.

Writing is an active way to connect and express opinions, thoughts and feelings to others. Thinking skills play an effective role in developing one’s writing and enhancing learning.
The problem of this work is that Iraqi EFL short story teachers highlight the conventional techniques and give little attention to the practical aspects. Consequently, there is a new technique of thinking that emphasize the practical aspects in teaching short story writing.
The present study aims at investigating the effect of using stepping stones technique on intermediate school students’ performance in short story writing.
To achieve the aim of the study, it is assumed that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of the experimental group, which is educated by stepping stone Technique and that of the control group, which is taught by the conventional techniques in their short story writing performance.
The research concludes that using stepping stone technique improves students’ performance in short story writing, and motivates the learners to shape their ideas. According of these results, recommendations and suggestions for further studies are presented.

The present study aimed to investigate the assumptions of the hierarchical structure of skills (thinking of high rank). To achieve this, a reference-based test was built based on the description of the behavioral field of an educational institution according to the North Carolina Classification through the following steps to determine the purpose of the test, the content components and the group to which they will be applied and analyze the topic in detail, verify the validity of the analysis of the test items, extract the standard properties, and then verify the assumptions of the validity of the hierarchical structure of these components.

This study closely investigates the elements of Sigmund Freud’s theory “The Uncanny” in one of Larson’s most famous novels. Although the novel touches upon racial issues, the study explores the mysterious relationship between Irene and Clare based on the main features of Freud’s “The Uncanny,” which are represented by hidden sexual desire, envy, supernatural power, and double characters. The aspect of the sexual desire is indicated in the novel by sexual undertones expressed by Irene towards Clare’s physical features. Envy in the novel is expressed by Irene who shows resentful longing aroused by Clare’s possessions and qualities due to her passing to the white community. The aspect of omnipotence of thoughts is indicated by the fact that Irene throughout the novel believes that her husband has an illicit relationship with Clare where this leads Irene to have paranoia and to the probable death of Clare.

This study investigates to what extent social intelligence may contribute to the performance of students in receptive and productive language skills. It is an empirical quantitative study that included 137 level three students at the Department of English, Faculty of Education, Science and Arts, Taiz University, Turba Branch. The study hypothesizes that there is no relation between social intelligence and the performance of the students in foreign language skills. It has concluded that a statistically significant relation does exist between social intelligence and language skills and thus the hypothesis of the study has been rejected. That is, enhancing the social intelligence of the learners should not be ignored. Social intelligence is not something genetic, but it can be developed in the individual. The study has recommended that social intelligence should be included as a scale and criterion for students' admission to the departments of English and other foreign languages departments. In addition, some guidance programs for the development of social intelligence among students of foreign language departments need to be conducted with a view to developing their language skills.

Shadow, a Jungian Archetype, is the hidden or repressed part of ourselves that may contradict ethical beliefs of the person. Carl C. Jung talks about the conflict that arises from overlooking the shadow or the dark side of our nature because at the smallest suggestion this shadow tries to break free and take control of the mind. In Oryx and Crake, Crake is controlled by his shadow. The shadow for him is destructive. This paper sheds light on part of psychic problems and analyzes the destructive power of shadow as discussed by Jung and its relation or influence on a human life and how it distorts the reality of these characters and others. Crake tries to make new creatures who are without faults. He has such an ego that makes him try to turn the world better but he does not see his own shadow. The other characters in the novel in one way or another are also controlled by the psychic troubles. The novel is a good example of portraying characters with psychic problems. It has such profound significance which can be easily compared to our life. Sometimes, mastering the sciences gives humans fake pride and arrogance to try to defy nature and control the whole world and Crake is a symbol of such ideology whose destructive shadows aims to destruct the world.

The phenomenon of partition of residential units into small residential annexes is regarded most common in the Iraqi's cities, especially Baghdad where these annexes have been extended to the high class residential neighborhoods including Dragh Neighbourhood (Quarter No. 603). The Current study aims to identify the reality of dividing residential units in Roads No. (17) and (44) in Quarter (603), as well as to investigate the reasons that led the owners of these residential units to divide their houses into small annexes. To achieve the aim of the study, The researcher has adopted a sample consisting of (270) residential units. Results show that changing the pattern of residential use has affected Negatively upon the urban appearance of the study area. Where (83.6%) of the population have found that Quarter (603) was deformed and got worst.

The present study aims to analyse the current translation programme at two Yemeni universities, namely the University of Science and Technology (UST) and Al-Saeed University (SU) with a view to finding out to what extent the formal training of the Student translators (STs) contributes to the errors/problems they encounter in the actual process of translation. It argues that the problems encountered by the translators can be overcome or minimized if they are taken into account in the process of training the translator/interpreter. Using questionnaires as the main instrument, the study concluded that the syllabus contributes mainly to the lack of translation competence of the STs. It also concluded that the STs are generally not satisfied with the programme. The study recommended that teaching materials need to be revamped and all the translation sub-competencies should be considered.