AL-ADAB JOURNAL

Woman represent the inspiration source, the birthplace of tenderness, and the energy of life continuity and renewal. If art is a color of the social life expression colors in all of its dimensions, then poetry is one of the oldest arts that Arabs knew, woman had a distinctive presence in the poets production, for woman left her marks on the pages of the poets feelings, and infused within his depths, merged in the colors of his mental state, so she had an active impact in drafting his personal experiences.

The extent of woman’s presence on a vast space of the poetry production comes from the authenticity of the woman’s human existence, and by the multiple roles that she performs in life as a mother, wife, lover, daughter and sister.

Woman has recorded a distinctive presence in the poetry of Sheikh Fadil Mukhaddir. She achieved an apparent domination over many of the poems that the woman was its main theme, and the central idea from which a range of ideas and pulsing images in the heart of the text.

In this research, I will try to observe the woman imagery in the (a connection of soil) collection of poetry by Fadil Mukhaddir, to follow through with her appearance in every script of the text, and to identify the nature of that appearance and know it’s beautiful and semantic impact on producing these creative texts.

The nature of the research demanded that it consists of an introduction, a preface specific for shedding light on the concept of (woman), and an introduction of the poet (Fadil Mukhaddir)in short. Afterwards, presenting the poetic texts and analyzing them according to the mechanisms of the analytic descriptive methodology, finally the conclusion brings out the most important results of the research, followed by the references list.

The book destination to summarize what in the guide is one of the most important books written by Imam Al-Ansari on the Qur’anic readings.

Sheikh Al-Islam Zakaria Al-Ansari has summarized the book "Al-Murshid Al-Waqf wa al-Ibtiyadah" written by Abu Muhammad al-Hasan bin Ali bin Saeed al-Omani (d. Other benefits that the seeker of knowledge needs.

Aesthetics in narrative work is not limited to form only, or content only, but is achieved by meeting them together and becomes work. A great effort rests with the novelist in order to achieve aesthetics. Not every text can achieve this. This procedure is highly dependent on the culture of the novelist, and his skill in formulating his text through his mastery of writing tools, in addition to his wide imagination, which leads him to suggest different methods than what It is common in writing, and the formulation of accurate Addresses for its texts. These Addresses did not reach the goal of encouraging and attracting the reader, rather they were consistent and a function of the content and idea of the novel, and this gave it aesthetic that adds to the aesthetic of the Addresses itself.

This paper deals with precautions in sources and derivatives, The sources came from: The source is from the abstract trio, the source is more than the trio, the meme source, the source of time and gender.

I did not mention the name of the source, nor the industrial source, Because I did not stand on the precautions in them in the books of pure works until the eighth century AH, This is required by the research method.

The poet Izz al-Din al-Mawsili is one of the prominent poets of the second Mamluk era, as the poet Izz al-Din was born in the eighth century AH, in the year (724 AH) and died in (789 AH) in Damascus.

Ezz al-Din is an accomplished and eloquent poet. He is proficient in the systems. He has organized many poems and was the most creative in them, as he organized the muwashahat. He had the ability to organize puzzles, and he has many books.

My research devoted this to the study of the internal rhythm of the poet's studied hair, so I studied repetition, alliteration, and export.

The poets in the modern era to use the language of heritage in their poetic experiences not only did that and began looking for renewal in their language after realizing the need to renewing in the poetic style to achieve a new language of poetry Modern Its basis is the mixture between inherited language and modern language interspersed with vernacular words formulated grammatically, with the possibility of introducing foreign words required by the poetic situation, and that is monitored research in the poetic experience of the Iraqi poet Abdulilah Al-Yasiri - born in Al-Najaf / Iraq (1950), which his poetry was emerged in an era where the phenomenon of multi-linguistic levels of performance spread according to the desire of poets who were known for their emotional trend and search for new meanings.

This research is taking place as the title suggests in an attempt to study an important aspect of the grammatical lesson, which is "the grammatical term".

Grammar terms, developed and known by the grammarians; Because its matter is no less important than the birth and elaboration of grammatical laws, so grammarians have paid little attention to status, specificity, and composition.

I chose Ibn Zakour El-Fassi and (his book, The Address of Nafasah in Explaining Enthusiasm), without other grammarians, because its works are distinguished by a beautiful and gentle workmanship and ease of expression.

Then this study reveals to us through the evidences the grammatical terminology that Ibn Zakur presented and used, and was it transferred to others? Or did he have his own terminology? Did he add new terms

The research aims to identify the biography of Imam Hashem bin Al-Qasim Al-Kanani and his narratives in the prophetic biography and the researcher used the historical descriptive approach because interest in history science began in the adult era, and this was represented by telling historical events related to the incidents that preceded the emergence and beginning of Islam and the Islamic state in Medina and the concomitant invasions The Prophet, in addition to the events that occurred in the days of the rightly caliphate, and this great effort was made by the media of the first Hijri century by documenting those events and their narration and making sure to collect them from the imams who narrated them or their contemporaries or were part of it.

Hashem bin Al-Qasim was one of the imams who was keen on transferring, documenting and preserving historical narratives, and I will discuss in his research his biography and historical narratives in the Prophet’s biography, which was divided into two subjects and as he will come, relying in this on the most important sources and references approved in scientific and research studies

The beginning of human creation as it is in religions proves that the Almighty Creator began the human creation with one mother, father and one, and no other, They are Eve and Adam, and Eve gave birth with the power of the Creator, a female twin and a male in every pregnancy, so Adam married the first female abdomen, the second female, And the second belly male marries the first female belly until the Cain rebellion in this way, so what happened was chaos and sexual porn in which all men became for all women and all women for all men so the newborn did not know his father because of that and the mother was raising her baby, It is driven by the instinct of motherhood and the role of the mother at this stage is the prominent role, so it is called the role of motherhood and supports the stage of sexual disorder Mamors later from habits, to name a few.

The multiplicity of men that the one woman and the newborn call, as the woman raises him and is attributed to her because his father cannot be known among them because of their multiplicity.

Take up this research the holy area, which is the nucleus of the city and its components (the temple and the place). The location of the holy area differed with respect to the city, according to the method of planning the city and according to the historical periods. In the south, the city occupied center of the city. Set aside that it became part of the wall, either in the modern Babylonian, where the ancient Sumerian concepts were combined with the Assyrian style, and they were concentrated in isolation from the royal places. Most of the holy areas were surrounded by a wall called in the Sumerian language (TEMEN) and the Akkadian language (temmennu) and means the basis.

The interest in studying geomorphic hazards and the possibility of modeling them with 3D and computer models has increased in recent times from the use of space images, sequential and comprehensive digital elevation data, and building databases in a GIS environment. The morphotonic, morpho-climatic, morphodynamic and hydrological risks were detected, and a model was built and the spatial relationship followed up between them in the detection of geomorphic risks and their impact on the environment and land uses. Using sports models for spectral indices including ((NDVI) (BI) (WI) ((DBSI (LST))), SCS-CN standards and models - Bergsm and Vernet, climate data, rain, relative humidity, temperature and wind.

Regional development is the effective tool in reducing this disparity between the development indicators and achieving the level of prosperity of any region. It has been working on the regional redistribution of investments and spreading the fruits of development among different regions of the region in a fair manner. The study aims at measuring the degree of regional disparities in the areas of development in their economic and social sectors Najaf regions through the use of methods of descriptive and quantitative analysis, and the diagnosis of the degree of priority development between its regions, and the most important findings of the study is the lack of regional justice in the distribution of fits among individuals between the regions of the region, It was found that Najaf district is the best districts according to the developmental planning indicators adopted in the study, followed by the Kufa and Manathirah districts, and there was a strong positive relationship between population and the allocations at (0.98%). (-0.86%), and the main recommendations of the study is to be a priority in the development and development of the Kufa district with medium development indicators, And then comes Alnadhara in the category of low development indicators and then spend Najaf, which was within the category of indicators of development better through attention to the regional dimension in the distribution of government investments, giving the role of the private sector to establish various projects in disadvantaged and underdeveloped development and economic, and provide facilities to encourage them to investment in accordance with the potential and advantages available in them. And that investments should be directed towards basic services in all districts.

The research dealt with the concept of geographic information systems and the stages of building a geographical database and preparing it for investment projects in Baghdad Governorate, designing and creating a digital investment map and getting acquainted with the number of completed investment projects in the province by type and administrative units and their job classification and indicating their geographical distribution and identifying the factors that contribute to showing this variation as it passes The process of creating the investment map with a set of stages according to the steps of building the map in geographic information systems, as the research shows the geographical and sectoral distribution of investment projects in Baghdad governorate according to Determinants of Ah affect and are affected by their geographical location be set up.

The research marked (Drought Assessment in the Al-Jazeera Region in Iraq) focused on studying and analyzing the reality of drought in the Al-Jazeera regions within the borders of Iraq only, and the research reached through a study of thermal Zones to the presence of a significant rise in temperature, especially during the last period of the study periods, as The fifth thermal Zone, which ranged between (23.1-24) C°, recorded an area ratio of (2, 10.7)% during the third and fourth periods, respectively, which means rise temperatures at the end of the study period, while the rainy Zones were completely the opposite of temperature, where it was recorded Rain decreased significantly, so the rainy zones recorded the same (more than 400 mm) ratio of an area of ​​(1, 4.1%) during the first and second disappeared periods this zones during the third and fourth periods. The changes in the thermal and rainy zones are reflected in the increased frequency of drought phenomenon in the Al-Jazeera region, as the effective rain factor recorded two types of climate varieties; The first is the arid climate, which was characterized by a significant increase in its impact area by an area of ​​(66.8, 64.8, 88, 83.5)% during the four study periods in a row, and the second classified the semi-arid climate with an area of ​​(33.2, 35.2, 12, 16.5)% Respectively and the decline in the area of ​​this variety was at the expense of the increase in the first category of climate, which is dry climate.

The apparent movement of the sun to the north and south of the equator during the year, has a significant impact in the movement of the main and secondary pressure ranges to the north or south of their positions, and by virtue of Iraq's position on the edge of the northern subtropical high pressure, it is greatly affected by this movement, and this makes it affected by different types of low and high pressure systems but unevenly, some continue to affect for months such as low in land seasonal Some of them are limited to a few hours or days, such as the Sudanese depression and the low Mediterranean sea, and some continue to affect for weeks such as the Siberian and European highlands and each type of these systems is characterized by weather conditions different from the other system, but it is rare to find similar climatic conditions within the same system. In order to clarify the impact of these surface pressure systems, the separation (20) meters between the contour lines was chosen because this interval gives a clear picture of the pressure systems, which will be addressed in this chapter through the analysis of the daily surface weather maps of the pressure level of 1000 mb

This study dealt with analyzing the climate water balance and water consumption of Harvest sun flower in the Middle Region of Iraq to know the periods of water surplus and its exploitation in agriculture and periods of water deficit to provide water shortage through irrigation .The study included eight climatic stations(Baiji, Ramada, Rutba, Baghdad, Khanaqin , Alhay, Karbala, Hilla for the period of (1986-2016).

The research dealt with the importance of the topographical side of the fold of Surdash during the variation of its manifestations in terms of degree of slope, inclination and extent of response of rocks to demolishing and structural geomorphic processes and their associated geomorphology, because the topography and its characteristic have a direct influence on the nature of geomorphological processes, which is the geomorphological risks in some parts of the region affecting investments and their type In the province of Sulaymaniyah, pre-studies should be conducted for it.

First: Research problem

The human resource development process is carried out in two ways: the first: it is the formal development method whereby human development is carried out by placing individuals working in training courses in specialized centers for this purpose, such as colleges, institutes and professional centers, while the second is informal and this process is within the institution itself By the oldest and most experienced and efficient staff, such as managers and heads of departments, and the development of human resources that mean expanding the efficiency and

Second: Research Importance

The matter that increased the need for human resources development that transfers these resources from one state to another through developing skills, trends and capabilities to achieve economic growth, increase production and efficiency. This concept also includes social, psychological and cultural factors ,

Third: Research Objective

1- Knowing the best working human resources by providing higher levels .

2- Improving the quality of the workforce and developing it through education .

This study aims to identify the reasons that children are exposed to abuse via the internet and the most important negative aspects of using the Internet from the viewpoint of the families whose children use the internet networks in the UAE society, and for the purposes of that, special questionnaires were designed for the subject of the study, the first was applied to (420) and the sample included (210) Male and female students, of whom (105) are male and 105 female, and the second included a sample of (210) from families whose children use the Internet in the Emirates.

The results of the study revealed that the contributing causes of child abuse via the internet were the result of children forming friendships and relationships without family science and using the Internet repeatedly and late times without family science.

As for the results of the study on the negative aspects of using the Internet from the viewpoint of families whose children use the Internet in the UAE society, they were as follows: the negative impact on Internet users and the reluctance to study and contribute to the promotion of pornography and the promotion of Western culture.

The results of the study revealed the reasons that children are exposed to abuse, which were the lack of interest in media programs and community institutions to educate children about the safe use of the Internet.

The study concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which is to emphasize the role of society and the family in facing the seriousness of child abuse via the internet, and stressed the importance of the educational role of the educational institution in educating children about safe ways to use the Internet, benefit from its positives and avoid its risks.

This study aims to identify and evaluate the role of social workers who work at the Home of Social Education, and to understand the obstcals that face the social workers in order to recommend suggestions regarding the programs and activities the home, of which are intended to change the delinquent behavior of the adolescents inmates, hence, enabling them to go back to their community and function normally. A special questionnaire was designed and applied to (22) adolescents' inmates and (5) social workers at the Home of Social Education.

Results support the hypothesis of the study, and that is: social workers positively deal with the inmates, they are knowledgeable of the psychological and behavioral characteristics of individuals, are characterized by integrity and being neutral. They also greatly contribute in modifying the behavior of the inmates by effectively applying religious, cultural and recreational activities.

The results of the study concerning the main obstacles that are faced by the social worker in performing their job was incomplete inmates' records, lack in number of social workers, and lack available resources.

Environmental pollution is an intractable problem for most societies, especially those that are attributed to third world countries, and because we live in a crisis society we find that environmental pollution is an extremely complex problem, and it happens by sociocultural components.

The place is so important in Iraqi culture, and it’s responsible for making or not making pollution, and the five senses constitute the privacy of society or culture by dealing with dirt and pollution.

A study comparing the psychological problems he suffers from

Beggars in Iraqi society

After a careful and comprehensive look at all the aspects of begging and assessing the reality of the circumstances that this largest segment of the needy is going through, it is difficult for them to search for their need and advertise themselves or that they get little help that is not sufficient or they do not find help or that surprise the critical and urgent circumstances this uneven concept in the evaluation The phenomenon of begging to find out its girlfriends, its area, analyze its causes and motives, and search for it in solutions inside and outside the official authorities, while replacing the word “fight” with a word that suits the efforts made.

We must stand on the magic of begging, its attractiveness, images of begging, and the state of begging when practicing begging, and identify the beggars' personalities, professions, tools, models, means, tricks, and segments, and then finally stand on how to help the poor and the legal view of begging.

The research aims to:

- Identify the differences in the problem experienced by the beggars of both sexes.

And to verify the research objectives, I assumed the following:

There is a statistically significant relationship between beggars and beggars. In dealing with field research procedures, the two researchers followed the following:

The research sample:

17 beggars of both sexes included 9 males and 8 females at the age of (13-18) years in Palestine Street and Al-Mujamma Street. Work continued with them for a month and for a period of 2 hours per day.

The researcher used statistical methods to process the data. After presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, the following conclusions were reached:

By presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, the researcher concluded that there are significant differences in psychological problems between males and females.

The researcher came up with the most important recommendations:

1- Opening social care homes for beggars.

2- Opening factories or small factories that house a number of beggar's youth to take advantage of the unemployed labor force and dispense with foreign workers.

3- Eliminating the phenomenon of begging, by pursuing criminals responsible for kidnapping and trafficking children.

4- Eliminating or attempting to eradicate poverty cases among needy families, by delivering them monthly salaries.

5- The role of the media in disseminating and spreading the social culture of the family.

6- Teaching children to compulsory reading and writing.

7- Sheltering children who have talents.

This research aims to shed light on the treatment of the most central aspect in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, which is avoidance and numbness, and how neuropsychiatric treatment can override this aspect, although avoidance is not always negative, but it may lead to the loss of the emotional sense of cognitive and emotional tools in what scientifically is known as numbness and thus to long-term problems, so when a person with PTSD visits, his problems can be likened to intervening trauma as attempts to heal or escape painful memories of a traumatic event and avoid special experiences associated with trauma. The symptoms of PTSD have also been linked to memory deficits, therefore in recent years the researchers of this disorder showed a major focus on the study of memory problems among people with trauma, and the results of those studies attributed memory problems to a neurological biological defect resulting from the trauma, and this memory disorder may be an underlying pre-existing risk factor that causes the development of PTSD. The psychotherapists relying on the techniques of mindfulness followed the biological neurological aspect of the brain and changing the waves in it using the technique of neurofeedback, specifically on the alpha or theta waves, or both, as emotional issues and repressed memories are treated rather than being avoided. This appropriate psychological emptying does not reveal a new matter, but it is considered as an opportunity to facilitate insight, self-esteem, self- compassion and settings limits and limitations of feeling sin and guilt aside . When everything goes well, the patient will calm down and enter into deep parts of his life in the sense of the most dark and painful moments in his life.

The research aimed at identifying the relationship of help behavior with mood methods. It was applied to a sample of 376 students from Al-Mustansiriya University using the aid behavior scale that was built for the purposes of the current research and the Quercy Scale (1978) to measure mood methods. In its results, the research found that the level of auxiliary behavior among students increased and male students had a higher level than female students. It also found that there is a high percentage of extraverted students compared to introverted students, And the presence of a high proportion of sensory students compared to intuitive students, and the presence of a high proportion of thinking students compared to emotional students, and the presence of a high proportion of cognitive students compared to students with the provision of judgment. The relationship was a statistical function between auxiliary behavior and extroversion and introversion, and not a statistical function with the removal of other moods. The results showed that there were differences between male and female students in the relationship of help behavior with two mood styles (extrovert and introvert), as students were more extroverted than female students and were less introverted than them. There were also differences between male and female students in the relationship of help behavior to the two ways of thinking and giving judgment, The relationship was a statistical function between auxiliary behavior and extroversion and introversion, and not a statistical function with the dimensions of other moods. The results showed that there were differences between male and female students in the relationship of help behavior with two mood styles (extrovert and introvert), as students were more extroverted than female students and were less introverted than them. There were also differences between male and female students in the relationship of help behavior with the two ways of thinking and giving judgment, if the relationship between students is higher than it is among female students, while the results showed that the relationship between help behavior and giving judgment is higher for female students than they are among students. There are differences in the relationship between help behavior and other moods.

The present study aims to identify the level of intellectual dogmatism and prejudice, and to identify the type and degree of correlation between the intellectual dogmatism and prejudice variables among the students of University of Anbar. Also to identify the differences in intellectual dogmatism and prejudice due to gender variable (male - female) and the specialization variable (humanities and scientific). In order to achieve the aims of the study, the researchers have chosen a sample consisted of (400) students distributed to (6) faculties. 192 female students and 208 male students who represented the sample of designing the scale measures of intellectual dogmatism and prejudice. To achieve the aims of the study, 300 students have been chosen. The participants were distributed to four colleges, 144 female students and 156 male students. The researchers designed the intellectual dogmatism measurement scale, which consisted of (47) items in its final form. And the prejudice measurement scale which consisted of 48 items in its final from. Instruments' validity and reliability have been extracted. The findings of the study reveal the following :

The participants have low level of
There were no significance difference in the level prejudice due to the ( gender - scientific) and specialization variables at 0.05.
Participants' Intellectual dogmatism degree is medium.
There was significance difference (at 0.05) in the level of intellectual dogmatism according to the ( gender- specialization ) variables and for the favor of males and humanities .
There is a statistically significant positive correlation at (0.05) between intellectual dogmatism and prejudice.

That Unconditional self-acceptance is the complete acceptance of one's self without restriction or condition, whether he behaves smartly or not, regardless of the nature of behavior, achievement, approval, respect or love from others.

The current research aims to identify:

1- Unconditional self-acceptance for Baghdad University students

2 - The significance of the difference in unconditional self-acceptance according to gender variables (male - female) and specialization (scientific – human ) .

3- The relationship between unconditional self-acceptance and the tendency towards perfection among Baghdad University students.

The researcher has prepared an unconditional self-acceptance scale, and the scale may be of (22) paragraphs of the measur were analyzed statistically and the validity and reliability indicators were calculated for them. The measur were applied to a sample of (400) students from the University of Baghdad and the data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA T test and the Pearson correlation coefficient at the significance level( 0,05)

The research summarized the following results

1- The members of the research sample are characterized by unconditional self-acceptance

2- There are no statistically significant differences in the unconditional self-acceptance of Baghdad University students according to the two sex variables (males, females)

3- The relationship between unconditional self-acceptance and the tendency towards perfection is an inverse relationship.

This researcher seeks to shed light on social networking sites that works on framing communication process among large groups of society and make interactive P.O., P.O. can appear in the simplest sense on interactive units and the phenomenon of P.O. has its multi faces. So, P.O. is one of the elements and components of the process of interaction.

This research is a descriptive one in terms of its type. The researcher uses the survey method the research community and uses the questionnaire as a research tool. The research sample consists of 400 persons from Baghdad and particularly those who use social networking sites. The sample is distributed randomly.

This study ends with the following results:

The majority of correspondents use social networking sites especially face book.
Respondents believe that face book offers more knowledge of communication for them than other sites since is uses more images than reading.

Intetexuality in plastic art is considered in general such as ceramic at as they navigate to expose the general and cultural references from one side and self-references that are related to the production of plastic art work specially the art of ceramic and how it deals with human storage from the other .But the studies that do not exit from the experimental circle and personal opinion of the ceramist in dealing with this subject in interrelating and citation and according to the art of Iraqi contemporary ceramic and British contemporary ceramic through visual culture by intertexuality metaphor or the communicative art which influence each other by both countries in their production o plastic arts , specially contemporary ceramic art.

This research aims to investigate the implicit format of the dramatic personality, as it constitutes the manifestations of the appointment of the writer in order to bring the selected human entity closer, Where the theatrical text is established within the discourse format of reality from a disguised region that expresses the human psyche, including its tendencies and emotions interspersed with an inter-intellectual debate between the folds of society and cultural components, Its implicit pattern has become one of the most prominent early concepts in monitoring the contradiction of reality, which reflects its image in a way that may not express in all its apparent value towards understanding the reality of human existence. The current research included in it topics of theatrical criticism and its aesthetic and artistic peculiarities. As for its methodological architecture, it was divided into four chapters that included the first chapter, the methodological framework for research that includes, the research problem and the need for it, the importance of research, the aim of the research, and the first chapter concluded by defining the main terms of the research, The second chapter, the theoretical framework, and previous studies included two topics, the first topic came under the title: The implicit format of the theatrical personality, and the second topic titled the dramatic dimensions of the character, followed by what the theoretical framework produced from the indicators and review of the most prominent previous studies. The third chapter (Research Procedures) came to include, the research method, the research tool, the research community, the research sample, the method of selecting a sample, and analyzing the sample. In the fourth chapter, the researcher determined the results, and then the research findings, recommendations and proposals, then a list of research sources followed.

The current study aims at investigating difficulties encountered by Iraqi second year students in learning weak forms .Thus, the descriptive analytical approach has been adopted as well as three tools have been used for gathering data relating to the study, particularly a questionnaire production and recognition tests to second Year students of English at university of Baghdad-college of languages, department of English. The Iraqi second year students have difficulty in Learn weak forms due to the fact of intelligibility, syllables, and stress .Besides, the undergraduates students are unable to determine the number of syllables and they are unable to distinguish between the various words classes. Finally ,they lack stress placement and vowels reduction.

Since Jhumpa Lahiri has been regarded as a second generation Indian immigrant living in the United States. This has made her fully aware of the cultural mixing between India and America. This paper focuses on the process of mimicry and decolonization of Indian immigrants who live in the United States. Lahiri’s fiction Interpreter of Maladies reveals cultural identity, mimicry and decolonization that the immigrants experience while living in the target culture. This paper applies Homi Bhabha’s concept of mimicry and Frantz Fanon’s concept of decolonization to explore three short stories in Lahiri’s fiction Interpreter of Maladies namely; “When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine” , “Mrs. Sen’s” and “This Blessed House”. The study concludes that some characters in these stories mimic the American culture as a result of their interaction with the Americans due to work or for being born and raised in America. Their imitation involves culture, tradition, language and religion. While, other characters decolonize and resist the American culture by rejecting everything related to this culture, in order to adhere to their original Indian identity and keep ties with their heritage.

Writers usually exert many efforts in writing sentences with the proper length. Some of them stick to short sentences, which can make their writing looks choppy. Others like to write with long sentences, which can make the writing seems long-winded or wordy, even if it is not.

In English language, the length of a sentence refers to how many words are there in that sentence. In almost all formulas, this number is used to estimate how much the sentence is difficult. Still, sometimes, a short sentence shows more difficulty to be read than a long one. Sometimes, longer sentences lead to facilitate comprehension, especially those that contain coordinate structures.

This study discusses the basic grammatical notion of sentence, and its length from different points of view. Innumerable definitions of sentence exist and some of these are presented here to get a workable definition to this key term.

A definition of sentence length is also presented. Different treatments of the so called sentence length are to be discussed . The various techniques , that have been devised to deal with the sentence in different types of texts as to get better writings, are accounted for in this study . These points are discussed to reach the end , i.e. the conclusion of good sentence length .

Though social mobility in the post-industrial society of Scotland has helped changing social class structure, Scottish working class still suffers from cultural devaluation. That is to say, in a post-industrial society, knowledge is not really the main human capital. The purpose of this study is to explore Kelman’s untraditional cultural and social representation of the Scottish working class individual and his everyday experiences. Based on the novelist’s individualization of the Scottish working class characters, the study argues that in the post-industrial times in which social mobility can be achieved, contemporary societies like Glasgow still suffers from class division and cultural fragmentation. This article discusses Kelman’s novel A Disaffection (1989), exploring the character of Patrick Doyle, a bitter and alienated schoolteacher whose portrayal raises questions about the role of education in social mobility, issues of cultural and class estrangement, which form a major factor in reconstructing or deconstructing the working class identity.